Maize Silage Digestate Application Affecting Germination and Early Growth of Maize Modulated by Soil Type
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Treatments
2.2. Soil Treatment and Cultivation Practices
2.3. Additional Experiments Related to Germination
2.4. Data Collection on Plant Performance
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Germination
3.2. Complementary Germination Experiments
3.3. Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability Analyses in the Substrates
3.4. Plant Growth and SPAD Measurements
3.5. Biomass Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Fertility of the Substrate after Digestate Application
4.2. Dose Effect of the Digestate
4.3. Effect of Digestate on SPAD
4.4. Effect of the Digestate on the Hydraulic Conductivity of the Soil, Germination, and Plant Performance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Vaneeckhaute, C.; Meers, E.; Michels, E.; Ghekiere, G.; Accoe, F.; Tack, F.M.G. Closing the nutrient cycle by using bio-digestion waste derivatives as synthetic fertilizer substitutes: A field experiment. Biomass Bioenergy 2013, 55, 175–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holm-Nielsen, J.B.; Seadi, T.A.; Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 5478–5484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Walsh, J.J.; Jones, D.L.; Edwards-Jones, G.; Williams, A.P. Replacing inorganic fertilizer with anaerobic digestate may maintain agricultural productivity at less environmental cost. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2012, 175, 840–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FNR. Biogas, 8th ed.; Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V.(FNR): Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany, 2012; p. 42. [Google Scholar]
- Möller, K.; Müller, T. Effects of anaerobic digestion on digestate nutrient availability and crop growth: A review. Eng. Life Sci. 2012, 12, 242–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alburquerque, J.A.; de la Fuente, C.; Ferrer-Costa, A.; Carrasco, L.; Cegarra, J.; Abad, M.; Bernal, M.P. Assessment of the fertiliser potential of digestates from farm and agroindustrial residues. Biomass Bioenergy 2012, 40, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Botheju, D.; Svalheim, O.; Bakke, R. Digestate nitrification for nutrient recovery. Open Waste Manag. J. 2010, 3, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sogbedji, J.M.; van Es, H.M.; Melkonian, J.J.; Schindelbeck, R.R. Evaluation of the PNM model for simulating drain flow nitrate-N concentration under manure-fertilized maize. Plant Soil 2006, 282, 343–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fouda, S.; von Tucher, S.; Lichti, F.; Schmidhalter, U. Nitrogen availability of various biogas residues applied to ryegrass. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2013, 176, 572–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuente, C.; Alburquerque, J.A.; Clemente, R.; Bernal, M.P. Soil C and N mineralisation and agricultural value of the products of an anaerobic digestion system. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2013, 49, 313–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaneeckhaute, C.; Meers, E.; Michels, E.; Buysse, J.; Tack, F.M.G. Ecological and economic benefits of the application of bio-based mineral fertilizers in modern agriculture. Biomass Bioenergy 2013, 49, 239–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gunnarsson, A.; Bengtsson, F.; Caspersen, S. Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plant material by ryegrass. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2010, 173, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Möller, K.; Schulz, R.; Müller, T. Substrate inputs, nutrient flows and nitrogen loss of two centralized biogas plants in southern Germany. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems 2010, 87, 307–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adediran, J.A.; De Baets, N.; Mnkeni, P.N.S.; Kiekens, L.; Muyima, N.Y.O.; Thys, A. Organic Waste Materials for Soil Fertility Improvement in the Border Region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 2003, 20, 283–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FAO. The State of Food Insecurity in the World Economic Crises—Impacts and Lessons Learned; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Nabel, M.; Schrey, S.D.; Poorter, H.; Koller, R.; Nagel, K.A.; Temperton, V.M.; Dietrich, C.C.; Briese, C.; Jablonowski, N.D. Coming late for dinner: Localized digestate depot fertilization for extensive cultivation of marginal soil with sida hermaphrodita. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nabel, M.; Schrey, S.D.; Poorter, H.; Koller, R.; Jablonowski, N.D. Effects of digestate fertilization on Sida hermaphrodita: Boosting biomass yields on marginal soils by increasing soil fertility. Biomass Bioenergy 2017, 107, 207–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbosa, D.B.P.; Nabel, M.; Jablonowski, N.D. Biogas-digestate as nutrient source for biomass production of Sida hermaphrodita, Zea mays L. and Medicago sativa L. Energy Procedia 2014, 59, 120–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voelkner, A.; Holthusen, D.; Horn, R. Influence of homogenized residues of anaerobic digestate on the physicochemical properties of differently textured soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2015, 178, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alburquerque, J.A.; de la Fuente, C.; Bernal, M.P. Chemical properties of anaerobic digestates affecting C and N dynamics in amended soils. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 160, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nabel, M.; Barbosa, D.B.P.; Horsch, D.; Jablonowski, N.D. Energy crop (Sida hermaphrodita) fertilization using digestate under marginal soil conditions: A dose-response experiment. Energy Procedia 2014, 59, 127–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fox, R.H.; Piekielek, W.P.; Macneal, K.M. Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer needs of winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1994, 25, 171–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krammes, J.S.; Debano, L.F. Soil Wettability—A Neglected Factor in Watershed Management. Water Resour. Res. 1965, 1, 283–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, W.W.; Valoras, N.; Letey, J. Movement of 2 Nonionic Surfactants in Wettable and Water-Repellent Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1975, 39, 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alburquerque, J.A.; de la Fuente, C.; Campoy, M.; Carrasco, L.; Najera, I.; Baixauli, C.; Caravaca, F.; Roldan, A.; Cegarra, J.; Bernal, M.P. Agricultural use of digestate for horticultural crop production and improvement of soil properties. Eur. J. Agron. 2012, 43, 119–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiwari, V.; Tiwari, K.; Upadhyay, R. Effect of crop residues and biogas slurry incorporation in wheat on yield and soil fertility. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 2000, 48, 515–520. [Google Scholar]
- Galvez, A.; Sinicco, T.; Cayuela, M.L.; Mingorance, M.D.; Fornasier, F.; Mondini, C. Short term effects of bioenergy by-products on soil C and N dynamics, nutrient availability and biochemical properties. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 160, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshua, W.D.; Michalk, D.L.; Curtis, I.H.; Salt, M.; Osborne, G.J. The potential for contamination of soil and surface waters from sewage sludge (biosolids) in a sheep grazing study, Australia. Geoderma 1998, 84, 135–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Six, J.; Elliott, E.; Paustian, K. Soil structure and soil organic matter II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 1042–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diacono, M.; Montemurro, F. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2010, 30, 401–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tambone, F.; Genevini, P.; Adani, F. The effects of short-term compost application on soil chemical properties and on nutritional status of maize plant. Compos. Sci. Util. 2007, 15, 176–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giusquiani, P.L.; Pagliai, M.; Gigliotti, G.; Businelli, D.; Benetti, A. Urban Waste Compost: Effects on Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Soil Properties. J. Environ. Qual. 1995, 24, 175–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rashid, M.T.P.V.; Parkin, G. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirements for corn by chlorophyll meter under different N availability conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 2005, 85, 149–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Robinson, D.; Rorison, I.H. Plasticity in grass species in relation to nitrogen supply. Funct. Ecol. 1988, 2, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schulz, D.G.; Fey, R.; Ruppenthal, V.; Malavasi, M.D.; Malavasi, U.C. Initial Growth of Physic Nut as a Function of Sources and Doses of Organic Fertilizers. Cienc. Agrotec. 2012, 36, 615–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.K.; Du, L.F.; Yang, Q.C. Biogas slurry added amino acids decreased nitrate concentrations of lettuce in sand culture. Acta Agric. Scand. B Soil Plant Sci. 2009, 59, 260–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montemurro, F.; Canali, S.; Convertini, G.; Ferri, D.; Tittarelli, F.; Vitti, C. Anaerobic digestates application on fodder crops: Effects on plant and soil. Agrochimica 2008, 52, 297–312. [Google Scholar]
