The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Short History and Uses of Microorganisms as Probiotics
3. Colonizing Microbiota and Factors Affecting Microbiota
- Contact with the mother’s chair;
- Vagina, skin, and breast milk;
- The environment.
4. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics
5. Probiotics and Human Health
- ➢
- Probiotics must be administered on an empty stomach.
- ➢
- Heat-dried formulations must be kept in the refrigerator (4 °C), and lyophilized forms can be kept at room temperature.
- ➢
- A probiotic is administered one to two times a day because the dosage varies from 1 to 10 billion (108–109) CFUs.
- ➢
- For patients who take antibiotics, the dosing time must be separated with an interval of two hours between them [97].
5.1. Probiotics and Treatment of Infectious Burn Wounds
5.2. Probiotics and Gastrointestinal Diseases
5.3. Probiotics in the Treatment of Dermatological Diseases
5.4. Probiotics and the Study of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Parameters
5.5. Probiotics in Viral Infections
5.5.1. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection and Probiotics
5.5.2. Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Probiotics
5.5.3. Influenza Infection and Probiotics
5.5.4. Viral Hepatitis and Probiotics
5.5.5. HIV and Probiotics
5.5.6. HPV and Probiotics
5.5.7. Vaccine and Probiotics
6. Guidance When Choosing a Probiotic Product
- -
- For infection with Clostridioides difficile, the use of probiotics only in the context of a clinical trial is recommended.
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- For the case of adults and children on antibiotic treatment, the use of S boulardii; the two-strain combination of L acidophilus CL1285 and L. casei LBC80R; the three-strain combination of L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and B. bifidum; or the four-strain combination of L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, B bifidum, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus over no or other probiotics for prevention of C. difficile infection is recommended.
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- For adults and children with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and symptomatic children and adults with irritable bowel syndrome, the use of probiotics only in the context of a clinical trial is recommended.
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- For the case of adults and children with pouchitis, the eight-strain combination of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, B. longum subsp. longum, B. breve, B. longum subsp. infantis, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus over no or other probiotics is recommended.
- -
- For children with acute infectious gastroenteritis, the use of probiotics is not recommended.
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- For the case of preterm (less than 37 weeks gestational age), low-birth-weight infants, the use of a combination of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. (L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 and B. longum subsp. infantis; L. casei and B. breve; L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. longum subsp. infantis, B. bifidum, and B. longum subsp longum; L. acidophilus and B. longum subsp. infantis; L. acidophilus and B. bifidum; L. rhamnosus ATCC 53103 and B. longum Reuter ATCC BAA-999; or L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, B. animalis subsp. lactis, and B. longum subsp. longum); B. animalis subsp. lactis (including DSM 15954); L. reuteri (DSM 17938 or ATCC 55730); or L. rhamnosus (ATCC 53103 or ATC A07FA or LCR 35) for the prevention of NEC over no and other probiotics is recommended [183].
7. Fermented Food—Sources of Probiotics for Human Health
7.1. Natural Sources
7.2. Other Sources
8. Recent Advances and New Trends
9. The Side Effects and Risks of Probiotics
- People on anti-rejection medication after a stem cell or solid organ transplant.
- People on immunosuppressive medication or corticosteroids and chemotherapy for cancer, and people with autoimmune diseases.
- People with structural heart disease with valvular abnormality or valve replacement or a history of infective endocarditis.
- People with acute abdomen, active intestinal disease including colitis and the presence of neutropenia or the anticipation of neutropenia after chemotherapy and radiotherapy or the presence of active intestinal perforation and leakage [237].
