Serum Fatty Acid Reference Ranges: Percentiles from a New Zealand National Nutrition Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Survey Methods
2.2. Serum Fatty Acid Analysis
2.3. Statistial Analysis
CV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid | Cholesterol ester | Phospholipid | Triacylgycerol | ||
SAFA | 14:0 | 15.0% | 22.7% | 15.1% | |
15:0 | 12.0% | 11.2% | 15.0% | ||
16:0 | 7.8% | 7.5% | 4.4% | ||
18:0 | 15.4% | 7.9% | 12.8% | ||
20:0 | - | 14.9% | - | ||
22:0 | - | 12.8% | - | ||
24:0 | - | 15.4% | - | ||
MUFA | 16:1n-7 | 16.5% | 23.2% | 11.2% | |
18:1n-9 | 11.4% | 4.4% | 6.1% | ||
20:1n-9 | - | - | 32.6% | ||
24:1n-9 | - | 10.6% | - | ||
PUFA | n-3 | 18:3n-3 | 14.3% | 10.6% | 25.6% |
20:5n-3 | 16.5% | 13.9% | 18.9% | ||
22:5n-3 | - | 12.0% | - | ||
22:6n-3 | 25.4% | 13.1% | 22.5% | ||
n-6 | 18:2n-6 | 3.0% | 10.6% | 4.0% | |
18:3n-6 | 9.6% | - | 17.3% | ||
20:3n-6 | 4.6% | 9.5% | 35.7% | ||
20:4n-6 | 4.9% | 10.7% | 21.6% | ||
22:4n-6 | - | - | 32.2% |
3. Results and Discussion
NNS97 participants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996/1997 NZHS | NNS97 participants | Fatty acid measurement 1 | No fatty acid measurement | P 2 | ||
n (%) of 1996/1997 NZHS | 7862 (100.0) | 4636 (59.0) | 2793 (35.5) | 1843 (23.4) | ||
Females | 4604 (58.6) | 2709 (58.4) | 1547 (55.4) | 1162 (63.0) | <0.001 | |
Age category (y) | ||||||
15 to 18 | 405 (5.2) | 246 (5.3) | 122 (4.4) | 124 (6.7) | 0.001 | |
19 to 24 | 645 (8.2) | 354 (7.6) | 210 (7.5) | 144 (7.8) | ||
25 to 44 | 3221 (41.0) | 1964 (42.4) | 1227 (43.9) | 737 (40.0) | ||
45 to 64 | 2063 (26.2) | 1255 (27.1) | 765 (27.4) | 490 (26.6) | ||
65+ | 1528 (19.4) | 817 (17.6) | 469 (16.8) | 348 (18.9) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
NZEO | 5896 (75.0) | 3626 (78.2) | 2286 (81.8) | 1340 (72.7) | <0.001 | |
NZ Maori | 1321 (16.8) | 703 (15.2) | 368 (13.2) | 335 (18.2) | ||
Pacific people | 646 (8.2) | 307 (6.6) | 139 (5.0) | 168 (9.1) | ||
BMI category | ||||||
Normal | - | 1882 (40.6) | 1189 (42.6) | 693 (37.6) | <0.001 | |
Overweight | - | 1530 (33.0) | 999 (35.8) | 531 (28.8) | ||
Obese | - | 967 (20.9) | 551 (19.7) | 416 (22.6) | ||
Not measured | - | 257 (5.5) | 54 (1.9) | 203 (11.0) | ||
Current smokers | 2280 (29.0) | 1258 (27.1) | 763 (27.3) | 495 (26.9) | 0.730 | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 3 | - | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.2) | 0.6876 | |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) 3 | - | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.5642 | |
Dietary fat intake (% of kJ) 3 | ||||||
Total fat | - | 34.27 (11.90) | 34.41 (8.74) | 34.32 (9.12) | 0.7416 | |
Saturated fat | - | 14.68 (5.10) | 14.72 (5.01) | 14.61 (5.22) | 0.4845 | |
Dairy fat | - | 7.38 (6.87) | 7.49 (6.88) | 7.23 (6.84) | 0.2173 | |
Monounsaturated fat | - | 11.37 (3.62) | 11.38 (3.55) | 11.37 (3.71) | 0.9575 | |
Polyunsaturated fat | - | 4.85 (2.49) | 4.83 (2.47) | 4.87 (2.52) | 0.6573 | |
Fish fat | - | 0.62 (2.45) | 0.61 (2.33) | 0.64 (2.63) | 0.6582 |
Mean (SD) | Percentile | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid | n = 2393 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 95 | |||
SAFA | 14:0 | 1.05 (0.55) | 0.51 a | 0.61 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.28 | 1.57 | 1.72 | ||
15:0 | 0.29 (0.13) | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.46 | |||
16:0 | 12.12 (2.86) | 9.88 | 10.37 | 11.07 | 11.82 | 12.78 | 13.91 | 15.50 | |||
18:0 | 0.95 (0.42) | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 1.35 | 1.54 | |||
MUFA | |||||||||||
16:1n-7 | 4.35 (2.33) | 2.00 | 2.41 | 3.13 | 4.03 | 5.26 | 6.70 | 7.89 | |||
18:1n-9 | 19.36 (4.54) | 14.58 | 15.52 | 17.23 | 19.18 | 21.22 | 23.51 | 24.83 | |||
PUFA | n-6 | 18:2n-6 | 49.58 (9.94) | 37.08 | 41.02 | 46.00 | 50.30 | 54.01 | 57.42 | 59.82 | |
18:3n-6 | 1.04 (0.51) | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 1.28 | 1.59 | 1.77 | |||
20:3n-6 | 0.67 (0.20) | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.94 | |||
20:4n-6 | 5.58 (1.75) | 3.59 | 3.98 | 4.70 | 5.49 | 6.39 | 7.21 | 7.84 | |||
n-3 | 18:3n-3 | 0.76 (0.32) | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 1.17 | ||
