Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. AMR before COVID-19 Pandemic
3. Antibiotic Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Antimicrobial Stewardship
5. AMR Stewardship Challenges during and Post-COVID AMR Status
6. Other Measures
7. Future Directions
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concern Levels | Increased AMR | AMR Not Affected |
---|---|---|
Urgent | Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae | Clostridium difficile (Insufficient information) |
Serious | Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii | MRSA VRE |
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Khaznadar, O.; Khaznadar, F.; Petrovic, A.; Kuna, L.; Loncar, A.; Omanovic Kolaric, T.; Mihaljevic, V.; Tabll, A.A.; Smolic, R.; Smolic, M. Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microbiol. Res. 2023, 14, 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020052
Khaznadar O, Khaznadar F, Petrovic A, Kuna L, Loncar A, Omanovic Kolaric T, Mihaljevic V, Tabll AA, Smolic R, Smolic M. Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microbiology Research. 2023; 14(2):727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020052
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhaznadar, Omar, Farah Khaznadar, Ana Petrovic, Lucija Kuna, Ana Loncar, Tea Omanovic Kolaric, Vjera Mihaljevic, Ashraf A. Tabll, Robert Smolic, and Martina Smolic. 2023. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic" Microbiology Research 14, no. 2: 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14020052