Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Experiment Set Up
2.3. Sampling and Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Abundance and Biomass of Earthworm Community
3.2. Earthworm Abundance and Biomass at Different Soil Depths
3.3. Soil Temperature and Moisture
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bagagiolo, G.; Biddoccu, M.; Rabino, D.; Cavallo, E. Effects of rows arrangement, soil management, and rainfall characteristics on water and soil losses in Italian sloping vineyards. Environ. Res. 2018, 166, 690–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Novara, A.; Stallone, G.; Cerdà, A.; Gristina, L. The Effect of Shallow Tillage on Soil Erosion in a Semi-Arid Vineyard. Agronomy 2019, 9, 257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vršič, S. Soil erosion and earthworm population responses to soil management systems in steep-slope vineyards. Plant Soil Environ. 2011, 57, 258–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodrigo-Comino, J. Five decades of soil erosion research in “terroir”. The State-of-the-Art. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2018, 179, 436–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofmann, M.; Schultz, H.R. Erratum to: Modeling the water balance of sloped vineyards under various climate change scenarios. BIO Web Conf. 2015, 5, 01027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serpa, D.; Nunes, J.; Keizer, J.; Abrantes, N. Impacts of climate and land use changes on the water quality of a small Mediterranean catchment with intensive viticulture. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 224, 454–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riches, D.; Porter, I.; Oliver, D.; Bramley, R.; Rawnsley, B.; Edwards, J.; White, R. Review: Soil biological properties as indicators of soil quality in Australian viticulture. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 2013, 19, 311–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruggisser, O.T.; Schmidt-Entling, M.H.; Bacher, S. Effects of vineyard management on biodiversity at three trophic levels. Biol. Conserv. 2010, 143, 1521–1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nicholls, C.I.; Parrella, M.; Altieri, M.A. The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. Landsc. Ecol. 2001, 16, 133–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orgiazzi, A.; Panagos, P. Soil biodiversity and soil erosion: It is time to get married. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2018, 27, 1155–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Florian, F.; Elisabeth, W.; Zaller, J.G. Earthworms are little affected by reduced soil tillage methods in vineyards. Plant Soil Environ. 2017, 63, 257–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dekemati, I.; Simon, B.; Vinogradov, S.; Birkás, M. The effects of various tillage treatments on soil physical properties, earthworm abundance and crop yield in Hungary. Soil Tillage Res. 2019, 194, 104334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérès, G.; Piron, D.; Bellido, A.; Goater, C.; Cluzeau, D. Earthworms Used as Indicators of Agricultural Managements. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2008, 17, 1181–1189. [Google Scholar]
- Coll, P.; Le Cadre, E.; Blanchart, E.; Hinsinger, P.; Villenave, C. Organic viticulture and soil quality: A long-term study in Southern France. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2011, 50, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fründ, H.-C.; Graefe, U.; Tischer, S. Earthworms as Bioindicators of Soil Quality. Soil Biol. 2011, 24, 261–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreck, E.; Gontier, L.; Dumat, C.; Geret, F. Ecological and physiological effects of soil management practices on earthworm communities in French vineyards. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2012, 52, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kavdir, Y.; Ilay, R. Earthworms and Soil Structure. Soil Biol. 2010, 24, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blouin, M.; Hodson, M.; Delgado, E.A.; Baker, G.L.; Brussaard, L.; Butt, K.R.; Dai, J.; Dendooven, L.; Peres, G.; Tondoh, J.E.; et al. A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2013, 64, 161–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arai, M.; Miura, T.; Tsuzura, H.; Minamiya, Y.; Kaneko, N. Two-year responses of earthworm abundance, soil aggregates, and soil carbon to no-tillage and fertilization. Geoderma 2018, 332, 135–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, R.E. Understanding Vineyard Soils: Site Selection and Soil Preparation; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 30–66. [Google Scholar]
