Changes in Ground Cover Layers, Biomass and Diversity of Vascular Plants/Mosses in the Clear-Cuts Followed by Reforested Scots Pine until Maturity Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Characteristics
2.2. Assessment of Ground Vegetation Cover
2.3. Assessment of Forest Floor, Ground Vegetation Mass, and Dead Wood Accumulation
2.4. Canopy Density Assessment
2.5. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Change of Living Ground Cover at Different Forest Succession Stages
3.2. Ground Cover Layer Mass Dynamics and Relationships
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Object | Stand Composition * | Stand Age (Years) | DBH (cm) | Height (m) | Stocking Level *** | Volume (m3 ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trakai 54°44′ N, 24°80′ E 54°44′ N, 24°80′ E | 90P10E | 2 ** | - | - | 6000 trees ha−1 | - |
90P10E | 2 ** | - | - | 6000 trees ha−1 | - | |
100P | 10 | 5 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 20 | |
100P | 15 | 9 | 7 | 0.8 | 60 | |
90P10E | 30 | 14 | 15 | 0.8 | 160 | |
100P | 70 | 25 | 26 | 0.7 | 280 | |
100P | 135 | 46 | 30 | 0.7 | 415 | |
Varėna 54°26′ N, 24°53′ E 54°25′ N, 24°53′ E | 90P10B | 2 ** | - | - | 6000 trees ha−1 | - |
100P | 2 ** | - | - | 6000 trees ha−1 | - | |
90P10B | 8 | 3 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 14 | |
90P10B | 15 | 5 | 6 | 1.0 | 50 | |
100P | 39 | 13 | 16 | 0.8 | 120 | |
100P | 70 | 21 | 24 | 0.9 | 300 | |
100P | 110 | 34 | 27 | 0.8 | 360 | |
Kazlų Rūda 54°76′ N, 23°40′ E 54°73′ N, 23°47′ E | 100P | 2 ** | - | - | 7000 trees ha−1 | - |
100P | 2 ** | - | - | 5000 trees ha−1 | - | |
90P10B | 8 | 4 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 19 | |
90P10B | 15 | 8 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 70 | |
90P10B | 30 | 14 | 15 | 0.9 | 150 | |
100P | 77 | 29 | 28 | 0.9 | 400 | |
90P10E | 117 | 38 | 31 | 0.7 | 320 |
Object | Ground Cover Layer | Clear-Cut (Years) | Scots Pine Stands (Years) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 8–10 | 15–20 | 30–40 | 70–80 | 110–130 | ||
Cover (%) | |||||||||
Trakai | Mosses | 56.2 ± 4.2 c | 18.1 ± 3.3 b | 6.5 ± 1.2 a | 53.0 ± 4.4 c | 59.8 ± 6.3 c | 92.5 ± 1.3 d | 96.0 ± 2.4 d | 88.9 ± 3.5 d |
Vascular plants | 14.5 ± 2.1 a | 23.2 ± 2.3 b | 52.2 ± 2.2 d | 59.0 ± 4.4 d | 34.6 ± 1.4 c | 24.1 ± 7.1 b | 39.6 ± 3.1 c | 16.6 ± 3.1 a | |
Forest floor | 95.8 ± 1.7 cd | 39.6 ± 4.7 a | 56.2 ± 5.3 b | 80.1 ± 4.8 c | 99.8 ± 0.1 d | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | |
Varėna | Mosses | 44.0 ± 5.7 c | 12.0 ± 3.2 b | 2.6 ± 0.5 a | 43.0 ± 4.5 c | 64.9 ± 4.2 d | 96.0 ± 2.6 e | 92.6 ± 1.5 e | 90.3 ± 3.5 e |
Vascular plants | 15.2 ± 1.7 a | 16. 7 ± 1.7 a | 40.7 ± 3.2 c | 28.6 ± 3.8 b | 23.8 ± 2.7 b | 12.4 ± 3.0 a | 21.3 ± 3.6 b | 23.3 ± 4.6 b | |
Forest floor | 65.8 ± 5.2 b | 35.7 ± 5.2 a | 35.9 ± 4.7 a | 34.6 ± 7.7 a | 86.3 ± 3.3 c | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | 100.0 ± 0.0 d | 99.9 ± 0.2 d | |
Kazlų Rūda | Mosses | 18.8 ± 2.0 c | 10.9 ± 0.8 b | 6.5 ± 0.5 a | 27.8 ± 1.7 d | 77.8 ± 4.3 e | 87.4 ± 6.8 e | 97.9 ± 11.9 f | 93.3 ± 9.8 f |
Vascular plants | 33.6 ± 0.7 c | 29.6 ± 0.8 b | 66.9 ± 1.1 d | 53.2 ± 2.4 d | 28.2 ± 0.8 b | 21.5 ± 0.6 a | 34.9 ± 1.6 c | 26.7 ± 1.5 b | |