20:5n-3 | 1.03 (0.60) | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.66 | 1.91 | |||
22:6n-3 | 0.50 (0.21) | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.80 |
Mean (SD) | Percentile | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid | n = 2416 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 95 | |||
SAFA | 14:0 | 0.52 (0.24) | 0.30 a | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.80 | ||
15:0 | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.41 | |||
16:0 | 31.73 (4.22) | 28.41 | 28.98 | 29.96 | 31.06 | 32.78 | 35.02 | 37.56 | |||
18:0 | 14.34 (2.59) | 11.95 | 12.49 | 13.22 | 14.05 | 15.06 | 16.42 | 17.79 | |||
20:0 | 0.55 (0.16) | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.75 | |||
22:0 | 1.54 (0.45) | 1.08 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 1.50 | 1.72 | 1.95 | 2.11 | |||
24:0 | 1.28 (0.42) | 0.89 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.80 | |||
MUFA | 16:1n-7 | 0.83 (0.45) | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 1.43 | ||
18:1n-9 | 10.00 (2.51) | 7.57 | 8.13 | 8.90 | 9.86 | 11.08 | 12.11 | 13.00 | |||
24:1n-9 | 1.73 (0.54) | 1.09 | 1.26 | 1.47 | 1.71 | 1.99 | 2.21 | 2.42 | |||
PUFA | n-6 | 18:2n-6 | 19.01 (5.22) | 12.72 | 14.56 | 16.95 | 19.25 | 21.36 | 23.31 | 24.54 | |
20:3n-6 | 0.09 (0.08) | 1.57 | 1.83 | 2.20 | 2.61 | 3.07 | 3.50 | 3.76 | |||
20:4n-6 | 7.16 (2.19) | 4.44 | 5.25 | 6.28 | 7.18 | 8.20 | 9.11 | 9.70 | |||
n-3 | 18:3n-3 | 0.24 (0.12) | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.42 | ||
20:5n-3 | 1.00 (0.60) | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.92 | 1.22 | 1.53 | 1.80 | |||
22:5n-3 | 0.89 (0.32) | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 1.18 | 1.28 | |||
22:6n-3 | 2.61 (1.07) | 1.32 | 1.63 | 2.05 | 2.55 | 3.12 | 3.70 | 4.09 |
Mean (SD) | Percentile | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid | n = 2402 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 95 | |||
SAFA | 14:0 | 3.62 (2.33) | 1.43 a | 1.83 | 2.48 | 3.36 | 4.48 | 5.67 | 6.53 | ||
15:0 | 0.54 (0.34) | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.80 | 0.87 | |||
16:0 | 29.22 (5.77) | 23.00 | 24.40 | 26.63 | 29.02 | 31.53 | 34.01 | 36.03 | |||
18:0 | 4.89 (2.40) | 2.88 | 3.25 | 3.79 | 4.61 | 5.65 | 6.94 | 7.86 | |||
20:0 | 0.09 (0.25) | 0.00 | 0.00 b | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.18 | |||
MUFA | 16:1n-7 | 4.82 (2.28) | 2.43 | 2.91 | 3.67 | 4.67 | 5.83 | 6.94 | 7.72 | ||
18:1n-9 | 34.36 (5.90) | 28.03 | 29.65 | 32.05 | 34.43 | 37.01 | 39.22 | 40.84 | |||
20:1n-9 | 0.24 (0.17) | 0.00 c | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.38 | |||
PUFA | n-6 | 18:2n-6 | 14.15 (7.65) | 6.96 | 8.18 | 10.32 | 13.38 | 17.28 | 21.08 | 24.02 | |
18:3n-6 | 0.38 (0.32) | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.75 | |||
20:3n-6 | 0.32 (0.45) | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.61 | |||
20:4n-6 | 1.03 (0.75) | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.93 | 1.21 | 1.61 | 1.88 | |||
22:4n-6 | 0.12 (0.28) | 0.00 d | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.20 | |||
n-3 | 18:3n-3 | 0.98 (0.95) | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.91 | 1.19 | 1.48 | 1.75 | ||
20:5n-3 | 0.26 (0.22) | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.52 | |||
22:6n-3 | 0.50 (0.55) | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.59 | 0.84 | 1.08 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Bradbury, K.E.; Skeaff, C.M.; Crowe, F.L.; Green, T.J.; Hodson, L. Serum Fatty Acid Reference Ranges: Percentiles from a New Zealand National Nutrition Survey. Nutrients 2011, 3, 152-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3010152
Bradbury KE, Skeaff CM, Crowe FL, Green TJ, Hodson L. Serum Fatty Acid Reference Ranges: Percentiles from a New Zealand National Nutrition Survey. Nutrients. 2011; 3(1):152-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3010152
Chicago/Turabian StyleBradbury, Kathryn E., Clark Murray Skeaff, Francesca L. Crowe, Timothy J. Green, and Leanne Hodson. 2011. "Serum Fatty Acid Reference Ranges: Percentiles from a New Zealand National Nutrition Survey" Nutrients 3, no. 1: 152-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3010152