Contribution to the Knowledge of Cultural Heritage via a Heritage Information System (HIS). The Case of “La Cultura del Agua” in Valverde de Burguillos, Badajoz (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Knowledge Systems and Information Systems Applied to Cultural Heritage
3. Case Study: “La Cultura del Agua”
4. Methodology
- Definition of the data model, in which is decided: the datasets to be introduced, their characteristics and the relationships between them; also, the HIS model will be raster or vector after making a selection based on the theme being tackled and the complexity of the project. To achieve an integrated approach, the case study must be analyzed both in a geographical sense and in terms of its social and cultural perception, with the changes and requirements having to be mapped. This requires, as a matter of priority, a selection of the attributes and their characteristics that will be involved in later phases. According to Fernández-Freire et al. [34], it must be generic, in order to embrace any kind of cultural heritage data, directly or indirectly georeferenced; extendable, to allow any kind of data producer to adapt the model to the nature of their own information; and interoperable, to combine spatial datasets from different sources through network services via the Internet.
- Design of the georeferenced database or geodatabase (GDB). This must have a global focus that spatially and thematically collects the values of the previously defined attributes. The information will vary according to the field considered, the profile of the end user, and the interests of the disciplines involved in the use of the HIS as well as the role of the expert.It features, in turn, the following stages:
- Identification of the heritage elements. This involves using the existing systemized information (inventories, catalogues, heritage databases, etc.) and extracting categories and attributes. This can also be a phase that involves the incorporation of subjective data if the local inhabitants’ perception of the heritage has been recorded. Other methods of identifying the heritage are reviewing literary sources, in situ observations, reading maps, looking at aerial photos, comparing old and current property registers, and looking at images, drawings, sketches, etc.
- Spatial content: orthophotos, aerial photographs, topographic and property register maps, web server maps, and from cartographic archives. The system uses aerial photography and photointerpretation to learn the location of the elements and their morphology as well as their placement, organization, and distribution within the territory. This makes it possible to make a later study of the spatial distribution of the elements in relation to other thematic layers.
- Thematic or alphanumeric content: A great part of the review of the theoretic framework took place in this stage. Depending on the sample of heritage elements for the HIS, the essential basic thematic fields were named as follows: IDENTIFICATION attributes (Code, Name); LOCALIZATION attributes (X, Y and Z coordinates; municipality, region, country; cadastral reference, etc.); MANAGEMENT attributes (reference of heritage protection, town planning, etc.); DESCRIPTIVE attributes (built elements, general use, hyperlink with associated image, author, dating, etc.); HERITAGE VALUE attributes (Architectural value, Typological value, Environmental value, Historic value, etc.); DOCUMENTARY attributes (references and/or links to graphics, images, literary sources, etc.).
- Metadata, consisting of data that describes each set of data in terms of the quality of data (the origin of certain datasets, method, accuracy of the data, creation time of the data, spatial coverage, etc.).
- Implementation of the GDB. For this, the software Arc GIS 10.4 (ESRI) was chosen, by agreement with the University of Seville. An area of work has to be selected, and then its location must be defined as well as its sphere, scale, and spatial resolution. Using the software, specific values are given to the thematic fields, creating or updating fields if necessary. Control points have to be defined and layers of spatial entities loaded, while also defining system coordinates and other data for the precise localization of the maps, etc.
- Data management. Once the data is collected and organized in the GDB, the procedures are designed for its management and later retrieval for analytical purposes. Here, the functionality of the software comes into play: spatial and attribute-based searches, algebraic searches, and field calculator. The searches can be simple or linked, alphanumeric or graphic, etc.
- Information retrieval. Two different forms of presenting the information were established. For each one of these, the most accurate form of representation must be designed so they can be understood.
- Factsheets. The results of the operations carried out with the data introduced can be brought together in factsheets that combine both components, even having sub-factsheets if the analysis is deeper or if there is a great quantity of information to retrieve. When it comes to the theme of heritage, it is considered of great interest to reserve space for the bibliography and image attributions, with the contribution of a field for virtual recovery (HBIM, photogrammetry).
- Maps. This is the most user-friendly way to present information [32] (pp. 42–46). They can be based on the location or on the properties of an object, or in the data presented in the image or in a linked database table. Control of visualization elements will also be established (such as scale, geographic north, legends, symbols, control points, etc.)
