Antimicrobial Activity of Ohelo Berry (Vaccinium calycinum) Juice against Listeria monocytogenes and Its Potential for Milk Preservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ohelo Berry Juice Preparation
2.2. Chemical Analysis of Ohelo Berry Juice
2.2.1. Quantification of Sugar and Organic Acids in Ohelo Berry Juice
2.2.2. Total Phenolic Concentration
2.2.3. Anthocyanin Concentration
2.3. Bacterial Strain and Growth Conditions
2.4. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of Ohelo Berry Juice
2.5. Growth Inhibition Kinetics of Ohelo Berry Juice against L. monocytogenes
2.6. Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation Capability of L. monocytogenes Treated with Ohelo Berry Juice
2.6.1. Hydrophobicity
2.6.2. Auto-Aggregation
2.6.3. Motility
2.6.4. Biofilm Formation
2.7. RT-qPCR
2.8. Effect of Ohelo Berry Juice on the Growth of L. monocytogenes in Milk
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Analysis of Ohelo Berry Juice
3.2. Antimicrobial Effect of Ohelo Berry Juice on L. monocytogenes
3.3. Effect of Ohelo Berry Juice on the Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation Capability of L. monocytogenes
3.4. Effect of Ohelo Berry Juice on Gene Expression of L. monocytogenes
3.5. Effect of Ohelo Berry Juice on the Growth of L. monocytogenes in Milk
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer | Sequence | Locus | Protein/Function | Reference | Efficiency 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16S rRNA | Forward | 5′-TGGCGGACGGGTGAGTA-3′ | lmor01 | Reference gene | Upadhyay et al. [30] | 2.05 |
Reverse | 5′-CCGGAGTTATCCCCAACTTACA-3′ | |||||
hly | Forward | 5′-TCTCCGCCTGCAAGTCCTA-3′ | lmo0202 | Listeriolysin O | Upadhyay et al. [30] | 2.06 |
Reverse | 5′-TCGATTTCATCCGCGTGTT-3′ | |||||
iap | Forward | 5′-CTACAGCTGGGATTGCGGTAA-3′ | lmo0582 | Invasion-associated protein | Upadhyay et al. [30] | 1.99 |
Reverse | 5′-TGCTTGCGGATGCGATT-3′ | |||||
lmo1666 | Forward | 5′-TGGAGTGGGCACGTGTTGT-3′ | lmo1666 | Adhesion protein B | Upadhyay et al. [30] | 2.03 |
Reverse | 5′-TTGTCAGCTGCATATTGTGAATTG-3′ | |||||
plcA | Forward | 5′-TCGGACCATTGTAGTCATCTTGA-3′ | lmo0201 | Phospholipase C | Upadhyay et al. [30] | 1.97 |
Reverse | 5′-CACAAATTCGGCATGCAGTT-3′ | |||||
sigB | Forward | 5’-GATGATGGATTTGAACGTGTGAA-3’ | lmo0895 | Biofilm formation and disinfectant resistance | Li et al. [31] | 1.99 |
Reverse | 5’-CGCTCATCTAAAACAGGAGAAC-3’ | |||||
flaA | Forward | 5’-CTGGTATGAGTCGCCTTAG-3’ | lmo0690 | Flagellin | Li et al. [31] | 1.96 |
Reverse | 5’-CATTTGCGGTGTTTGGTTTG-3’ |
Concentration | pH |
---|---|
100% | 3.27 ± 0.03 a 1 |
50% | 3.86 ± 0.04 b |
25% | 4.24 ± 0.02 c |
12.5% | 4.69 ± 0.04 d |
6.25% | 5.40 ± 0.01 e |
3.12% | 6.37 ± 0.02 f |
1.56% | 6.85 ± 0.05 g |
0.78% | 7.09 ± 0.01 h |
Ohelo Berry Juice (%) | Hydrophobicity (%) | Auto-Aggregation (%) | Swimming Motility 2 (%) | Swarming Motility 2 (%) | Biofilm Formation 2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7.71 ± 0.85 a | 16.02 ± 2.83 a | 100 a | 100 a | 100 a |
3.12 | 2.77 ± 0.46 b | 23.95 ± 3.83 a | 41.29 ± 3.00 b | 22.80 ± 0.31 b | 54.33 ± 0.39 b |
6.25 | 2.14 ± 0.87 b | 67.98 ± 10.92 b | 4.39 ± 0.17 c | 14.71 ± 0.23 b | 23.00 ± 0.53 c |
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Wu, B.; Liu, X.; Nakamoto, S.T.; Wall, M.; Li, Y. Antimicrobial Activity of Ohelo Berry (Vaccinium calycinum) Juice against Listeria monocytogenes and Its Potential for Milk Preservation. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030548
Wu B, Liu X, Nakamoto ST, Wall M, Li Y. Antimicrobial Activity of Ohelo Berry (Vaccinium calycinum) Juice against Listeria monocytogenes and Its Potential for Milk Preservation. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(3):548. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030548
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Biyu, Xiaohan Liu, Stuart T. Nakamoto, Marisa Wall, and Yong Li. 2022. "Antimicrobial Activity of Ohelo Berry (Vaccinium calycinum) Juice against Listeria monocytogenes and Its Potential for Milk Preservation" Microorganisms 10, no. 3: 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030548