Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site Description
2.2. Forage
Vegetative Ground Cover Estimation
2.3. Animals
2.4. Soil Sampling
2.5. Soil Laboratory Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ground Cover
3.2. Soil Properties
3.2.1. Bulk Density
3.2.2. Soil Nutrients
4. Discussion
4.1. Ground Cover
4.2. Soil Properties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stocking Rate | Paddock Size | |
---|---|---|
Pigs ha−1 | Kg BW ha−1 | m2 |
37 | 2689 | 1350 |
74 | 5378 | 675 |
111 | 8067 | 450 |
148 | 10756 | 340 |
NO3−-N | NH4+-N | Total-N | PO4−-P | Total-P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg ha−1) | ||||||
INITIAL VALUE | 5 ± 1 | 41 ± 2 | 1493 ± 49 | 391 ± 21 | 1695 ± 91 | |
MEAN | 42 ± 4 | 79 ± 9 | 1244 ± 76 | 630 ± 44 | 1345 ± 73 | |
Grazing Period GP | July to Sept Y1 | 39 | 52 | 1456 a | 438 b | 1496 |
May to Aug Y2 | 44 | 107 | 1032 b | 821 a | 1193 | |
SE | 17 | 31 | 101 | 86 | 193 | |
Prob | 0.8338 | 0.2068 | 0.0398 | 0.0263 | 0.2724 | |
Stocking Rate SR | 37 pigs ha−1 | 22 b | 55 | 1126.0 | 495 | 1260 |
74 pigs ha−1 | 37 a,b | 83 | 1313.0 | 744 | 1395 | |
111 pigs ha−1 | 51 a,b | 85 | 1232.0 | 746 | 1355 | |
148 pigs ha−1 | 57 a | 94 | 1304.0 | 535 | 1369 | |
SE | 15 | 31 | 140 | 126 | 203 | |
P | 0.0727 | 0.376 | 0.7537 | 0.3708 | 0.9075 | |
Sampling Position SP | CENTER | 36 | 97 | 1000 b | 495 b | 1035 b |
INNER | 40 | 78 | 1359 a | 710 a | 1482 a | |
OUTER | 49 | 63 | 1372 a | 685 a | 1517 a | |
SE | 14 | 29 | 87 | 79 | 170 | |
P | 0.3796 | 0.1213 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Sampling Depth SD | 0–30 cm | 58 | 46 | 1978 a | 356 b | 1976 a |
30–90 cm | 26 | 113 | 510 b | 904 a | 713 b | |
SE | 16 | 33 | 99 | 90 | 189 | |
P | 0.1735 | 0.1839 | <0.0001 | 0.0062 | 0.0213 | |
GP × SR | P | 0.5200 | 0.2101 | 0.9816 | 0.8352 | 0.6534 |
GP × SP | P | 0.6109 | 0.3297 | 0.0782 | 0.2183 | 0.4372 |
GP × SD | P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0365 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
SR × SP | P | 0.0236 | 0.5374 | 0.4181 | 0.5919 | 0.7388 |
SR × SD | P | 0.2578 | 0.3246 | 0.2481 | 0.0028 | 0.7049 |
SP × SD | P | 0.8504 | 0.2825 | 0.0022 | 0.2670 | 0.0501 |
GP × SR × SP | P | 0.3333 | 0.5550 | 0.5790 | 0.2552 | 0.8892 |
GP × SR × SD | P | 0.0416 | 0.2979 | 0.9975 | 0.6200 | 0.1073 |
GP × SP × SD | P | 0.5591 | 0.4674 | 0.9936 | 0.0891 | 0.0554 |
SR × SP × SD | P | 0.4990 | 0.5918 | 0.9789 | 0.1221 | 0.9884 |
GP × SR × SP × SD | P | 0.9031 | 0.4125 | 0.5531 | 0.2570 | 0.9257 |
Initial value—covariate | P | 0.3991 | 0.8028 | 0.8942 | 0.0002 | 0.2370 |
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Pietrosemoli, S.; Raczkowski, C.; Green, J.T., Jr.; Villamide, M.J. Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties. Animals 2020, 10, 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091666
Pietrosemoli S, Raczkowski C, Green JT Jr., Villamide MJ. Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties. Animals. 2020; 10(9):1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091666
Chicago/Turabian StylePietrosemoli, Silvana, Charles Raczkowski, James T. Green, Jr., and Maria Jesús Villamide. 2020. "Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties" Animals 10, no. 9: 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091666