Reduced Stress and Improved Sleep Quality Caused by Green Tea Are Associated with a Reduced Caffeine Content
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of LCGT
2.2. Measurement of Tea Components by HPLC
2.3. Participants
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Measurement of sAA
2.6. Measurement of EEG
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Tea Components in SGT and LCGT
3.2. Interaction between sAA Level and LCGT Intake
3.3. Effect of SGT and LCGT Ingestion on Sleep Parameters
3.4. Subjective Stress and Fatigue
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Term (1 Term with 7 Days) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Green tea intake | Washout (water) | SGT or LCGT | Washout (water) | LCGT or SGT |
(Saturday~Friday) | (Saturday~Friday) | (Saturday~Friday) | (Saturday~Friday) | |
Measurement of α-amylase activity | (-) | 2 times/day (morning and evening) | (-) | 2 times/day (morning and evening) |
Subjective stress and Physical condition | (-) | every evening | (-) | every evening |
Sleep | (-) | 3 nights/week (Tuesday~Thursday) | (-) | 3 nights/week (Tuesday~Thursday) |
Subjective fatigue | (-) | 2 times/week (Mon morning and Fri evening) | (-) | 2 times/week (Monday morning and Friday evening) |
Sleep Parameters | Abbreviation | Standard Green Tea | Low-Caffeine Green Tea | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SEM | Correlation between sAA before Work | Correlation between sAA after Work | Correlation between Intake Volume | Mean ± SEM | Correlation between sAA before Work | Correlation between sAA after Work | Correlation between Intake Volume | ||||||||
R | p Value | R | p Value | R | p Value | R | p Value | R | p Value | R | p Value | ||||
Onset of sleep (min) | SL | 12.6 ± 3.0 | −0.129 | 0.599 | −0.239 | 0.325 | 0.356 | 0.135 | 15.7 ± 4.9 | 0.075 | 0.759 | −0.026 | 0.915 | −0.138 | 0.572 |
Onset of REM (min) | REM SL | 63.5 ± 5.3 | 0.184 | 0.450 | −0.199 | 0.415 | 0.427 | 0.068 | 57.7 ± 3.0 | 0.045 | 0.854 | −0.045 | 0.854 | 0.304 | 0.207 |
Total period of sleep (min) | SPT | 351.3 ± 12.5 | 0.462 | 0.046 * | 0.232 | 0.339 | −0.136 | 0.579 | 350.2 ± 14.6 | 0.173 | 0.479 | 0.024 | 0.921 | 0.301 | 0.211 |
Total sleep time (SPT−WASO) (min) | TST | 328.7 ± 12.7 | 0.484 | 0.036 * | 0.2672 | 0.269 | −0.138 | 0.572 | 328.6 ± 13.5 | 0.130 | 0.595 | 0.040 | 0.872 | 0.309 | 0.198 |
Rapid eye movement (%) | REM | 28.2 ± 2.5 | 0.066 | 0.787 | −0.082 | 0.739 | −0.106 | 0.665 | 25.9 ± 1.2 | 0.077 | 0.753 | 0.142 | 0.562 | −0.186 | 0.446 |
Light sleep (%) | N1 | 8.7 ± 0.7 | 0.361 | 0.129 | 0.2039 | 0.402 | −0.055 | 0.822 | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 0.285 | 0.236 | 0.375 | 0.113 | −0.438 | 0.061 |
Slow wave sleep (%) | N2+N3 | 58.8 ± 1.4 | 0.197 | 0.420 | 0.1261 | 0.607 | −0.137 | 0.577 | 58.7 ± 1.2 | −0.411 | 0.080 | −0.351 | 0.141 | 0.464 | 0.045 * |
Time spent awake during the sleep (min) | WASO | 22.6 ± 2.9 | −0.117 | 0.635 | −0.163 | 0.505 | 0.018 | 0.943 | 21.7 ± 2.3 | 0.329 | 0.169 | −0.076 | 0.757 | 0.096 | 0.697 |
Total awakening time during two hours before the final awakening (min) | B2 WASO | 18.5 ± 4.4 | 0.009 | 0.969 | −0.219 | 0.367 | −0.126 | 0.607 | 9.7 ± 1.5 | −0.018 | 0.941 | −0.139 | 0.571 | 0.250 | 0.301 |
Average sleep cycle (min) | AVR SLC | 91.5 ± 3.2 | −0.032 | 0.895 | −0.268 | 0.267 | −0.189 | 0.437 | 90.4 ± 2.9 | 0.006 | 0.979 | −0.248 | 0.306 | 0.176 | 0.471 |
Sleep eficiency (%) | SE | 88.5 ± 1.7 | 0.099 | 0.688 | 0.281 | 0.244 | −0.122 | 0.620 | 89.2 ± 1.5 | −0.153 | 0.533 | 0.055 | 0.824 | 0.110 | 0.654 |
δ power in the 1st sleep cycle (µV2) | 1st δ | 149,256 ± 18,656 | −0.031 | 0.900 | −0.157 | 0.520 | −0.052 | 0.832 | 120644 ± 15923 | −0.019 | 0.938 | 0.158 | 0.518 | −0.254 | 0.295 |
sAA (U/mL) | 71.7 ± 5.2 | 73.9 ± 5.9 | 60.5 ± 4.3 | 64.7 ± 4.8 | |||||||||||
Intake volume (mL) | 929 ± 31 | 927 ± 34 |
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Unno, K.; Noda, S.; Kawasaki, Y.; Yamada, H.; Morita, A.; Iguchi, K.; Nakamura, Y. Reduced Stress and Improved Sleep Quality Caused by Green Tea Are Associated with a Reduced Caffeine Content. Nutrients 2017, 9, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070777
Unno K, Noda S, Kawasaki Y, Yamada H, Morita A, Iguchi K, Nakamura Y. Reduced Stress and Improved Sleep Quality Caused by Green Tea Are Associated with a Reduced Caffeine Content. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070777
Chicago/Turabian StyleUnno, Keiko, Shigenori Noda, Yohei Kawasaki, Hiroshi Yamada, Akio Morita, Kazuaki Iguchi, and Yoriyuki Nakamura. 2017. "Reduced Stress and Improved Sleep Quality Caused by Green Tea Are Associated with a Reduced Caffeine Content" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070777