Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Angle-Dependent XRF Techniques
2.1. AR-XRF
2.2. Instrumentation
3. Data Collecting and Analysis
3.1. Data Analysis
3.2. Case Studies
3.3. Applicability and Limitation of the Technique
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Agha-Aligol, D.; Oliaiy, P.; Mohsenian, M.; Lamehi-Rachti, M.; Shokouhi, F. Provenance Study of Ancient Iranian Luster Pottery Using PIXE Multivariate Statistical Analysis. J. Cult. Herit. 2009, 10, 487–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eramo, G. Ceramic Technology: How to Recognize Clay Processing. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2020, 12, 164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hein, A.; Kilikoglou, V. Ceramic Raw Materials: How to Recognize Them and Locate the Supply Basins: Chemistry. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2020, 12, 180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zipkin, A.M.; Ambrose, S.H.; Lundstrom, C.C.; Bartov, G.; Dwyer, A.; Taylor, A.H. Red Earth, Green Glass, and Compositional Data: A New Procedure for Solid-State Elemental Characterization, Source Discrimination, and Provenience Analysis of Ochres. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 2020, 27, 930–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Beaudoin, G.; Makvandi, S.; Jackson, S.E.; Huang, X. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Trace Element Compositions of Native Gold from Orogenic Gold Deposits: Implication for Mineral Exploration. Ore Geol. Rev. 2021, 131, 104061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belfiore, C.M.; Mastelloni, M.A.; Barone, G.; Mazzoleni, P. In Situ XRF Investigations to Unravel the Provenance Area of Corinthian Ware from Excavations in Milazzo (Mylai) and Lipari (Lipára). Herit. Sci. 2022, 10, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Ryck, I.; Adriaens, A.; Adams, F. An Overview of Mesopotamian Bronze Metallurgy during the 3rd Millennium BC. J. Cult. Herit. 2005, 6, 261–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Germinario, L.; Zara, A.; Maritan, L.; Bonetto, J.; Hanchar, J.M.; Sassi, R.; Siegesmund, S.; Mazzoli, C. Tracking Trachyte on the Roman Routes: Provenance Study of Roman Infrastructure and Insights into Ancient Trades in Northern Italy. Geoarchaeology 2018, 33, 417–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucarini, G.; Barca, D.; Manzo, A. The Provenance of Obsidian Artefacts from the Middle Kingdom Harbour of Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, and Its Implications for Red Sea Trade Routes in the 2nd Millennium BC. Quat. Int. 2020, 555, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casale, S.; Jean, J.S.; Capelli, C.; Braekmans, D.; Degryse, P.; Hofman, C. Transatlantic Connections in Colonial and Post-Colonial Haiti: Archaeometric Evidence for Taches Noires Glazed Tableware Imported from Albissola, Italy to Fort Liberté, Haiti. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 2021, 25, 423–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nørgaard, H.W.; Pernicka, E.; Vandkilde, H. Shifting Networks and Mixing Metals: Changing Metal Trade Routes to Scandinavia Correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age Transformations. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0252376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Florentino, C.; Maguregui, M.; Marguí, E.; Torrent, L.; Queralt, I.; Madariaga, J.M. Development of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Quantitative Methodologies for Elemental Characterization of Building Materials and Their Degradation Products. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2018, 143, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghirardello, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Monico, L.; Nevin, A.; MacLennan, D.; Patterson, C.S.; Burghammer, M.; Réfrégiers, M.; Comelli, D.; Cotte, M. Application of Synchrotron Radiation-Based Micro-Analysis on Cadmium Yellows in Pablo Picasso’s Femme. Microsc. Microanal. Off. J. Microsc. Soc. Am. Microbeam Anal. Soc. Microsc. Soc. Can. 2022, 28, 1504–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoean, R.; Bacanin, N.; Stoean, C.; Ionescu, L.; Atencia, M.; Joya, G. Computational Framework for the Evaluation of the Composition and Degradation State of Metal Heritage Assets by Deep Learning. J. Cult. Herit. 2023, 64, 198–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miliani, C.; Rosi, F.; Brunetti, B.G.; Sgamellotti, A. In Situ Noninvasive Study of Artworks: The MOLAB Multitechnique Approach. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 728–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonizzoni, L.; Canevari, C.; Galli, A.; Gargano, M.; Ludwig, N.; Malagodi, M.; Rovetta, T. A Multidisciplinary Materials Characterization of a Joannes Marcus Viol (16th Century). Herit. Sci. 2014, 2, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thickett, D.; Cheung, C.S.; Liang, H.; Twydle, J.; Maev, R.G.; Gavrilov, D. Using Non-Invasive Non-Destructive Techniques to Monitor Cultural Heritage Objects. Insight—Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit. 2017, 59, 230–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melada, J.; Ludwig, N.; Micheletti, F.; Orsilli, J.; Gargano, M.; Grifoni, E.; Bonizzoni, L. Visualization of Defects in Glass through Pulsed Thermography. Appl. Opt. 2020, 59, E57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padeletti, G.; Ingo, G.M.; Bouquillon, A.; Pages, S.; Aucouturier, M.; Röhrs, S.; Fermo, P. First-Time Observation of Mastro Giorgio Masterpieces by Means of Non-Destructive Techniques. Appl. Phys. A 2006, 83, 475–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradell, T.; Climent-Font, A.; Molera, J.; Zucchiatti, A.; Ynsa, M.D.; Roura, P.; Crespo, D. Metallic and Nonmetallic Shine in Luster: An Elastic Ion Backscattering Study. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 103518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ager, F.J.; Ferretti, M.; Grilli, M.L.; Juanes, D.; Ortega-Feliu, I.; Respaldiza, M.A.; Roldán, C.; Scrivano, S. Reconsidering the Accuracy of X-ray Fluorescence and Ion Beam Based Methods When Used to Measure the Thickness of Ancient Gildings. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2017, 135, 42–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ortega-Feliu, I.; Ager, F.J.; Roldán, C.; Ferretti, M.; Juanes, D.; Scrivano, S.; Respaldiza, M.A.; Ferrazza, L.; Traver, I.; Grilli, M.L. Multi-Technique Characterization of Gold Electroplating on Silver Substrates for Cultural Heritage Applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2017, 406, 318–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radepont, M.; Robinet, L.; Bonnot-Diconne, C.; Pacheco, C.; Pichon, L.; Lemasson, Q.; Moignard, B. Ion Beam Analysis of Silver Leaves in Gilt Leather Wall Coverings. Talanta 2020, 206, 120191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mandò, P.A.; Fedi, M.E.; Grassi, N.; Migliori, A. Differential PIXE for Investigating the Layer Structure of Paintings. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2005, 239, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karydas, A.-G.; Sokaras, D.; Zarkadas, C.; Grlj, N.; Pelicon, P.; Žitnik, M.; Schütz, R.; Malzer, W.; Kanngießer, B. 3D Micro PIXE—A New Technique for Depth-Resolved Elemental Analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2007, 22, 1260–1265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leon, Y.; Sciau, P.; Bouquillon, A.; Pichon, L.; de Parseval, P. PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission): A Non-Destructive Analysis Method Adapted to the Thin Decorative Coatings of Antique Ceramics. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2012, 291, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pappalardo, L.; Barresi, S.; Biondi, G.; Caliri, C.; Caruso, F.; Catalano, R.; Lamagna, G.; Manenti, G.A.; Monterosso, G.; Orlando, A.; et al. PIXE-Alpha Non-Destructive and In Situ Compositional Investigation of Black Gloss on Ancient Pottery. X-ray Spectrom. 2016, 45, 258–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karydas, A.G. Application of a Portable XRF Spectrometer for the Non-Invasive Analysis of Museum Metal Artefacts. Ann. Chim. 2007, 97, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonizzoni, L.; Galli, A.; Spinolo, G.; Palanza, V. EDXRF Quantitative Analysis of Chromophore Chemical Elements in Corundum Samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 395, 2021–2027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galli, A.; Bonizzoni, L.; Sibilia, E.; Martini, M. EDXRF Analysis of Metal Artefacts from the Grave Goods of the Royal Tomb 14 of Sipán, Peru. X-ray Spectrom. 2011, 40, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eveno, M.; Ravaud, E.; Calligaro, T.; Pichon, L.; Laval, E. The Louvre Crucifix by Giotto—Unveiling the Original Decoration by 2D-XRF, X-ray Radiography, Emissiography and SEM-EDX Analysis. Herit. Sci. 2014, 2, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Silva, A.T.; Legrand, S.; Van der Snickt, G.; Featherstone, R.; Janssens, K.; Bottinelli, G. MA-XRF Imaging on René Magritte’s La Condition Humaine: Insights into the Artist’s Palette and Technique and the Discovery of a Third Quarter of La Pose Enchantée. Herit. Sci. 2017, 5, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Grieken, R.; Markowicz, A. (Eds.) Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry, 2nd ed.; Practical spectroscopy; rev.expanded; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 2002; Volume 29, ISBN 978-0-8247-0600-5. [Google Scholar]
