Presence of Ochratoxin A Residues in Blood Serum of Slaughtered Pigs in Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. ELISA Analysis
2.2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2.2. Determination of OTA
2.3. HPLC-FD Analysis
2.3.1. Sample Preparation
2.3.2. Determination of OTA
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Presence of OTA in the Serum of Slaughtered Pigs
3.2. Regional Distribution of OTA in Serum Samples
3.3. Prevalence of OTA Contamination in Serum Samples on Farms by Region
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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REGION | REGIONAL UNIT | FARMS | SAMPLES | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ν | n (%) | N | n (%) | Mean * (μg/L) | SD * | Median * (μg/L) | CV * | Range * (μg/L) | ||
EPIRUS | Arta | 3 | 3 (100) | 45 | 44 (97.8) | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.22–0.41 |
Ioannina | 5 | 5 (100) | 75 | 42 (56.0) | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.20–0.40 | |
Preveza | 9 | 9 (100) | 135 | 107 (79.3) | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.21–0.43 | |
Total | 17 | 17 (100) | 255 | 193 (75.7) | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.21–0.43 | |
THESSALY | Karditsa | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 105 (100) | 2.26 | 1.40 | 1.93 | 0.61 | 0.58–5.38 |
Larissa | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 53 (50.5) | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.21–0.73 | |
Trikala | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 70 (66.7) | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.21–0.64 | |
Magnesia | 1 | 1 (100) | 15 | 6 (40.0) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.22–0.24 | |
Total | 22 | 21 (95.5) | 330 | 234 (70.9) | 1.20 | 1.34 | 0.53 | 1.11 | 0.21–5.38 | |
CENTRAL GREECE | Euboea | 15 | 5 (33.3) | 225 | 29 (12.9) | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.22–0.33 |
Phthiotis | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 6 (10.0) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.20–0.25 | |
Total | 19 | 9 (47.4) | 285 | 35 (12.3) | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.20–0.33 | |
CENTRAL MACEDONIA | Thessaloniki | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 64 (61.0) | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.21–0.48 |
Pieria | 11 | 6 (54.5) | 165 | 24 (14.5) | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.21–0.7 | |
Serres | 6 | 5 (83.33) | 90 | 29 (32.2) | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.20–0.89 | |
Chalkidiki | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 30 | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - | - | - | |
Total | 26 | 18 (69.2) | 390 | 117 (30.0) | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.20–0.89 | |
WESTERN GREECE | Aetolia-Acarnania | 11 | 8 (72.7) | 165 | 104 (63.0) | 0.54 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.21–1.07 |
Elis | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 17 (28.3) | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.21–0.40 | |
Total | 15 | 12 (80.0) | 225 | 121 (53.8) | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.21–1.07 | |
EASTERN MACEDONIA AND THRACE | Drama | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 45 | 1 (2.2) | - | - | - | - | 0.24 |
Xanthi | 2 | 2 (100) | 30 | 5 (16.7) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.21–0.25 | |
Total | 5 | 3 (60.0) | 75 | 6 (8.0) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.21–0.25 | |
PELOPONNESE | Corinthia | 2 | 2 (100) | 30 | 29 (96.7) | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.22–0.43 |
Laconia | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 45 | 8 (17.8) | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.22–0.33 | |
Total | 5 | 4 (80.0) | 75 | 37 (49.3) | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.22–0.43 | |
CRETE | Heraklion | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 39 (65.0) | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.20–0.99 |
Total | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 39 (65.0) | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.20–0.99 | |
WHOLE TOTAL | 113 | 88 (77.9) | 1695 | 782 (46.1) | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.30 | 1.39 | 0.20–5.38 |
Region | Regional Unit | Farms | Samples | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ν | n (%) | N | n (%) | Mean * (μg/L) | SD * | Median * (μg/L) | CV * | Range * (μg/L) | ||
Epirus | Arta | 3 | 3 (100) | 45 | 45 (100) | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.19–0.44 |
Ioannina | 5 | 5 (100) | 75 | 65 (88.0) | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.15–0.45 | |
Preveza | 9 | 9 (100) | 135 | 135 (100) | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.17–0.50 | |
Total | 17 | 17 (100) | 255 | 246 (96.5) | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.15–0.50 | |
Thessaly | Karditsa | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 105 (100) | 2.58 | 1.58 | 2.23 | 0.61 | 0.65–5.96 |