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Results of the Design of the Data Model and the Geodatabase (GDB) of a Heritage Information System (HIS)
5.2. Implementation of the HIS for “La Cultura del Agua”
- Specific objectives: To create a geodatabase to collect all the information possible about the elements of the case study. To broaden knowledge by carrying out spatial and thematic analysis. To represent the information in various formats by combining images with text.
- Model type: It was decided that it would be vectorial due to the nature of the data collected and the planned final product.
- Study area: Municipality of Valverde de Burguillos. A scale of between 1:500 and 1:5000 was established for vector models with a variable between the urban and rural areas, which corresponds to a rural-sphere GIS [41].
- Choice of system: The proprietary software ARC GIS 10.4 ESRI was chosen. In contrast with open-source software, much less programming is needed and with it the final GIS is often less difficult to handle [62]. For the GIS architecture, Desktop-GIS was chosen. This is easy to use and has different levels of functionality that are within those required for the analysis proposed. The University of Seville has an agreement with the company that makes it possible to reduce costs. The required interoperability is also guaranteed thanks to this system. This is also true because the corporations of the area of study are users of the software. In addition, there is an official tool used in the region for the management of cartographic and territorial information (the Sistema de Información Territorial de Extremadura or SITEX), which provides the diffusion and interoperability of the data with a process of quality control.
- Implementation: The information resources of the HIS come from official digital cartographic servers as indicated in the square brackets below, in which the quality of the data provided has been tested by means of its metadata. This gives information about the source of the data, the procedure for the creation of the layer as well as the version, the date of publication and any update, the scale of references, and the restrictions on the use of the information, etc.
- Spatial implementation: The WGS 84/UTM zone 29N-EPSG:32629 coordinate system was used. A cartographic base was prepared with layers that came from different mutually compatible databases (Shapefiles, WMS base, orthophotographs, etc.). So, for the productive system, the following layers were vectored to entities: Pasture (geographical area with a predominantly agroforestry system that is characteristic of the area); Mountainous (set of smallholdings suitable for feeding animals, the products of which are specific to the area); LIC (Site of Community Interest); and ZEPA (Special Protection Area for birds) and Landscape Elements (isolated trees, boundaries, pools, lakes, ponds and natural watering holes, small shelters for the flora and fauna, etc.) [63]. The productive system and the use of ground layers was woven together with the subsystem of settlements (population setters and municipalities) [56], buildings and property structure [property register (the catastro)]. These were superposed on the supporting subsystems: road infrastructure (road network and network of cattle paths); hydrography (rivers, reservoirs, lakes and dams, and emergence points); contour lines (10 m) [55]. Following this, the ten included elements were represented. To do this, the layers Cultura del agua_point.shp and Cultura del agua_polygon.shp were created, with point and polygonal entities, respectively, to respond to the different scales of analysis. Finally, current orthophotography was included [58] and one from 1945 [64], when the structures in the case study were in use.
- Alphanumeric implementation: The spatial layers that came from the cartographic data contained tables associated with attributes. For the newly created layers, new information fields were generated in columns in the associated table. This is the case with Evolución-edificaciones.shp, a polygon layer that brings together buildings according to their date of construction, and then categorizes them in a numerical field according to information from local records [65]. A new point layer called Percepción.shp contains places that are representative for the local citizens. A set of maps in which the citizens expressed their own thoughts during heritage awareness meetings was taken as a source [66]. In this layer, an attribute called Valoración was created including evaluations such as positive and negative. In the same way, new fields were created in the shapefile of “La Cultura del Agua”. In addition to the groups of attributes previously indicated (IDENTIFICATION, MANAGEMENT, DESCRIPTIVE, HERITAGE, DOCUMENTS), the field called VALUE was expanded, specifying if the value was real/potential (column 1); direct/indirect value [46] (p. 12) (column 2), architectural, typological, environmental, historic, social, tourist, cultural, economic, educational and documentary value; an element of singular or rare value (column 3); key word as suggestion in the framework of future projects or potential investment (column 4).
