Expression of Toll-like Receptors on the Immune Cells in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency after Different Schemes of Influenza Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
- Confirmed diagnosis of CVID in accordance with diagnostic criteria established by the European Society for Immunodeficiency Diseases and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology for the diagnosis and treatment of IEI.
- IVIG therapy no later than 28 days before vaccination and no earlier than 21 days after it; that is, there was a break between two subsequent administrations of immunoglobulins of at least 7 weeks.
- Signed informed consent.
- Excluded causes of secondary hypogammaglobulinemia.
- No symptoms of flu or flu-like illness in the past six months.
- No glucocorticosteroid or other immunosuppressive therapy admission at the time of the study and 3 months before the start.
- The absence of symptoms of protein-losing enteropathy as well as any suspicion of oncological or lymphoproliferative disease in patients with CVID at the time of the study.
- No level of specific antiviral antibodies in protective titers (>1:40) in pre-vaccination blood samples.
- Individuals with cognitive or behavioral impairments, psychiatric disorders, or alcohol abusers that could preclude participation in the study were excluded.
- Vaccination against any other infections within 1.5–2 months prior to enrollment in the study.
- All contraindications for use in accordance with the instructions (a history of allergy to egg whites or any component of the study vaccine, symptoms of acute infection at the time of vaccination, pregnancy, etc.) were followed.
2.3. Vaccination Schemes
2.4. Used Vaccines
2.5. Methods
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Comparing the Content of TLR3, TLR8, and TLR9 in Patients with CVID after the Primary Vaccination and a Year Later with One Dose of the Quadrivalent Vaccine
3.1.1. Granulocytes
3.1.2. Lymphocytes
3.1.3. Monocytes
3.2. Comparing the Content of TLR3, TLR8, and TLR9 in Patients with CVID after Administration of One Dose and Simultaneously Two Doses of the Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine
3.2.1. Granulocytes
3.2.2. Lymphocytes
3.2.3. Monocytes
3.3. Comparing the Content of TLR3, TLR8, and TLR9 in Healthy Volunteers after Vaccination with One Dose of the Quadrivalent Vaccine
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CVID | common variable immune deficiency |
IEI | inborn errors of immunity |
IVIG | intravenous immunoglobulin |
PAMPs | pathogen associated molecular patterns |
PBMC | peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
PID | primary immune deficiency |
PRRs | pattern recognition receptors |
aQIV | adjuvant quadrivalent inactivated vaccine |
aTIV | adjuvant trivalent inactivated vaccine |
TLRs | toll-like receptors |
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Kostinova, A.M.; Latysheva, E.A.; Akhmatova, N.K.; Vlasenko, A.E.; Skhodova, S.A.; Khromova, E.A.; Linok, A.V.; Poddubikov, A.A.; Latysheva, T.V.; Kostinov, M.P. Expression of Toll-like Receptors on the Immune Cells in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency after Different Schemes of Influenza Vaccination. Viruses 2023, 15, 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102091
Kostinova AM, Latysheva EA, Akhmatova NK, Vlasenko AE, Skhodova SA, Khromova EA, Linok AV, Poddubikov AA, Latysheva TV, Kostinov MP. Expression of Toll-like Receptors on the Immune Cells in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency after Different Schemes of Influenza Vaccination. Viruses. 2023; 15(10):2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102091
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostinova, Aristitsa Mikhailovna, Elena Alexandrovna Latysheva, Nelly Kimovna Akhmatova, Anna Egorovna Vlasenko, Svetlana Anatolyevna Skhodova, Ekaterina Alexandrovna Khromova, Andrey Viktorovich Linok, Arseniy Alexandrovich Poddubikov, Tatyana Vasilievna Latysheva, and Mikhail Petrovich Kostinov. 2023. "Expression of Toll-like Receptors on the Immune Cells in Patients with Common Variable Immune Deficiency after Different Schemes of Influenza Vaccination" Viruses 15, no. 10: 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102091