Effect of Straw Biochar on Soil Properties and Wheat Production under Saline Water Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Biochar Preparation and Characterization
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Observations, Sampling, and Sample Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Altered Soil Physic-Chemical Properties
3.2. Improved Soil Nutrient Content
3.3. Changes in Leaf Area Index and Photosynthesis Rate
3.4. Altered Leaf Water and Ion Status
3.5. Wheat Yield and Yield Components
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Soil Properties
4.2. Alleviated Salt Stress
4.3. Improved Wheat Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, X.; Yang, J.; Liu, G.; Yao, R.; Yu, S. Impact of irrigation volume and water salinity on winter wheat productivity and soil salinity distribution. Agric. Water Manag. 2015, 149, 44–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Attia, A.; Rajan, N.; Xue, Q.; Nair, S.; Ibrahim, A.; Hays, D. Application of DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model to simulate winter wheat response to irrigation management in the Texas High Plains. Agric. Water Manag. 2016, 165, 50–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tari, A.F. The effects of different deficit irrigation strategies on yield, quality, and water-use efficiencies of wheat under semi-arid conditions. Agric. Water Manag. 2016, 167, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Qin, W.; Chen, S.; Shao, L.; Sun, H. Responses of yield and WUE of winter wheat to water stress during the past three decades—A case study in the North China Plain. Agric. Water Manag. 2017, 179, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamdy, A.; Sardo, V.; Ghanem, K.F. Saline water in supplemental irrigation of wheat and barley under rainfed agriculture. Agric. Water Manag. 2005, 78, 122–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chauhan, C.; Singh, R.; Gupta, S. Supplemental irrigation of wheat with saline water. Agric. Water Manag. 2008, 95, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basile, A.; Buttafuoco, G.; Mele, G.; Tedeschi, A. Complementary techniques to assess physical properties of a fine soil irrigated with saline water. Environ. Earth Sci. 2012, 66, 1797–1807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darko, E.; Janda, T.; Majláth, I.; Szopkó, D.; Dulai, S.; Molnár, I.; Türkösi, E.; Molnár-Láng, M. Salt stress response of wheat–barley addition lines carrying chromosomes from the winter barley “Manas”. Euphytica 2015, 203, 491–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Huo, Z.; Feng, S.; Zhang, C. Effect of irrigation amount and water salinity on water consumption and water productivity of spring wheat in Northwest China. Field Crop. Res. 2012, 137, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, G.; Chen, Y.; Khan, F.; Feng, Y.; Palta, J.; Siddique, K. Salinity and Low Phosphorus Differentially Affect Shoot and Root Traits in Two Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Tolerance to Salt. Agronomy 2018, 8, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, D.; Rao, K. Strategy for long term use of saline drainage water for irrigation in semi-arid regions. Soil Tillage Res. 1998, 48, 287–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Qadir, M. Irrigation and soil management strategies for using saline-sodic water in a cotton–wheat rotation. Agric. Water Manag. 2006, 81, 98–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mostafazadeh-Fard, B.; Mansouri, H.; Mousavi, S.-F.; Feizi, M. Effects of different levels of irrigation water salinity and leaching on yield and yield components of wheat in an arid region. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2009, 135, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minhas, P. Saline water management for irrigation in India. Agric. Water Manag. 