6. Conclusions
- Interdisciplinarity and functionalities of the HIS. The themes dealt with in the design of the HIS (architectural, environmental, cultural, social) has made interdisciplinarity possible as well as exchange between very diverse forms of knowledge (studies, online projects, scientific articles, guidelines). Similar objectives to that of this research were identified, which marked the selection of functionalities in the HIS. These can be grouped together using the following descriptors: inventory and documentation objectives (related to improving and facilitating the work of the different agents; fomenting scientific and technical investigation; collecting, storing, and codifying the heritage properties); dissemination objectives (to encourage and stimulate the use of these contents as an educational resource and source of information for society, fomenting interaction and access on the part of agents who are not specialized in heritage); and awareness objectives (to increase knowledge of heritage and awareness of the importance of protecting it).
- Different scales of approximation for the understanding of heritage: The creation and uploading of spatial data has made the visualization of each element of “La Cultura del Agua” possible at different scales, according to the area of analysis. This has made it possible to establish ties with other scales of the territory and, then to draw up a global analysis that makes it possible to move toward a macroscale. In this way, the possibility arises of characterizing a broader territory, at the same time as diachrony or a time reference is incorporated (the study of the genesis and the evolution of landscapes, as in the evolution of building techniques.
- Interoperability between managed formats allows for an extendable system: The data presented reflects perfect interoperability between the different information sources, producing valid and appropriate results after the application of various cartographical processes and procedures.
- Opportunity to contribute to integrated knowledge: Traditionally, GIS applications that tackle questions of heritage have involved themselves in other areas of knowledge such as archaeology, town planning, and environmental sciences. The HIS has contributed to the knowledge that stems from the geographic–cultural sphere of the project. The possibility of consulting these auxiliary cartographic elements (irrigation canals, vegetable gardens, etc.) that have been incorporated from written descriptions, field trips, working with photographs from the area, and collaboration with the disciplines of anthropology and agro-ecology has increased the understanding of this hydraulic ensemble and the productive landscape. Its graphic versatility and visual potential as well as its potential for dissemination, gives an added value to traditional systems of analysis and decision-making in the field of heritage. Related to this, we have added new fields to the system containing specific thematic information that has not been previously considered in the area (such as local knowledge, the evolution of ground use in the plots studied, functional types, closeness to areas of environmental protection, distances from historic centers that they served, etc.). With the HIS, the maps have made it possible to know each element and, at the same time, understand them as a single group, which is vital for this type of architecture that forms part of a greater, more extensive system, used for the control and exploitation of a particular territory. The designed factsheets have provided information related to history, landscape, ethnology, and technology, among other areas of knowledge to be collected in the thematic field.
- Future lines of research: A smaller scale strategy is required that deals with the lack of protection tools and the high level of empiricism that exists in the processes of documentation. The inclusion of the tool that has been designed—called HIS in this study—in the generation of heritage knowledge, planning, and management has resulted in it being given value in greater visibility of the programmed actions, in the reactivation of these cultural elements, in social participation, and in its harmony with the territory in which it is inserted. These actions would achieve sustainable development in terms of effectiveness. The systems of monuments (all publicly managed) are good recorders of heritage elements that have official protection. However, there are various reasons why the systems are not flexible. The enormous quantity of records in too wide a territorial framework detracts from the flexibility of information processing and does not allow for the in depth investigation of many areas of interest. On the other hand, incomplete or badly thought out design of the information fields can sometimes lead to failed queries, as they do not meet the needs of users who are different from those who usually make use of them. Another problem is that the system takes a long time to be built and is subjected to changes in government and changes in interests, so the continuity of its use cannot be guaranteed or the updating of its data. Privately started systems, in contrast, appear spontaneously or are connected to a local interest and are often one of the best ways to make the first steps in discovering a property with official protection. In addition, for local government at a basic level, a HIS could be a good way to begin a heritage reactivation project when there is not much support from the main administrative body. Normally, they are very easy to manage, but there is not a complex or well-defined strategy. For their part, specific digital inventories for heritage research are not generally easily accessible. This article supposes an improvement, by making public European recommendations and scientific studies of methodologies that have been verified and by implementing these studies in a real case of heritage that needed a helping hand to find new life.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Model | Geodatabase | Result of the Analysis (Information Management) | Information Output | Potential Outcome: Proposal for Action | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input Information | Data Type in the HIS | Sources | Values | Description | Element of “La Cultura del Agua” Affected | Potential Interest |