- Beckhoff, B. (Ed.) Handbook of Practical X-ray Fluorescence Analysis; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 978-3-540-28603-5. [Google Scholar]
- Karydas, A.G.; Brecoulaki, H.; Bourgeois, B.; Jockey, P. In Situ X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Raw Pigments and Traces of Polychromy on Hellenistic Sculpture at the Archaeological Museum of Delos. BCH. Suppl. 2009, 51, 811–829. [Google Scholar]
- Galli, A.; Caccia, M.; Alberti, R.; Bonizzoni, L.; Aresi, N.; Frizzi, T.; Bombelli, L.; Gironda, M.; Martini, M. Discovering the Material Palette of the Artist: A p-XRF Stratigraphic Study of the Giotto Panel ‘God the Father with Angels’: Discovering the Pigment Palette Using a p-XRF Stratigraphic Analysis. X-ray Spectrom. 2017, 46, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trojek, T.; Prokeš, R.; Šefců, R.; Bilavčíková, H.; Čechák, T. Confocal X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for In-Situ Analyses of Paintings. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2017, 137, 238–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Snickt, G.; Legrand, S.; Slama, I.; Van Zuien, E.; Gruber, G.; Van der Stighelen, K.; Klaassen, L.; Oberthaler, E.; Janssens, K. In Situ Macro X-ray Fluorescence (MA-XRF) Scanning as a Non-Invasive Tool to Probe for Subsurface Modifications in Paintings by P.P. Rubens. Microchem. J. 2018, 138, 238–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, P.H.O.V.; Appoloni, C.R.; Rizzutto, M.A.; Leite, A.R.; Assis, R.F.; Santos, H.C.; Silva, T.F.; Rodrigues, C.L.; Tabacniks, M.H.; Added, N. A Low-Cost Portable System for Elemental Mapping by XRF Aiming In Situ Analyses. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2019, 152, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tapia, J.; Eveno, M.; Calligaro, T.; Pichon, L.; Laval, E.; Ravaud, E.; Reiche, I. Efficiency of Combined MA-XRF and CXRF to Give Nondestructive Insights about Changes of a Historical Painting. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2023, 138, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerken, M.; Sander, J.; Krekel, C. Visualising Iron Gall Ink Underdrawings in Sixteenth Century Paintings In-Situ by Micro-XRF Scanning (MA-XRF) and LED-Excited IRR (LEDE-IRR). Herit. Sci. 2022, 10, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuz’mina, T.G.; Romashova, T.V.; Troneva, M.A.; Khokhlova, I.V. Experience of the Determination of Fluorine in Rocks by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. J. Anal. Chem. 2023, 78, 975–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonizzoni, L.; Galli, A.; Poldi, G. In Situ EDXRF Analyses on Renaissance Plaquettes and Indoor Bronzes Patina Problems and Provenance Clues. X-ray Spectrom. Int. J. 2008, 37, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greiner-Wronowa, E.; Zabiegaj, D.; Piccardo, P. Glass–Metal Objects from Archaeological Excavation: Corrosion Study. Appl. Phys. A 2013, 113, 999–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ingo, G.M.; Bustamante, A.D.; Alva, W.; Angelini, E.; Cesareo, R.; Gigante, G.E.; Zambrano, S.D.P.A.; Riccucci, C.; Di Carlo, G.; Parisi, E.I.; et al. Gold Coated Copper Artifacts from the Royal Tombs of Sipán (Huaca Rajada, Perù): Manufacturing Techniques and Corrosion Phenomena. Appl. Phys. A 2013, 113, 877–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alloteau, F.; Lehuédé, P.; Majérus, O.; Biron, I.; Dervanian, A.; Charpentier, T.; Caurant, D. New Insight into Atmospheric Alteration of Alkali-Lime Silicate Glasses. Corros. Sci. 2017, 122, 12–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bethencourt, M.; Fernández-Montblanc, T.; Izquierdo, A.; González-Duarte, M.M.; Muñoz-Mas, C. Study of the Influence of Physical, Chemical and Biological Conditions That Influence the Deterioration and Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 613–614, 98–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negi, A.; Sarethy, I.P. Microbial Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage: Events, Colonization, and Analyses. Microb. Ecol. 2019, 78, 1014–1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majérus, O.; Lehuédé, P.; Biron, I.; Alloteau, F.; Narayanasamy, S.; Caurant, D. Glass Alteration in Atmospheric Conditions: Crossing Perspectives from Cultural Heritage, Glass Industry, and Nuclear Waste Management. Mater. Degrad. 2020, 4, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimi, M.; Amiri, N.; Tabbakh Shabani, A.A. Thickness Measurement of Coated Ni on Brass Plate Using Kα/Kβ Ratio by XRF Spectrometry. X-ray Spectrom. 