1996, 30, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahlown, M.A.; Azam, M. Effect of saline drainage effluent on soil health and crop yield. Agric. Water Manag. 2003, 62, 127–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, B.O.; Inoue, M.; Moritani, S. Effect of saline water irrigation and manure application on the available water content, soil salinity, and growth of wheat. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 165–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehmann, J.; da Silva, J.P.; Steiner, C.; Nehls, T.; Zech, W.; Glaser, B. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: Fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil 2003, 249, 343–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, S.; Husson, O.; Graber, E.; Van Zwieten, L.; Taherymoosavi, S.; Thomas, T.; Nielsen, S.; Ye, J.; Pan, G.; Chia, C. The electrochemical properties of biochars and how they affect soil redox properties and processes. Agronomy 2015, 5, 322–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, Q.; Zhu, L.; Shen, Y.; Li, S. Sensitivity of soil water retention and availability to biochar addition in rainfed semi-arid farmland during a three-year field experiment. Field Crop. Res. 2016, 196, 284–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Jesus Duarte, S.; Glaser, B.; Cerri, P.; Eduardo, C. Effect of Biochar Particle Size on Physical, Hydrological and Chemical Properties of Loamy and Sandy Tropical Soils. Agronomy 2019, 9, 165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glaser, B.; Lehmann, J.; Zech, W. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—A review. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2002, 35, 219–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haider, G.; Steffens, D.; Moser, G.; Müller, C.; Kammann, C.I. Biochar reduced nitrate leaching and improved soil moisture content without yield improvements in a four-year field study. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2017, 237, 80–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, S.S.; Andersen, M.N.; Liu, F. Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress. Agric. Water Manag. 2015, 158, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dahlawi, S.; Naeem, A.; Rengel, Z.; Naidu, R. Biochar application for the remediation of salt-affected soils: Challenges and opportunities. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 625, 320–335. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, S.; Rizwan, M.; Qayyum, M.F.; Ok, Y.S.; Ibrahim, M.; Riaz, M.; Arif, M.S.; Hafeez, F.; Al-Wabel, M.I.; Shahzad, A.N. Biochar soil amendment on alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: A critical review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 12700–12712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farhangi-Abriz, S.; Torabian, S. Biochar improved nodulation and nitrogen metabolism of soybean under salt stress. Symbiosis 2018, 74, 215–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lashari, M.S.; Liu, Y.; Li, L.; Pan, W.; Fu, J.; Pan, G.; Zheng, J.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, X.; Yu, X. Effects of amendment of biochar-manure compost in conjunction with pyroligneous solution on soil quality and wheat yield of a salt-stressed cropland from Central China Great Plain. Field Crop. Res. 2013, 144, 113–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, X.; Xie, Z.; Zheng, J.; Liu, Q.; Bei, Q.; Zhu, J. Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration and crop growth in coastal saline soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2015, 66, 329–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanwal, S.; Ilyas, N.; Shabir, S.; Saeed, M.; Gul, R.; Zahoor, M.; Batool, N.; Mazhar, R. Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Plant Nutr. 2018, 41, 526–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, S.S.; Andersen, M.N.; Liu, F. Biochar mitigates salinity stress in potato. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2015, 201, 368–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhtar, S.S.; Andersen, M.N.; Naveed, M.; Zahir, Z.A.; Liu, F. Interactive effect of biochar and plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes on ameliorating salinity stress in maize. Funct. Plant Biol. 2015, 42, 770–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Usman, A.R.A.; Al-Wabel, M.I.; Abdulaziz, A.-H.; Mahmoud, W.-A.; El-Naggar, A.H.; Ahmad, M.; Abdulelah, A.-F.; Abdulrasoul, A.-O. Conocarpus biochar induces changes in soil nutrient availability and tomato growth under saline irrigation. Pedosphere 2016, 26, 27–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elbashier, M.; Xiaohou, S.; Ali, A.; Mohmmed, A. Effect of digestate and biochar amendments on photosynthesis rate, growth parameters, water use efficiency and yield of Chinese melon (Cucumis melo L.) under Saline Irrigation. Agronomy 2018, 8, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Yu, S.; Shao, G.; Gao, S.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y. Impact of Alternate Drought and Flooding Stress on Water Use, and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in a Paddy Field. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2018, 27, 345–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, S.; Zhang, L.; Liang, Y.; Hu, X.; Cai, H.; Gu, B. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agric. Water Manag. 2002, 55, 203–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Wang, Q.; Wei, S.; Shao, M.a.; Li, Y. Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas. For. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 255, 2467–2477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Kang, Y.; Wan, S.; Chen, X.; Liu, S.; Xu, J. Response of a salt-sensitive plant to processes of soil reclamation in two saline–sodic, coastal soils using drip irrigation with saline water. Agric. Water Manag. 2016, 164, 223–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulvaney, R. Nitrogen—Inorganic forms. In Methods Soil Analysis Part 3—Chemical Methods; American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA, 1996; pp. 1123–1184. [Google Scholar]
- Olsen, S.R. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate; United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 1954. [Google Scholar]
- Helmke, P.A.; Sparks, D. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. In Methods Soil Analysis Part 3—Chemical Methods; American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA, 1996; pp. 551–574. [Google Scholar]
- Fu, J.; Liu, Z.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Yang, K. Alleviation of the effects of saline-alkaline stress on maize seedlings by regulation of active oxygen metabolism by Trichoderma asperellum. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0179617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaganti, V.N.; Crohn, D.M.; Šimůnek, J. Leaching and reclamation of a biochar and compost amended saline–sodic soil with moderate SAR reclaimed water. Agric. Water Manag. 2015, 158, 255–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, Z.; Chen, C.; Chen, X.; Jiang, F.; Hopkins, I.; Zhang, X.; Han, Z.; Billy, G.; Benavides, J. Soil acidity, available phosphorus content, and optimal biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application rates: A five-year field trial in upland red soil, China. Field Crop. Res. 2019, 232, 77–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhary, O.; Ghuman, B.; Thuy, N.; Buresh, R. Effects of long-term use of sodic water irrigation, amendments and crop residues on soil properties and crop yields in rice–wheat cropping system in a calcareous soil. Field Crop. Res. 2011, 121, 363–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, D.; Singh, K.; Rao, K.; Kumbhare, P. Irrigation of wheat with saline drainage water on a sandy loam soil. Agric. Water Manag. 