Drovers’ roads | Vector feature class (line) | [55,56] | Historic | The drovers’ roads that cross the village centre and those that run across the territory of the entire municipality still have a close relationship with the elements studies, as all, which are found in the village centre, are situated on a drovers’ road. This is indicative of historic routes for cattle farmer and travellers heading to their land or nearby municipalities. | 3. Water tank Fuente Nueva; 4. La Presa and the pedestrian path along the old canal that leads to the electrically-powered flour mill San Luis; 5. Fountain-trough El Pocito; 6. Fountain-trough La Reina; 7. Water tank number 1; 8. Water tank number 2; 9. Mill Molino del Najarrillo; 10. Electrically-powered flour mill San Luis. | Tourism Educacional Agrosylvopastoralisme |
Municipal delimitation of the local Region | Vector feature class (polygon) | [55] | ||||
Urban centres of the local region | Vector feature class (polygon) | [56] | ||||
“La Cultura del Agua” elements | Vector feature class (point) | Own elaboration | ||||
Historic cartography | Raster layer | Not available | ||||
Aereal photography 1958 | Raster layer | [64] | ||||
Land use | Vector feature class (polygon) | [55] | Territorial | As is stated in Carnicero Valero, it can be determined that the route of the drovers’ roads that cross and make up the municipality of Valverde de Burguillos responds to the need of the population to communicate with nearby municipalities or agricultural and non-irrigated crop-growing lands near to the village centre. This is known as transterminance and is a type of transhumance characterised by the short-distances travelled, normally of no more than 100 km. The elements studied are situated along this route. These roads make up their own cultural system, brought together in the constructions of “La Cultura del Agua” and in folkloric displays around them and the drovers’ roads. | 1. Fountain-trough of El Pilar; 2. Fountain-washing place El Charco; 3. Water tank Fuente Nueva; 4. La Presa and the pedestrian path along the old canal that leads to the electrically-powered flour mill San Luis; 5. Fountain-trough El Pocito; 6. Fountain-trough La Reina; 7. Water tank number 1; 8. Water tank number 2; 9. Mill Molino del Najarrillo; 10. Electrically-powered flour mill San Luis. | Transhumance Environmental |
Drovers’ roads | Vector feature class (line) | [55,56] | ||||
Municipal delimitation of the local region | Vector feature class (polygon) | [55] | ||||
Urban centres of the local region | Vector feature class (polygon) | [56] | ||||
“La Cultura del Agua” elements | Vector feature class (point) | Own elaboration | ||||
Historic Cartography | Raster layer | |||||
Aereal photography | Raster layer | [64] | ||||
Land use | Vector feature class (polygon) | [55] | ||||
Orthophotographic map | Cartographic data sources | [58] | Functional | The direct relationship has been detected that exists between one of the points where water emerges, the concentration of elements that exists to the west of the village centre and the location of stream. The terrain supports these fountains and water tanks that, for the most part, are made up of, as well as being vehicles for water storage, a system of irrigation canals that take water to the nearby vegetable gardens. An ethnological value as a witness to the use of water for everyday public use, in agriculture, and in the production, in this case, of bread and electricity can be drawn. | 5. Fountain-trough El Pocito; 6. Fountain-trough La Reina. | Research and Documentation Tourism Architecture |
Point where water emerges | Vector feature class (point) | [56] | ||||
Land use | Vector feature class (polygon) | [55] | ||||
Hydrography | Vector feature class (line) | [55,56] | ||||
Reservoirs, lagoons and dams | Vector feature class (polygon) | [56] | ||||
Contour lines (10 m) | Vector feature class (line) | [55] |
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Domínguez-Ruíz, V.; Rey-Pérez, J.; Rivero-Lamela, G. Contribution to the Knowledge of Cultural Heritage via a Heritage Information System (HIS). The Case of “La Cultura del Agua” in Valverde de Burguillos, Badajoz (Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031141
Domínguez-Ruíz V, Rey-Pérez J, Rivero-Lamela G. Contribution to the Knowledge of Cultural Heritage via a Heritage Information System (HIS). The Case of “La Cultura del Agua” in Valverde de Burguillos, Badajoz (Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12(3):1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031141
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomínguez-Ruíz, Victoria, Julia Rey-Pérez, and Gloria Rivero-Lamela. 2020. "Contribution to the Knowledge of Cultural Heritage via a Heritage Information System (HIS). The Case of “La Cultura del Agua” in Valverde de Burguillos, Badajoz (Spain)" Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031141