- Shuster, W.D.; McDonald, L.P.; McCartney, D.A.; Parmelee, R.W.; Studer, N.S.; Stinner, B.R. Nitrogen Source and Earthworm Abundance Affected Runoff Volume and Nutrient Loss in a Tilled-Corn Agro Ecosystems. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2002, 35, 320–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safeer, A.; Aziz, I.; Mahmood, T.; Akmal, M. Influence of Different Tillage Practices and Earthworm on Selected Soil Physio-Chemical Parameters and Yield of Maize. Soil Environ. 2013, 32, 114–120. [Google Scholar]
- Zaller, J.; Arnone, J. Earthworm and soil moisture effects on the productivity and structure of grassland communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1999, 31, 517–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foth, H. Fundamentals of Soil Science: Soil Ecology, 8th ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 115–132. [Google Scholar]
- Pérès, G.; Cluzeau, D.; Curmi, P.; Hallaire, V. Earthworm activity and soil structure changes due to organic enrichments in vineyard systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1998, 27, 417–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersen, L.; Kühn, B.F.; Bertelsen, M.; Bruus, M.; Larsen, S.E.; Strandberg, M. Alternatives to herbicides in an apple orchard, effects on yield, earthworms and plant diversity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013, 172, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devetter, L.W.; Dilley, C.A.; Nonnecke, G.R. Mulches Reduce Weeds, Maintain Yield, and Promote Soil Quality in a Continental-Climate Vineyard. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2014, 66, 54–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paoletti, M.G. The role of earthworms for assessment of sustainability and as bioindicators. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999, 74, 137–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwards, C.A.; Bohlen, P.J. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms, 3rd ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, UK, 1996; 426p. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Shammary, A.A.G.; Kouzani, A.; Gyasi-Agyei, Y.; Gates, W.; Rodrigo-Comino, J. Effects of solarisation on soil thermal-physical properties under different soil treatments: A review. Geoderma 2020, 363, 114137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anikwe, M.; Mbah, C.; Ezeaku, P.; Onyia, V. Tillage and plastic mulch effects on soil properties and growth and yield of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) on an ultisol in southeastern Nigeria. Soil Tillage Res. 2007, 93, 264–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kader, M.; Senge, M.; Mojid, M.; Ito, K. Recent advances in mulching materials and methods for modifying soil environment. Soil Tillage Res. 2017, 168, 155–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ernst, G.; Emmerling, C. Impact of five different tillage systems on soil organic carbon content and the density, biomass, and community composition of earthworms after a ten year period. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2009, 45, 247–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Correia, F.V.; Moreira, J.C. Effects of Glyphosate and 2,4-D on Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) in Laboratory Tests. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 85, 264–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, K. An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity—Implications for functioning in soils. Soil Tillage Res. 2001, 57, 179–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paoletti, M.; Sommaggio, D.; Favretto, M.; Petruzzelli, G.; Pezzarossa, B.; Barbafieri, M. Earthworms as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and vineyards with different inputs. Appl. Soil Ecol. 1998, 10, 137–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Głąb, T. Impact of soil compaction on root development and yield of meadow-grass. Int. Agrophys. 2013, 27, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moradi, J.; John, K.; Vicentini, F.; Veselá, H.; Vicena, J.; Ardestani, M.M.; Frouz, J. Vertical distribution of soil fauna and microbial community under two contrasting post mining chronosequences: Sites reclaimed by alder plantation and unreclaimed regrowth. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2020, 23, e01165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jimenez, J.J.; Decaens, T. Vertical distribution of earthworms in grassland soils of the Colombian Llanos. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2000, 32, 463–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Viljoen, S.; Reinecke, A. The temperature requirements of the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae (oligochaeta)—A laboratory study. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1992, 24, 1345–1350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, J.; Schädler, M.; Demetrio, W.; Brown, G.G.; Eisenhauer, N. Climate change effects on earthworms-a review. Soil Org. 2019, 91, 114–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fründ, H.-C.; Egbert, E.; Dumbeck, G. Spatial distribution of earthworms [Lumbricidae] in recultivated soils of the Rhenish lignite-mining area, Germany. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2004, 167, 494–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wever, L.A.; Lysyk, T.J.; Clapperton, M. The influence of soil moisture and temperature on the survival, aestivation, growth and development of juvenile Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen) (Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 2001, 45, 121–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berry, E.; Jordan, D. Temperature and soil moisture content effects on the growth of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) under laboratory conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33, 133–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eriksen-Hamel, N.S.; Whalen, J.K. Growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaetae: Lumbricidae) as influenced by soil temperature and moisture in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. Pedobiologia 2006, 50, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soil Management System | Number of Earthworms | Weight of Earthworms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average ± SE | Average ± SE | |||
Green cover | 167 ± 14.2 | a | 129.19 ± 14.42 | a |
Herbicide strip | 66 ± 7.18 | c | 34.89 ± 5.56 | c |
Mulch (straw) | 178 ± 14.57 | a | 118.94 ± 13.56 | ab |
Herbicide | 157 ± 17.13 | ab | 107.54 ± 12.03 | ab |
Tillage | 110 ± 9.71 | bc | 82.73 ± 9.37 | b |
Control | 169 ± 11.04 | a | 85.27 ± 5.80 | b |
Earthworms | Soil Management Practices/Depth of Soil | Pearson Correlation (Soil Moisture) | Pearson Correlation (Soil Temperature) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Up to 15 cm | 15–30 cm | 30–45 cm | 45–60 cm | Up to 15 cm | 15–30 cm | 30–45 cm | 45–60 cm | ||
Number/m2 | Green cover | −0.418 | 0.223 | −0.518 | 0.138 | −0.056 | −0.038 | 0.740 ** | 0.237 |
Herbicide strip | 0.346 | −0.302 | 0.167 | 0.476 | 0.063 | 0.127 | −0.141 | 0.425 | |
Mulch | −0.157 | −0.034 | −0.207 | 0.461 | 0.095 | 0.069 | 0.842 *** | −0.07 | |
Herbicide | −0.131 | 0.359 | 0.362 | 0.803 ** | −0.398 | 0.466 | 0.865 *** | 0.489 | |
Tillage | −0.527 | 0.468 | 0.392 | 0.354 | −0.357 | 0.083 | 0.466 | −0.099 | |
Control | 0.840 *** | 0.879 *** | 0.651 * | 0.232 | 0.826 ** | 0.906 *** | 0.403 | 0.511 | |
Biomass/m2 | Green cover | −0.454 | −0.096 | −0.435 | −0.212 | 0.096 | −0.281 | 0.740 ** | 0.532 |
Herbicide strip | 0.437 | −0.121 | −0.096 | 0.131 | 0.171 | 0.229 | −0.258 | 0.562 | |
Mulch | 0.356 | −0.357 | −0.194 | 0.393 | 0.087 | −0.034 | 0.805 ** | 0.141 | |
Herbicide | −0.11 | 0.572 | 0.151 | 0.694 | 0.299 | 0.534 | 0.739 ** | 0.342 | |
Tillage | −0.517 | 0.071 | 0.303 | 0.394 | −0.193 | 0.002 | 0.292 | 0.054 | |
Control | −0.893 *** | 0.888 *** | 0.511 | −0.001 | −0.700 * | 0.939 *** | 0.253 | 0.343 | |
Weight per individual | Green cover | −0.366 | −0.459 | 0.181 | −0.101 | 0.094 | −0.468 | 0.038 | 0.583 |
Herbicide strip | −0.25 | 0.086 | 0.101 | 0.172 | −0.417 | −0.006 | 0.086 | 0.465 | |
Mulch | 0.692* | −0.676 * | 0.016 | 0.294 | 0.117 | 0.007 | −0.192 | 0.304 | |
Herbicide | 0.044 | 0.646 * | 0.404 | 0.016 | 0.724 ** | 0.704 * | 0.583 | 0.213 | |
Tillage | −0.197 | 0.05 | −0.071 | 0.587 | 0.058 | 0.408 | −0.194 | 0.455 | |
Control | −0.859 *** | −0.299 | −0.154 | −0.296 | −0.931 *** | −0.253 | −0.195 | 0.083 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vršič, S.; Breznik, M.; Pulko, B.; Rodrigo-Comino, J. Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061241
Vršič S, Breznik M, Pulko B, Rodrigo-Comino J. Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards. Agronomy. 2021; 11(6):1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061241
Chicago/Turabian StyleVršič, Stanko, Marko Breznik, Borut Pulko, and Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. 2021. "Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards" Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061241