1991, 19, 223–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naeem, M.A.; Khalid, M.; Aon, M.; Abbas, G.; Tahir, M.; Amjad, M.; Murtaza, B.; Yang, A.; Akhtar, S.S. Effect of wheat and rice straw biochar produced at different temperatures on maize growth and nutrient dynamics of a calcareous soil. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2017, 63, 2048–2061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehmann, J.; Joseph, S. Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In Biochar for Environmental Management; Routledge: London, UK, 2015; pp. 33–46. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, T.T.N.; Xu, C.-Y.; Tahmasbian, I.; Che, R.; Xu, Z.; Zhou, X.; Wallace, H.M.; Bai, S.H. Effects of biochar on soil available inorganic nitrogen: A review and meta-analysis. Geoderma 2017, 288, 79–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Agbna, G.H.; Dongli, S.; Zhipeng, L.; Elshaikh, N.A.; Guangcheng, S.; Timm, L.C. Effects of deficit irrigation and biochar addition on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Sci. Hortic. 2017, 222, 90–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Wang, Z.; Sun, X.; Jia, A.; Jiang, G.; Li, Z. Higher salinity tolerance cultivars of winter wheat relieved senescence at reproductive stage. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2008, 62, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, C.; Jiang, D.; Liu, F.; Dai, T.; Jing, Q.; Cao, W. Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast ATP synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in wheat. Plant Sci. 2009, 176, 575–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munns, R.; James, R.A.; Läuchli, A. Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J. Exp. Bot. 2006, 57, 1025–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- El-Hendawy, S.; Al-Suhaibani, N.; Dewir, Y.H.; Elsayed, S.; Alotaibi, M.; Hassan, W.; Refay, Y.; Tahir, M.U. Ability of Modified Spectral Reflectance Indices for Estimating Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Wheat under Saline Field Conditions. Agronomy 2019, 9, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, H.; Wang, X.; Chen, L.; Wang, Z.; Xia, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Luo, X.; Xing, B. Enhanced growth of halophyte plants in biochar-amended coastal soil: Roles of nutrient availability and rhizosphere microbial modulation. Plant Cell Environ. 2018, 41, 517–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Y.; Schmidhalter, U. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2005, 168, 541–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, M.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Xie, Y. Vermicompost and humic fertilizer improve coastal saline soil by regulating soil aggregates and the bacterial community. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2019, 65, 281–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, S.C.; Frye, S.; Gale, N.; Garmon, M.; Launchbury, R.; Machado, N.; Melamed, S.; Murray, J.; Petroff, A.; Winsborough, C. Biochar mitigates negative effects of salt additions on two herbaceous plant species. J. Environ. Manag. 2013, 129, 62–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saqib, M.; Akhtar, J.; Qureshi, R.H. Pot study on wheat growth in saline and waterlogged compacted soil: I. Grain yield and yield components. Soil Tillage Res. 2004, 77, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, S.-C.; Duan, A.-W.; Wang, R.; Guan, Z.-M.; Yang, S.-J.; Ma, S.-T.; Shao, Y. Root-sourced signal and photosynthetic traits, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and yield stability in winter wheat as affected by regulated deficit irrigation. Agric. Water Manag. 2015, 148, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poustini, K.; Siosemardeh, A. Ion distribution in wheat cultivars in response to salinity stress. Field Crop. Res. 2004, 85, 125–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, A.; Bian, R.; Pan, G.; Cui, L.; Hussain, Q.; Li, L.; Zheng, J.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, X.; Han, X. Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles. Field Crop. Res. 2012, 127, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Depth (cm) | Texture | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Field Capacity (cm3 cm−3) | Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (cm h−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 | Clay loam | 1.36 | 0.38 | 3.7 |