- Pawloski, M.C.; Shaykewi, C.F. Germination of Wheat as Affected by Soil-Water Stress. Can. J. Plant Sci. 1972, 52, 619–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritsema, C.J.; Dekker, L.W. How Water Moves in a Water Repellent Sandy Soil: 2. Dynamics of Fingered Flow. Water Resour. Res. 1994, 30, 2519–2531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horne, D.; McIntosh, J. Hydrophobic compounds in sands in New Zealand—extraction, characterisation and proposed mechanisms for repellency expression. J. Hydrol. 2000, 231, 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doerr, S.H.; Thomas, A.D. The role of soil moisture in controlling water repellency: New evidence from forest soils in Portugal. J. Hydrol. 2000, 231, 134–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, G.A. Soilguide: A Handbook for Understanding and Managing Agricultural Soils; Department of Agriculture, Western Australia Bulletin 4343: South Perth, Australia, 2001; Volume 4343, pp. 53–63. [Google Scholar]
- Wallach, R.; Ben-Arie, O.; Graber, E. Soil water repellency induced by long-term irrigation with treated sewage effluent. J. Environ. Qual. 2005, 34, 1910–1920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarchitzky, J.; Lerner, O.; Shani, U.; Arye, G.; Lowengart-Aycicegi, A.; Brener, A.; Chen, Y. Water distribution pattern in treated wastewater irrigated soils: Hydrophobicity effect. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2007, 58, 573–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woche, S.K.; Goebel, M.O.; Kirkham, M.B.; Horton, R.; Van der Ploeg, R.R.; Bachmann, J. Contact angle of soils as affected by depth, texture, and land management. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2005, 56, 239–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garg, R.; Pathak, H.; Das, D.; Tomar, R. Use of flyash and biogas slurry for improving wheat yield and physical properties of soil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2005, 107, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, G.F.; Wu, Q.T.; Wong, J.W.C.; Nagar, B.B. Transformation of organic matter during co-composting of pig manure with sawdust. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 1834–1842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Analysis | Field Loam | Field Sand | Sand |
---|---|---|---|
TOC (%) | 1.09 | 0.92 | <0.005 |
TC (%) | 1.12 | 0.95 | <0.005 |
TN (%) | 0.12 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
K (%) | 1.64 | 0.78 | 0.047 |
P (%) | 0.085 | 0.087 | <0.05 |
Al (%) | 4.05 | 1.57 | 0.062 |
Ca (%) | 0.470 | 0.210 | 0.042 |
Fe (%) | 1.79 | 1.00 | 0.016 |
Mg (%) | 0.30 | 0.11 | <0.05 |
Na (%) | 0.65 | 0.24 | <0.01 |
Mn (%) | 0.069 | 0.039 | <0.01 |
S (%) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Zn (%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Mo (%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
pH | 7.12 | 6.18 | 7.00 |
WHC (%) | 48.4 | 42.0 | 40.0 |
Reference Quantities | |||
---|---|---|---|
Digestate (Kg ha−1) 1 | NPK-Fertilizer (Kg ha−1) 2 | ||
Low application | N | 106 | 100 |
P | 16.4 | 21.5 | |
K | 116 | 114 | |
Regular application | N | 212 | 200 |
P | 32.8 | 43 | |
K | 232 | 228 | |
High application | N | 424 | 400 |
P | 65.6 | 86 | |
K | 464 | 456.5 |
Ks (cm/sec) | Ks (cm/h) | |
---|---|---|
Field loam C | 2.27 × 10−4 | 8.17 × 10−1 |
Field loam NPK | 3.45 × 10−4 | 1.24 |
Field loam D | 7.72 × 10−3 | 2.78 × 101 |
Field sand C | 2.06 × 10−3 | 7.41 |
Field sand NPK | 3.10 × 10−3 | 1.11 × 101 |
Field sand D | 9.84 × 10−3 | 3.54 × 101 |
Treatment | Field Loam | Field Sand | Sand | |
(Measurements at Day 25) | (Measurements at Day 35) | (Measurements at Day 45) | ||
Height (cm) | C | 72.9 ± 2.6 ab | 91.3 ± 1.7 b | 47.9 ± 0.8 b |
DG L | 74.4 ± 2.4 ab | 89.5 ± 4.6 b | 70.0 ± 6.2 a | |
DG M | 69.5 ± 1.2 b | 101.2 ± 1.9 ab | 66.9 ± 2.3 a | |
DG H | 77.4 ± 2.1 ab | 99.0 ± 2.5 b | 74.7 ± 2.4 a | |
NPK L | 76.6 ± 1.8 ab | 97.1 ± 3.7 b | 63.0 ± 2.5 a | |
NPK M | 80.9 ± 2.1 a | 99.9 ± 3.3 b | 69.3 ± 1.9 a | |
NPK H | 81.0 ± 2.7 a | 116.0 ± 4.8 a | 72.8 ± 2.6 a | |
Field Loam | Field Sand | Sand | ||
(Measurements at Day 45) | (Measurements at Day 45) | (Measurements at Day 28) | ||
SPAD | C | 19.3 ± 1.1 b | 15.5 ± 0.7 bc | 20.4 ± 1.0 b |
DG L | 16.2 ± 0.7 b | 13.6 ± 1.0 c | 26.9 ± 0.8 ab | |
DG M | 17.0 ± 1.0 b | 18.3 ± 0.9 bc | 29.8 ± 3.8 a | |
DG H | 20.2 ± 1.2 b | 17.5 ± 0.9 bc | 34.0 ± 1.2 a | |
NPK L | 18.7 ± 1.0 b | 19.3 ± 0.9 bc | 26.8 ± 0.9 ab | |
NPK M | 26.8 ± 0.9 a | 20.6 ± 2.8 b | 29.0 ± 1.8 a | |
NPK H | 29.5 ± 2.2 a | 30.3 ± 2.5 a | 31.8 ± 1.1 a |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Robles-Aguilar, A.A.; Temperton, V.M.; Jablonowski, N.D. Maize Silage Digestate Application Affecting Germination and Early Growth of Maize Modulated by Soil Type. Agronomy 2019, 9, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080473
Robles-Aguilar AA, Temperton VM, Jablonowski ND. Maize Silage Digestate Application Affecting Germination and Early Growth of Maize Modulated by Soil Type. Agronomy. 2019; 9(8):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080473
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobles-Aguilar, Ana A., Vicky M. Temperton, and Nicolai D. Jablonowski. 2019. "Maize Silage Digestate Application Affecting Germination and Early Growth of Maize Modulated by Soil Type" Agronomy 9, no. 8: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080473