Resource Utilization of Residual Organic Sludge Generated from Bioenergy Facilities Using Hermetia illucens Larvae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. H. illucens Larvae
2.2. Moisture Adjustment of BF-rOS and Preparation of BF-rOS/FW Mixture
2.3. BSFL Breeding
2.4. Analysis of Bioconversion Efficiency of BSFL
2.5. Analysis of Component Content of BSFL Frass
2.6. Analysis of Nutritional Compsition of BSFL
2.7. Analysis of Heavy Metals and Aflatoxins in BSFL
2.8. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of BSFL
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Growth of BSFL When Fed BF-rOS
3.2. The Growth of BF-rOS When Fed BF-rOS/FW Mixture
3.3. Bioconversion Effciency of BF-rOS and BF-rOS/FW Mixtures by BSFL
3.4. Analysis of the Composition of BSFL Frass
3.5. Evaluation of BSFL Composition as Feed Ingredients
3.6. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of BSFL
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed | EM (%) | Initial Weight of Feed (g) | Relative Residual Reduction (%) |
---|---|---|---|
BF-rOS (80%) 1 | 0.0 | 1000 | 0.00 ± 1.45 |
1.0 | 1000 | −10.30 ± 0.80 * | |
1.5 | 1000 | −9.62 ± 4.18 * | |
2.0 | 1000 | −5.76 ± 1.28 | |
BF-rOS (70%) | 0.0 | 1000 | −74.08 ± 4.18 *** |
1.0 | 1000 | −77.49 ± 1.90 *** | |
1.5 | 1000 | −74.53 ± 2.91 *** | |
2.0 | 1000 | −101.77 ± 2.91 *** | |
BF-rOS (60%) | 0.0 | 1000 | −157.38 ± 4.44 *** |
1.0 | 1000 | −149.66 ± 2.54 *** | |
1.5 | 1000 | −153.74 ± 3.18 *** | |
2.0 | 1000 | −144.21 ± 6.40 *** | |
FW | 0.0 | 1000 | 50.75 ± 2.59 *** |
BF-rOS:FW (90:10) 2 | 0.0 | 1000 | −1.45 ± 9.94 |
1.5 | 1000 | 9.44 ± 0.95 | |
BF-rOS:FW (70:30) | 0.0 | 1000 | 20.79 ± 3.54 * |
1.5 | 1000 | 20.79 ± 6.08 * | |
BF-rOS:FW (50:50) | 0.0 | 1000 | 36.22 ± 1.59 ** |
1.5 | 1000 | 41.22 ± 0.32 ** |
Composition | BF-rOS | BSFL Frass | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed [Mixture Ratio of BF-rOS and FW (EM)] | |||||||||
100/0 (0.0) | 0/100 (0.0) | 90/10 (0.0) | 90/10 (1.5) | 70/30 (0.0) | 70/30 (1.5) | 50/50 (0.0) | 50/50 (1.5) | ||
OM (%) | 69.63 | 74.55 | 71.72 | 75.82 | 72.71 | 73.98 | 75.55 | 72.67 | 72.47 |
As (mg/kg) | ND | ND | 0.55 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.38 | ND | 0.37 |
Cd (mg/kg) | 0.0063 | 0.0336 | ND | 0.034 | 0.064 | 0.035 | 0.062 | 0.077 | 0.11 |
Ag (mg/kg) | 0.21 | ND | ND | 0.21 | 0.13 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Pb (mg/Kg) | 0.48 | 0.49 | 1.42 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.16 | 0.74 | 0.60 |
Cr (mg/kg) | 7.67 | 6.26 | 7.10 | 6.10 | 6.72 | 6.44 | 5.88 | 7.35 | 7.36 |
Cu (mg/kg) | 191.10 | 169.00 | 28.70 | 156.60 | 167.30 | 152.70 | 156.60 | 141.80 | 141.90 |
Ni (mg/kg) | 7.49 | 6.02 | 1.86 | 5.56 | 5.64 | 5.56 | 6.49 | 5.39 | 5.59 |
Zn (mg/kg) | 376.04 | 344.20 | 46.20 | 308.10 | 336.70 | 285.10 | 303.00 | 284.70 | 259.20 |
NaCl (%) | 1.03 | 0.92 | 5.33 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.77 | 1.88 |
MO (%) | 19.60 | 14.16 | 19.47 | 13.19 | 14.70 | 16.00 | 14.10 | 15.62 | 16.75 |
C/N (%) | 33.80 | 38.42 | 35.68 | 42.60 | 35.82 | 42.27 | 41.74 | 36.52 | 38.34 |
HCl (%) | 1.88 | 1.75 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 1.02 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 0.98 | 1.24 |
CAP (mg/kg) | ND | ND | 0.031 | ND | 0.010 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.080 | 0.080 |
Nutritional Composition (%) | Feed [Mixture Ratio of BF-rOS and FW (EM)] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100/0 (0.0) | 0/100 (0.0) | 90/10 (0.0) | 90/10 (1.5) | 70/30 (0.0) | 70/30 (1.5) | 50/50 (0.0) | 50/50 (1.5) | |
Crude protein | 49.89 | 38.62 | 47.3 | 47.4 | 44.98 | 44.3 | 43.16 | 44.50 |
Crued fat | 1.34 | 30.56 | 8.60 | 7.97 | 16.97 | 15.26 | 23.61 | 21.18 |
Crude fiber | 9.71 | 7.88 | 9.67 | 9.61 | 8.69 | 8.53 | 7.97 | 8.46 |
Crude ash | 18.93 | 8.38 | 15.37 | 15.99 | 12.73 | 12.39 | 11.74 | 12.39 |
Moisture | 5.00 | 6.01 | 5.15 | 4.58 | 4.17 | 6.75 | 3.44 | 1.81 |
Heavy Metal (mg/kg) | Feed [Composition Ratio of BF-rOS and FW (EM) in Each Feed] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100/0 (0.0) | 0/100 (0.0) | 90/10 (0.0) | 90/10 (1.5) | 70/30 (0.0) | 70/30 (1.5) | 50/50 (0.0) | 50/50 (1.5) | |
As | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cd | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
Pb | 1.19 | 1.33 | 1.25 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 1.00 |
Hg | 0.055 | 0.100 | 0.057 | 0.043 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.047 | 0.058 |
Cr | 3.88 | 1.99 | 3.46 | 3.26 | 3.03 | 2.79 | 2.41 | 2.46 |
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Lee, K.-S.; Yun, E.-Y.; Goo, T.-W. Resource Utilization of Residual Organic Sludge Generated from Bioenergy Facilities Using Hermetia illucens Larvae. Insects 2024, 15, 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070541
Lee K-S, Yun E-Y, Goo T-W. Resource Utilization of Residual Organic Sludge Generated from Bioenergy Facilities Using Hermetia illucens Larvae. Insects. 2024; 15(7):541. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070541
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyu-Shik, Eun-Young Yun, and Tae-Won Goo. 2024. "Resource Utilization of Residual Organic Sludge Generated from Bioenergy Facilities Using Hermetia illucens Larvae" Insects 15, no. 7: 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070541