20–40 | Clay loam | 1.39 | 0.40 | 2.7 |
40–60 | Clay loam | 1.41 | 0.39 | 3.2 |
60–90 | Clay | 1.49 | 0.41 | 1.0 |
90–120 | Clay | 1.52 | 0.43 | 0.7 |
EC (dS m−1) | SAR (mmol1/2 L−1/2) | Ca2+ (mmol L−1) | Mg2+ (mmol L−1) | Na+ (mmol L−1) | HCO3− (mmol L−1) | Cl− (mmol L−1) | SO42− (mmol L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016/2017 season | |||||||
0.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.6 |
10.0 | 11.6 | 17.6 | 14.0 | 46.2 | 5.0 | 70.8 | 16.6 |
2017/2018 season | |||||||
0.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
10.1 | 11.9 | 18.1 | 15.0 | 48.5 | 2.5 | 76.2 | 18.1 |
Variable | BD (g cm−3) | Ks (cm h−1) | EC (dS m−1) | SAR (mmol1/2 L−1/2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||
2016/2017 | 1.34 ± 0.06 b 1 | 4.16 ± 0.89 a | 3.44 ± 1.29 b | 5.80 ± 1.98 b |
2017/2018 | 1.39 ± 0.05 a | 3.72 ± 0.88 b | 4.33 ± 1.60 a | 6.26 ± 2.04 a |
Treatment | ||||
F0 | 1.39 ± 0.04 b 2 | 3.70 ± 0.29 c | 1.09 ± 0.17 d | 2.85 ± 0.66 c |
B0 | 1.44 ± 0.03 a | 2.55 ± 0.47 d | 4.40 ± 0.59 c | 8.75 ± 0.84 a |
B10 | 1.37 ± 0.03 b | 3.95 ± 0.24 c | 4.57 ± 0.58 b | 6.50 ± 0.44 b |
B20 | 1.33 ± 0.03 c | 4.45 ± 0.21 b | 4.62 ± 0.58 b | 6.15 ± 0.68 b |
B30 | 1.29 ± 0.04 d | 5.05 ± 0.43 a | 4.77 ± 0.54 a | 5.90 ± 0.35 b |
ANOVA | ||||
Year | ** | ** | ** | * |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.88 | 0.50 | ** | 0.80 |
Variable | Total Mineral N (mg kg−1) | Available P (mg kg−1) | Available K (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Year | |||
2016/2017 | 24.92 ± 8.16 a 1 | 21.64 ± 4.08 a | 143.24 ± 26.90 a |
2017/2018 | 22.14 ± 7.56 b | 20.28 ± 3.76 b | 129.40 ± 23.59 b |
Treatment | |||
F0 | 17.25 ± 0.85 c 2 | 17.05 ± 0.80 d | 108.25 ± 4.61 d |
B0 | 18.20 ± 1.20 c | 16.95 ± 0.97 d | 112.00 ± 5.96 d |
B10 | 36.45 ± 3.68 a | 20.80 ± 2.41 c | 137.30 ± 14.07 c |
B20 | 26.60 ± 5.01 b | 24.05 ± 1.07 b | 154.65 ± 10.43 b |
B30 | 19.15 ± 2.29 c | 25.95 ± 1.57 a | 169.40 ± 13.18 a |
ANOVA | |||
Year | ** | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.37 |
Variable | Leaf Area Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Days after Anthesis | ||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | |
Year | ||||
2016/2017 | 3.86 ± 0.40 a 1 | 3.55 ± 0.45 a | 2.60 ± 0.40 b | 1.45 ± 0.33 b |
2017/2018 | 3.35 ± 0.40 b | 3.41 ± 0.46 b | 2.70 ± 0.51 a | 1.70 ± 0.36 a |
Treatment | ||||
F0 | 4.08 ± 0.25 a 2 | 4.04 ± 0.13 a | 3.26 ± 0.16 a | 2.01 ± 0.20 a |
B0 | 3.07 ± 0.26 d | 2.87 ± 0.17 e | 2.04 ± 0.15 e | 1.11 ± 0.17 d |
B10 | 3.76 ± 0.41 b | 3.75 ± 0.18 b | 2.69 ± 0.17 c | 1.63 ± 0.15 b |
B20 | 3.77 ± 0.29 b | 3.59 ± 0.18 c | 2.90 ± 0.16 b | 1.74 ± 0.28 b |
B30 | 3.34 ± 0.35 c | 3.15 ± 0.13 d | 2.36 ± 0.17 d | 1.40 ± 0.18 c |
ANOVA | ||||
Year | ** | ** | * | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0.06 |
Variable | Photosynthesis Rate (μmol m−2 s−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Days after Anthesis | ||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | |
Year | ||||
2016/2017 | 23.12 ± 2.39 a 1 | 19.56 ± 2.64 a | 15.84 ± 3.00 a | 10.36 ± 3.60 a |
2017/2018 | 19.56 ± 2.08 b | 16.18 ± 2.51 b | 12.96 ± 2.93 b | 8.14 ± 3.42 b |
Treatment | ||||
F0 | 23.55 ± 1.75 a 2 | 20.90 ± 1.54 a | 17.95 ± 1.75 a | 13.65 ± 1.52 a |
B0 | 18.45 ± 1.65 d | 14.10 ± 1.64 d | 10.20 ± 1.72 d | 4.35 ± 1.66 d |
B10 | 22.50 ± 3.17 ab | 18.55 ± 3.10 b | 15.75 ± 2.66 b | 10.95 ± 2.47 b |