Larissa | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 99 (94.3) | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.15–0.84 | |
Trikala | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 105 (100) | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.16–0.72 | |
Magnesia | 1 | 1 (100) | 15 | 15 (100) | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.18–0.29 | |
Total | 22 | 22 (100) | 330 | 324 (98.2) | 1.04 | 1.40 | 0.33 | 1.33 | 0.15–5.96 | |
Central Greece | Euboea | 15 | 11 (73.3) | 225 | 70 (31.1) | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.15–0.37 |
Phthiotis | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 42 (70.0) | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.15–0.29 | |
Total | 19 | 15 (78.9) | 285 | 112 (39.3) | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.15–0.37 | |
Central Macedonia | Thessaloniki | 7 | 7 (100) | 105 | 88 (83.8) | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.15–0.53 |
Pieria | 11 | 11 (100) | 165 | 74 (44.8) | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.15–0.78 | |
Serres | 6 | 6 (100) | 90 | 73 (81.1) | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 0.15–1.01 | |
Chalkidiki | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 30 | 3 (10.0) | 0.79 | 1.04 | 0.19 | 1.32 | 0.17–2.00 | |
Total | 26 | 25 (96.2) | 390 | 238 (61.0) | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.61 | 0.15–2.00 | |
Western Greece | Aetolia-Acarnania | 11 | 11 (100) | 165 | 132 (80.0) | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.15–1.25 |
Elis | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 37 (61.7) | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.15–0.45 | |
Total | 15 | 15 (100) | 225 | 169 (75.1) | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.15–1.25 | |
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace | Drama | 3 | 3 (100) | 45 | 12 (26.7) | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15–0.27 |
Xanthi | 2 | 2 (100) | 30 | 20 (66.7) | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.15–0.28 | |
Total | 5 | 5 (100) | 75 | 32 (42.7) | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15–0.28 | |
Peloponnese | Corinthia | 2 | 2 (100) | 30 | 30 (100) | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.19–0.47 |
Laconia | 3 | 3 (100) | 45 | 23 (51.1) | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.15–0.37 | |
Total | 5 | 5 (100) | 75 | 53 (70.7) | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.15–0.47 | |
Crete | Heraklion | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 59 (98.3) | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.73 | 0.15–1.11 |
Total | 4 | 4 (100) | 60 | 59 (98.3) | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.73 | 0.15–1.11 | |
Whole Total | 113 | 108 (95.6) | 1695 | 1233 (72.7) | 0.51 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 1.57 | 0.15–5.96 |
Region | Prevalence Rate (Range) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA | HPLC-FD | |||||||
0–25% | 25–50% | 50–75% | 75–100% | 0–25% | 25–50% | 50–75% | 75–100% | |
n (%) | ||||||||
Epirus (N = 17) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (47.1) | 8 (47.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 16 (94.1) |
Thessaly (N = 22) | 2 (9.0) | 5 (22.7) | 3 (13.6) | 12 (54.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.6) | 21 (95.5) |
Central Greece (N = 19) | 15 (79.0) | 3 (16.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (36.6) | 4 (21.1) | 4 (21.1) | 4 (21.1) |
Central Macedonia (N = 26) | 13 (50.0) | 5 (19.2) | 5 (19.2) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (15.4) | 12 (46.2) |
Western Greece (Ν = 15) | 5 (33.3) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 6 (40.0) | 1 (6.7) | 4 (26.7) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (66.7) |
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (Ν = 5) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Peloponnese (Ν = 5) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 2 (40.0) |
Crete (Ν = 4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100) |
Total (Ν = 113) | 42 (37.2) | 18 (15.9) | 21 (18.6) | 32 (28.3) | 15 (13.3) | 15 (13.3) | 14 (12.4) | 69 (61.1) |
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Vlachou, M.; Pexara, A.; Solomakos, N.; Govaris, A.; Palaiogiannis, D.; Athanasiadis, V.; Lalas, S.I. Presence of Ochratoxin A Residues in Blood Serum of Slaughtered Pigs in Greece. Toxins 2024, 16, 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16100421
Vlachou M, Pexara A, Solomakos N, Govaris A, Palaiogiannis D, Athanasiadis V, Lalas SI. Presence of Ochratoxin A Residues in Blood Serum of Slaughtered Pigs in Greece. Toxins. 2024; 16(10):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16100421
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlachou, Mikela, Andreana Pexara, Nikolaos Solomakos, Alexander Govaris, Dimitrios Palaiogiannis, Vassilis Athanasiadis, and Stavros I. Lalas. 2024. "Presence of Ochratoxin A Residues in Blood Serum of Slaughtered Pigs in Greece" Toxins 16, no. 10: 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16100421