Long-Term Anaerobic Digestion of Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Waste Using a Leach-Bed Reactor Coupled to an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Waste Mixtures and Composition
2.2. Mechanical FVW Pretreatment and Fractionation
2.3. Batch Anaerobic Digestion Assays
2.4. Bench-Scale Reactor Design and Operation
2.5. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Fractionation of Seasonally Generated FVW
3.2. Performance of the LBR-UASB
4. Discussion
4.1. Composition and Methane Yield of Seasonally Generated FVW
4.2. Comparison of LBR/UASB with Conventional CSTR
FVW Origin–Pretreatment | V (L) | T (°C) | VS in (g kg−1) | VS out (g kg−1) | RT (d) | OLR (g L−1 d−1) | YCH4 (L kg−1 VS) | VS r (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSTR | |||||||||
Industry FVW–ground | 45 | 30 | 38 | nr | 20 | 2 | 370 | Nr | [37] |
Market FVW–shredded | 4 | 35 | 65 | 18 | 22 | 3 | 420 | 72 | [33] |
Market VW–ground 4–5 mm | 60 | 35 | 60–70 | Nr | 20 | 3 | 340 | 83 | [35] |
Market FVW–ground 10 mm | 4 | 37 | 90 | Nr | 30 | 3 | 285 | Nr | [4] |
Simulated VW–ground | 1.5 | 35 | 72 | 14 | 20 | 3–4 | 350 | 84 | [34] |
Simulated FVW–ground 4 mm | 1.7 | 35 | 95 | Nr | est 100 | 1 | 254 | Nr | [18] |
Simulated FVW–ground 10 mm | 1.7 | 35 | 100 | Nr | est 100 | 1 | 229 | Nr | [18] |
Simulated FVW–ground 10 mm | 10 | 35 | 110 | 19 | 45 | 3.5 | 450 | 82 | [41] |
LBR/UASB | |||||||||
Simulated FVW–ground | 1.3 + 0.5 | 35 | 57 | Nr | 13 + 5 | 3 | 400 | 72 | [23] |
Simulated FVW–ground 10 mm | 1.2 + 2.2 | 37 | 140 | 183 | 6 + 10 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 360–375 | 83 | This study |
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Anaerobic digestion |
BMP | Biochemical methane potential |
COD | Total chemical oxygen demand |
CSTR | Continuous stirred tank reactors |
EC | Electrical conductivity |
ECSB | External circulation sludge bed |
FID | Flame ionization detector |
FVR | Fruit-to-vegetable ratio |
FVW | Fruit and vegetable wastes |
GC | Gas chromatography |
GHG | Greenhouse gas |
HRT | Hydraulic residence time |
LBR | Leaching bed reactor |
OLR | Organic loading rate |
PFR | Plug-flow reactors |
RT | Retention time |
S1, S2, S3 | Season 1 (autumn/winter), Season 2 (spring), Season 3 (summer) |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
STP | Standard temperature and pressure conditions. |
TCD | Thermal conductivity detector |
TKN | Total Kjeldahl nitrogen |
TS | Total solids |
TSS | Total suspended solids |
UASB | Upflow anaerobic sludge bed |
VFA | Volatile fatty acids |
VS | Volatile solids |
VSS | Volatile suspended solids |
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Parameter | 0–4 mm | 4–10 mm | 0–10 mm (0–4 + 4–10 mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Autumn/Winter (S1) | |||
FM distribution (%ww *) | 24 | 76 | 100 |
TS (g kg−1) | 30 ± 1 | 82 ± 2 | 77 ± 0 |
VS (g kg−1) | 27 ± 0 | 71 ± 0 | 64 ± 1 |
BMP (L kg VS−1) | 387 ± 32 | 473 ±17 | 429 ± 13 |
COD (g kg VS−1) | 1196 ± 17 | 1340 ± 24 | 1396 ± 18 |
TKN (g kg VS−1) | 28 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 |
Spring (S2) | |||
FM distribution (%ww *) | 46 | 54 | 100 |
TS (g kg−1) | 38 ± 1 | 92 ± 4 | 68 ± 0 |
VS (g kg−1) | 35 ± 0 | 77 ± 3 | 64 ± 2 |
BMP (L kg VS−1) | 360 ± 8 | 480 ± 7 | 406 ± 4 |
COD (g kg VS−1) | 1221 ± 16 | 1512 ± 15 | 1280 ± 19 |
TKN (g kg VS−1) | 23 ± 2 | 24 ± 1 | 26 ± 1 |
Summer (S3) | |||
FM distribution (%ww *) | 61 | 39 | 100 |
TS (g kg−1) | 45 ± 2 | 88 ± 2 | 72 ± 2 |
VS (g kg−1) | 41 ± 2 | 81 ± 2 | 66 ± 2 |
BMP (L kg VS−1) | 441 ± 17 | 527 ± 21 | 426 ±10 |
COD (g kg VS−1) | 1533 ± 25 | 1439 ± 14 | 1354 ± 24 |
TKN (g kg VS−1) | 16 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 19 ± 1 |
Fractions | BMPexp (L kg−1 VS) | BMPmax (L kg−1 VS) | k (d−1) | χ2 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn/Winter (S1) | |||||
0–10 mm | 429 ± 13 | 453 ± 4 | 0.169 ± 0.005 | 221 | 0.989 |
0–4 mm | 387 ± 32 | 386 ± 4 | 0.285 ± 0.005 | 431 | 0.975 |
4–10 mm | 473 ± 17 | 482 ± 4 | 0.178 ± 0.004 | 197 | 0.992 |
Spring (S2) | |||||
0–10 mm | 406 ± 4 | 407 ± 2 | 0.286 ± 0.006 | 135 | 0.992 |
0–4 mm | 360 ± 8 | 349 ± 3 | 0.387 ± 0.015 | 341 | 0.971 |
4–10 mm | 480 ± 7 | 486 ± 3 | 0.233 ± 0.005 | 183 | 0.993 |
Summer (S3) | |||||
0–10 mm | 426 ± 10 | 415 ± 3 | 0.557 ± 0.022 | 454 | 0.971 |
0–4 mm | 441 ± 17 | 419 ± 5 | 0.387 ± 0.022 | 932 | 0.945 |
4–10 mm | 527 ± 21 | 520 ± 2 | 0.434 ± 0.010 | 220 | 0.992 |
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Kalogiannis, A.; Diamantis, V.; Eftaxias, A.; Stamatelatou, K. Long-Term Anaerobic Digestion of Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Waste Using a Leach-Bed Reactor Coupled to an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor. Sustainability 2024, 16, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010050
Kalogiannis A, Diamantis V, Eftaxias A, Stamatelatou K. Long-Term Anaerobic Digestion of Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Waste Using a Leach-Bed Reactor Coupled to an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor. Sustainability. 2024; 16(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010050
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalogiannis, Achilleas, Vasileios Diamantis, Alexandros Eftaxias, and Katerina Stamatelatou. 2024. "Long-Term Anaerobic Digestion of Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Waste Using a Leach-Bed Reactor Coupled to an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor" Sustainability 16, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010050