B20 | 22.20 ± 2.08 b | 18.95 ± 1.88 b | 15.55 ± 1.17 b | 10.40 ± 0.80 b |
B30 | 20.00 ± 2.37 c | 16.85 ± 2.09 c | 12.55 ± 1.75 c | 6.90 ± 1.22 c |
ANOVA | ||||
Year | ** | ** | ** | * |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.07 | * | * | ** |
Variable | Leaf Relative Water Content (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Days after Anthesis | ||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | |
Year | ||||
2016/2017 | 80.38 ± 5.31 b 1 | 69.00 ± 7.51 a | 47.26 ± 8.59 a | 23.02 ± 11.24 a |
2017/2018 | 75.74 ± 5.08 a | 65.06 ± 7.30 b | 43.08 ± 10.04 b | 18.14 ± 9.96 b |
Treatment | ||||
F0 | 84.30 ± 4.11 a 2 | 76.20 ± 3.65 a | 57.05 ± 3.26 a | 35.20 ± 4.27 a |
B0 | 73.05 ± 3.72 d | 57.55 ± 3.75 d | 32.10 ± 3.95 d | 6.65 ± 2.51 e |
B10 | 78.25 ± 5.27 bc | 69.85 ± 5.69 b | 47.55 ± 5.31 b | 21.85 ± 5.65 c |
B20 | 79.40 ± 4.07 b | 69.00 ± 3.24 b | 48.75 ± 3.50 b | 25.60 ± 4.80 b |
B30 | 75.30 ± 4.27 c d | 62.55 ± 3.80 c | 40.40 ± 5.34 c | 13.60 ± 3.80 d |
ANOVA | ||||
Year | ** | ** | ** | * |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Variable | Leaf Na+/K+ Ratio | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Days after Anthesis | ||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | |
Year | ||||
2016/2017 | 0.53 ± 0.21 b 1 | 0.76 ± 0.32 b | 1.29 ± 0.52 b | 2.17 ± 0.87 b |
2017/2018 | 0.71 ± 0.24 a | 1.01 ± 0.39 a | 1.55 ± 0.64 a | 2.53 ± 1.02 a |
Treatment | ||||
F0 | 0.37 ± 0.11 d 2 | 0.51 ± 0.10 c | 0.79 ± 0.10 d | 1.10 ± 0.15 e |
B0 | 0.95 ± 0.13 a | 1.48 ± 0.24 a | 2.41 ± 0.31 a | 3.86 ± 0.36 a |
B10 | 0.70 ± 0.18 b | 0.87 ± 0.15 b | 1.33 ± 0.19 b | 2.23 ± 0.30 c |
B20 | 0.59 ± 0.15 bc | 0.77 ± 0.16 b | 1.10 ± 0.17 c | 1.98 ± 0.25 d |
B30 | 0.51 ± 0.16 c | 0.82 ± 0.29 b | 1.49 ± 0.24 b | 2.61 ± 0.30 b |
ANOVA | ||||
Year | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Variable | Aboveground Biomass (t ha−1) | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Harvest Index | Spike Number (m−2) | Kernel Number (spike−1) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||
2016/2017 | 12.75 ± 0.52 a 1 | 5.74 ± 0.33 a | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 496.98 ± 15.96 a | 24.10 ± 1.07 a | 46.98 ± 1.71 a |
2017/2018 | 11.87 ± 0.45 b | 5.42 ± 0.32 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 500.12 ± 16.15 a | 23.62 ± 0.83 b | 45.78 ± 1.52 b |
Treatment | ||||||
F0 | 12.75 ± 0.36 a 2 | 6.05 ± 0.16 a | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 524.80 ± 7.52 a | 24.70 ± 0.80 a | 47.25 ± 1.25 a |
B0 | 11.84 ± 0.35 b | 5.21 ± 0.25 d | 0.44 ± 0.01 b | 494.05 ± 8.02 b c | 22.70 ± 0.39 b | 44.45 ± 0.95 b |
B10 | 12.02 ± 0.65 b | 5.66 ± 0.26 b | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 485.85 ± 8.74 c | 24.15 ± 0.84 a | 47.40 ± 1.48 a |
B20 | 12.17 ± 0.50 b | 5.65 ± 0.23 b | 0.46 ± 0.01 a | 491.10 ± 6.71 bc | 24.55 ± 0.57 a | 47.15 ± 1.39 a |
B30 | 11.94 ± 0.41 b | 5.35 ± 0.15 c | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 496.95 ± 10.47 b | 23.20 ± 0.21 b | 45.65 ± 1.47 b |
ANOVA | ||||||
Year | ** | ** | 0.17 | 0.27 | * | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | 0.87 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.55 | 0.47 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Zhai, Y.; Lu, P.; Zhu, C. Effect of Straw Biochar on Soil Properties and Wheat Production under Saline Water Irrigation. Agronomy 2019, 9, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080457
Huang M, Zhang Z, Zhai Y, Lu P, Zhu C. Effect of Straw Biochar on Soil Properties and Wheat Production under Saline Water Irrigation. Agronomy. 2019; 9(8):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080457
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Mingyi, Zhanyu Zhang, Yaming Zhai, Peirong Lu, and Chengli Zhu. 2019. "Effect of Straw Biochar on Soil Properties and Wheat Production under Saline Water Irrigation" Agronomy 9, no. 8: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080457