2009, 38, 234–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cesareo, R.; de Assis, J.T.; Roldán, C.; Bustamante, A.D.; Brunetti, A.; Schiavon, N. Multilayered Samples Reconstructed by Measuring Kα/Kβ or Lα/Lβ X-ray Intensity Ratios by EDXRF. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2013, 312, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottaini, C.; Mirão, J.; Candeias, A.; Catarino, H.; Silva, R.J.; Brunetti, A. Elemental Characterisation of a Collection of Metallic Oil Lamps from South-Western al-Andalus Using EDXRF and Monte Carlo Simulation. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2019, 134, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pessanha, S.; Queralt, I.; Carvalho, M.L.; Sampaio, J.M. Determination of Gold Leaf Thickness Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Accuracy Comparison Using Analytical Methodology and Monte Carlo Simulations. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2019, 152, 6–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brocchieri, J.; Scialla, E.; Sabbarese, C. Estimation of Ag Coating Thickness by Different Methods Using a Handheld XRF Instrument. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2021, 486, 73–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabbarese, C.; Brocchieri, J.; Scialla, E. Gold-Coating Thickness Determination on Ag, Cu, Fe, and Pb Using a Handheld X-ray Instrument. X-ray Spectrom. 2021, 50, 425–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brocchieri, J.; Scialla, E.; Manzone, A.; Oreste Graziano, G.; Sabbarese, C. Gouache Gilding on Lead and Wood Objects Studied by Multivariate and Graph Analyses Applied to XRF Spectra. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2022, 42, 103382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trojek, T.; Wegrzynek, D. X-ray Fluorescence Kα/Kβ Ratios for a Layered Specimen: Comparison of Measurements and Monte Carlo Calculations with the MCNPX Code. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip. 2010, 619, 311–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottaini, C.E.; Brunetti, A.; Montero-Ruiz, I.; Valera, A.; Candeias, A.; Mirão, J. Use of Monte Carlo Simulation as a Tool for the Nondestructive Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) Spectroscopy Analysis of Archaeological Copper-Based Artifacts from the Chalcolithic Site of Perdigões, Southern Portugal. Appl. Spectrosc. 2018, 72, 17–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trojek, T. Iterative Monte Carlo Procedure for Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Copper Alloys with a Covering Layer. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 167, 108294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Šmit, Ž.; Janssens, K.; Proost, K.; Langus, I. Confocal μ-XRF Depth Analysis of Paint Layers. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2004, 219–220, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakano, K.; Tsuji, K. Nondestructive Elemental Depth Profiling of Japanese Lacquerware ‘Tamamushi-Nuri’ by Confocal 3D-XRF Analysis in Comparison with Micro GE-XRF. X-ray Spectrom. 2009, 38, 446–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanngießer, B.; Malzer, W.; Mantouvalou, I.; Sokaras, D.; Karydas, A.G. A Deep View in Cultural Heritage—Confocal Micro X-ray Spectroscopy for Depth Resolved Elemental Analysis. Appl. Phys. A 2012, 106, 325–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ager, F.J.; Respaldiza, M.A.; Scrivano, S.; Ortega-Feliu, I.; Kriznar, A.; Gómez-Tubío, B. Cultural Heritage Science at CNA (Seville, Spain): Applications of XRF and IBA Techniques to Art and Archaeological Objects. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 167, 108324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trojek, T.; Hložek, M. Confocal XRF Imaging for Determination of Arsenic Distribution in a Sample of Historic Plaster. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2022, 200, 110201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heimler, K.; Gottschalk, C.; Vogt, C. Confocal Micro X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for the Non-Destructive Investigation of Structured and Inhomogeneous Samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2023, 415, 5083–5100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Bokx, P.K.; Kok, C.; Bailleul, A.; Wiener, G.; Urbach, H.P. Grazing-Emission X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry; Principles and Applications. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 1997, 52, 829–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoev, K.N.; Sakurai, K. Review on Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometry and Reflectometry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 1999, 54, 41–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krämer, M.; von Bohlen, A.; Sternemann, C.; Paulus, M.; Hergenröder, R. X-ray Standing Waves: A Method for Thin Layered Systems. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2006, 21, 1136–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Bohlen, A. Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence and Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometry—Tools for Micro- and Surface Analysis. A Review. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2009, 64, 821–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kayser, Y.; Sá, J.; Szlachetko, J. Depth-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy by Means of Grazing Emission X-ray Fluorescence. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 10815–10821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baumann, J.; Kayser, Y.; Kanngießer, B. Grazing Emission X-ray Fluorescence: Novel Concepts and Applications for Nano-Analytics. Phys. Status Solidi B 2021, 258, 2000471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Staeck, S.; Andrle, A.; Hönicke, P.; Baumann, J.; Grötzsch, D.; Weser, J.; Goetzke, G.; Jonas, A.; Kayser, Y.; Förste, F.; et al. Scan-Free GEXRF in the Soft X-ray Range for the Investigation of Structured Nanosamples. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorini, C.; Gianoncelli, A.; Longoni, A.; Zaraga, F. Determination of the Thickness of Coatings by Means of a New XRF Spectrometer. X-ray Spectrom. 2002, 31, 92–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szwedowski-Rammert, V.; Baumann, J.; Schlesiger, C.; Waldschläger, U.; Gross, A.; Kanngießer, B.; Mantouvalou, I. Laboratory Based GIXRF and GEXRF Spectrometers for Multilayer Structure Investigations. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2019, 34, 922–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szwedowski-Rammert, V. New Approaches in Angle Resolved X-ray Analysis of Stratified Materials in the Laboratory; Technischen Universität Berlin: Berlin, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Baumann, J.; Grötzsch, D.; Scharf, O.; Kodalle, T.; Bergmann, R.; Bilchenko, F.; Mantouvalou, I.; Kanngießer, B. A Compact and Efficient Angle-Resolved X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for Elemental Depth Profiling. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2021, 181, 106216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orsilli, J.; Migliori, A.; Padilla-Alvarez, R.; Martini, M.; Galli, A. AR-XRF Measurements and Data Treatment for the Evaluation of Gilding Samples of Cultural Heritage. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2023, 38, 174–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karydas, A.G.; Czyzycki, M.; Leani, J.J.; Migliori, A.; Osan, J.; Bogovac, M.; Wrobel, P.; Vakula, N.; Padilla-Alvarez, R.; Menk, R.H.; et al. An IAEA Multi-Technique X-ray Spectrometry Endstation at Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste: Benchmarking Results and Interdisciplinary Applications. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2018, 25, 189–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orsilli, J.; Martini, M.; Galli, A. Angle Resolved-XRF Analysis of Puebla Ceramic Decorations. Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc. 2023, 210, 106809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padilla Alvarez, R.; Arrazcaeta Delgado, R.; Oliva, C.; Bishop, R.; Blackmann, J.; Schalm, O. Consideraciones Adicionales a La Clasificación de Cerámica Colonial En Antrosoles Habaneros. Boletín Gab. Arqueol. 2005, 4, 14–28. [Google Scholar]
- Padilla, R.; Schalm, O.; Janssens, K.; Arrazcaeta, R.; Van Espen, P. Microanalytical Characterization of Surface Decoration in Majolica Pottery. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 535, 201–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margreiter, R.; Baumann, J.; Mantouvalou, I.; Radtke, M.; Reinholz, U.; Strub, E. Investigations on Fire-Gilding. Archaeometry 2022, 64, 1465–1478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Orsilli, J.; Galli, A. Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041460
Orsilli J, Galli A. Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage. Sustainability. 2024; 16(4):1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041460
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrsilli, Jacopo, and Anna Galli. 2024. "Angle-Dependent XRF Analyses: Pros and Cons of a Novel Technique in the Field of Cultural Heritage" Sustainability 16, no. 4: 1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041460