Forest floor | 68.2 ± 4.1 a | 56.2 ± 3.9 a | 79.8 ± 4.2 b | 92.2 ± 5.5 c | 99.2 ± 0.6 c | 99.5 ± 0.5 c | 94.8 ± 5.0 c | 99.9 ± 0.2 c |
Species of Vascular Plants/Mosses | Clear-Cuts (Years) | Scots Pine Stands (Years) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 8–10 | 15–20 | 30–40 | 70–80 | 110–130 | |
Prominence Value | ||||||||
Vaccinium myrtillus L. | 76.81 ± 31.57 | 46.38 ± 15.71 | 54.30 ± 19.07 | 25.81 ± 21.03 | 19.85 ± 9.42 | 88.02 ± 32.30 | 205.20 ± 64.96 | 148.82 ± 58.96 |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | 17.08 ± 7.53 | 16.43 ± 8.27 | 32.02 ± 15.25 | 174.07 ± 53.06 | 122.32 ± 64.94 | 44.28 ± 11.64 | 85.43 ± 37.94 | 44.37 ± 24.73 |
Calluna vulgaris L. (Hull) | 12.24 ± 12.07 | 2.17 ± 1.96 | 3.55 ± 1.79 | 159.68 ± 73.25 | 20.63 ± 12.22 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Rubus idaeus L. | 6.35 ± 6.07 | 27.71 ± 25.30 | 111.35 ± 81.78 | 15.34 ± 15.10 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Festuca sp. | 20.92 ± 20.56 | 19.29 ± 19.28 | 84.48 ± 82.18 | 16.88 ± 16.81 | 34.40 ± 34.40 | 11.46 ± 11.46 | 3.69 ± 3.69 | 6.33 ± 6.33 |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) | 10.14 ± 0.34 | 17.81 ± 2.16 | 23.23 ± 9.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 47.48 ± 47.48 | 4.85 ± 4.85 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. | 200.71 ± 65.92 | 75.01 ± 29.23 | 12.58 ± 4.92 | 164.89 ± 76.84 | 323.01 ± 109.80 | 499.69 ± 15.99 | 478.67 ± 198.73 | 207.64 ± 42.94 |
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Scimp. | 85.96 ± 49.44 | 5.34 ± 4.37 | 1.29 ± 0.16 | 31.10 ± 26.79 | 33.84 ± 31.12 | 167.31 ± 84.32 | 323.81 ± 219.68 | 552.38 ± 77.06 |
Dicranum sp. | 24.43 ± 11.83 | 11.97 ± 7.35 | 7.48 ± 6.26 | 20.68 ± 4.57 | 126.16 ± 13.03 | 157.36 ± 119.17 | 42.96 ± 36.84 | 20.68 ± 13.27 |
Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not | 4.98 ± 4.54 | 6.47 ± 6.46 | 5.09 ± 5.09 | 10.20 ± 10.20 | 9.88 ± 8.13 | 11.66 ± 11.03 | 50.17 ± 25.03 | 31.60 ± 28.85 |
Cirriphyllum piliferum (Hed.) Grout | 00.00 ± 0.00 | 00.00 ± 0.00 | 00.00 ± 0.00 | 7.30 ± 7.30 | 83.64 ± 83.64 | 4.64 ± 4.64 | 00.00 ± 0.00 | 00.00 ± 0.00 |
Polytrichum sp. | 00.00 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.36 | 0.47 ± 0.47 | 67.82 ± 44.00 | 12.83 ± 11.49 | 2.28 ± 2.16 | 6.91 ± 6.91 | 00.00 ± 0.00 |
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Gustienė, D.; Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, I. Changes in Ground Cover Layers, Biomass and Diversity of Vascular Plants/Mosses in the Clear-Cuts Followed by Reforested Scots Pine until Maturity Age. Land 2024, 13, 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091477
Gustienė D, Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė I. Changes in Ground Cover Layers, Biomass and Diversity of Vascular Plants/Mosses in the Clear-Cuts Followed by Reforested Scots Pine until Maturity Age. Land. 2024; 13(9):1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091477
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustienė, Dovilė, and Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė. 2024. "Changes in Ground Cover Layers, Biomass and Diversity of Vascular Plants/Mosses in the Clear-Cuts Followed by Reforested Scots Pine until Maturity Age" Land 13, no. 9: 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091477