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Strain | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Used in the treatment of diarrhea and for relief from the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome; can reduce cytokines to relieve inflammatory bowel disease, modulate immunity, lower cholesterol, relieve diarrhea, and alleviate cancer. | [36,37,38] |
Lacticaseibacillus casei | Prevention or treatment of diseases that disrupt the intestinal microbiota: diarrhea and constipation, relief from the symptom of irritable bowel syndrome, and gingivitis, and the anti-inflammatory response. | [39,40,41,42] | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Has anti-diabetic and anti-viral activity; used to treat obesity; has the ability to fight against pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the genitourinary tract, preventing the recurrence of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women; prevents enteric colonization by Candida species and treats recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in children; and has an effect on symptoms of maternal depression and anxiety during the postpartum period. | [43,44,45,46,47,48] | |
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | Has the ability to prevent the production of endotoxin; improves of the symptom of irritable bowel; and has antimicrobial activity and cholesterol lowering activity. | [49,50] | |
Lactobacillus reuteri | Treatment of gingivitis in pregnant women and chronic periodontitis. | [50,51,52,53,54] | |
Bifidobacterium | Bifidobacterium infantis | Can improve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and inhibits the secretion of allergen induced IgE. | [55,56,57,58] |
Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Can reduce inflammation of the spleen and brain and changes the microbiota of cecum and colon. | [59] | |
Bifidobacterium bifidum | Can reduce cholesterol; is used in the treatment of infant diarrhea; and has greater cytokine (IL-6) production and active phagocytic properties. | [60,61,62] | |
Bifidobacterium longum | Used in treating diarrhea and provides relief from the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome; modulates the immune system through IL-10 production. | [63,64] | |
Other Lactic Acid Bacteria | Streptococcus thermophilus | Can produce antioxidant compounds and mitigate the risk of some types of cancer; has anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic effects and stimulates the gut immune system; and is useful in inflammatory bowel disease. | [65,66] |
Enterococcus faecium | Modulates the Th2-mediated pathologic response. | [67,68] | |
Other Microorganisms | Bacillus subtilis | Used in treating diarrhea, in the eradication of H. pylori, and in the production of vitamin K. | [69,70] |
Bacillus coagulans | Can regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota and improve immunity; promotes the metabolism and utilization of nutrients; and is able to resist high temperatures and has acid and bile resistance. | [71,72,73] | |
Saccharomyces boulardi | Used in treating diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome. | [74,75,76] | |
Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 | Used in the treatment of intestinal diseases (diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis); can exhibit antagonistic effects on a variety of intestinal pathogenic bacteria; regulates the secretion of immune factors in vivo; and enhances the ability of host immunity. | [77,78,79] |
Genus | Found in the Body | Dietary Source | Potential Benefits | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus | Colon, gut, and vagina | Yogurt, fermented foods, bread, sauerkraut, wine, cereals (oat bran, whole grain etc.) | Gastroenteritis, easing lactose intolerance, immune system modulation, cancer protection, modulating brain activity, alleviating inflammation, lowering cholesterol, preventing pathogen colonization, bile resistant | [213,214,215,216,217,218] |
Bifidobacterium | Breast milk, oral cavity, colon, and vagina | Yogurt, kefir, kombucha, sauerkraut | Bile resistant, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, eczema, immune system modulation, cholesterol-lowering abilities | [219,220,221,222] |
Saccharomyces | Decaying fruit, plants, soil, insects, colon | Yogurt, wine, kombucha, sauerkraut | Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, preventing recurring Clostridium difficile infections, irritable bowel syndrome, travelers’ diarrhea | [223,224,225] |
Escherichia coli | Colon | Capsules | Production of defensin, tight-junction protein modification, irritable bowel disorder, constipation, pro-inflammatory properties, antagonistic properties against a variety of pathogens, colon cancer | [226,227,228] |
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Maftei, N.-M.; Raileanu, C.R.; Balta, A.A.; Ambrose, L.; Boev, M.; Marin, D.B.; Lisa, E.L. The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020234
Maftei N-M, Raileanu CR, Balta AA, Ambrose L, Boev M, Marin DB, Lisa EL. The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(2):234. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020234
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaftei, Nicoleta-Maricica, Cosmin Raducu Raileanu, Alexia Anastasia Balta, Lenuta Ambrose, Monica Boev, Denisa Batîr Marin, and Elena Lacramioara Lisa. 2024. "The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties" Microorganisms 12, no. 2: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020234