Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Design and Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Caregiver and Elderly Samples
3.2. Gender Differences in Caregiver and Elderly Variables Associated with Caregiver Burden
3.3. Pearson’s Correlation between Informal Caregivers’ Burden and Measured Variables
3.4. Prediction Models of Burden in Informal Caregivers of the Elderly
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Informal Caregiver Sociodemographics | Males M ± SD (n = 139) | Females M ± SD (n = 549) |
Age (years) | 47.6 ± 14.8 | 49.6 ± 14.7 |
Providing care (years) | 6.2 ± 4.5 | 5.9 ± 4.2 |
% (n) | % (n) | |
Marital status (S/M/D/W) | 41 (57)/52 (71)/11 (6.5)/0 | 27.1 (149)/56.6 (343)/12.6 (37)/3.6 (20) |
Ethnicity (M, W, O) | 82 (114)/13.7 (19)/4.3 (6) | 93.4 (512)/3.5 (19)/3 (15) |
Education level (B, S, C) | 8.6 (12)/38.8 (54)/46 (64) | 22.4 (123)/41.0 (225)/31.5 (173) |
Elderly Sociodemographics | Males M ± SD (n = 272) | Females M ± SD (n = 416) |
Age (years) | 80.6 ± 9.0 | 81.3 ± 9.3 |
% (n) | % (n) | |
Marital status (S/M/D/W) | 5.5 (15)/60.3 (164)/0 | 33.7 (140)/49.5 (206)/13.7 (57)/3.1 (13) |
Ethnicity (M, W, O) | 89.7 (244)/7.4 (20)/3 (8) | 90.6 (377)/6 (25)/3.3 (14) |
Education level (B, S, C) | 59.2 (161)/19.9 (54)/8.8 (24) | 15.9 (66)/42.1 (175)/35.8 (149) |
Informal Caregiver Variables | Males (n = 136) M ± SD | Females (n = 541) M ± SD | t | df | p | Cohen’s d |
Caregiver’s burden (Zarit) | 39.4 ± 17.6 | 45 ± 17.7 | –3.300 | 668 | 0.001 ** | –0.317 |
Caregiver’s competency (CUIDAR) | 46 ± 9.7 | 46.5 ± 8.9 | –0.455 | 666 | 0.649 | –0.044 |
Caregiver’s general health (GHQ12) | 17 ± 8.32 | 17.9 ± 8.9 | –1.067 | 677 | 0.286 | –0.102 |
Caregiver’s social support (DUKE11) | 36.9 ± 10.4 | 36.4 ± 10.8 | 0.440 | 682 | 0.660 | 0.042 |
Caregiver’s coping style—“substance abuse” (COPE) | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 4.843 | 682 | <0.001 ** | 0.460 |
Caregiver’s coping style—“religion” (COPE) | 2.9 ± 2 | 3.8 ± 2 | –4.609 | 683 | <0.001 ** | –0.439 |
Caregiver’s neuroticism (EPQRA) | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | –3.234 | 681 | 0.001 ** | –0.310 |
Caregiver’s extraversion (EPQRA) | 23.9 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 1.173 | 682 | 0.241 | 0.112 |
Elderly Variable | Males (n = 266) M ± SD | Females (n = 411) M ± SD | t | df | p | Cohen’s d |
Elderly’s cognitive impairment (Pfeiffer) | 3.6 ± 3.3 | 4.7 ± 3.5 | −3.892 | 682 | 0.001 ** | −0.304 |
Elderly’s functional independency (Barthel) | 57.8 ± 32.71 | 59.3 ± 31.9 | −0.601 | 675 | 0.548 | −0.047 |
Predictor | β | t | p | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time providing care (years) | 0.337 | 3.872 | <0.001 ** | 0.058 | 0.179 | 1.064 |
Caregiver’s competence (CUIDAR) | 0.028 | 0335 | 0.739 | −0.250 | 0.351 | 1.655 |
Caregiver’s social support (DUKE) | −0.050 | −0.484 | 0.629 | −0.415 | 0.252 | 1.457 |
Caregiver’s neuroticism (EPQRA) | 0.349 | 3.798 | <0.001 ** | 1.601 | 5.090 | 1.198 |
Elderly’s functional dependency (Barthel) | 0.0416 | 4.592 | <0.001 ** | 0.128 | 0.322 | 1.562 |
Elderly’s cognitive impairment (Pfeifer) | 0.238 | 2.519 | 0.013 * | 0.268 | 2.236 | 1.447 |
Predictor | β | t | p | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time providing care (years) | 0.258 | 5.992 | <0.001 ** | 0.063 | 0.125 | 1.035 |
Caregiver’s competence (CUIDAR) | 0.088 | 2.197 | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.322 | 1.530 |
Caregiver’s social support (DUKE) | 0.036 | 0.715 | 0.475 | −0.102 | 0.218 | 1.442 |
Caregiver’s neuroticism (EPQRA) | 0.528 | 11.218 | <0.001 ** | 4.148 | 5.910 | 1.345 |
Elderly’s functional dependency (Barthel) | 0.062 | 1.353 | 0.177 | −0.015 | 0.082 | 1.285 |
Elderly’s cognitive impairment (Pfeifer) | 0.230 | 4.938 | <0.001 ** | 0.685 | 1.590 | 1.262 |
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Ruisoto, P.; Ramírez, M.; Paladines-Costa, B.; Vaca, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197338
Ruisoto P, Ramírez M, Paladines-Costa B, Vaca S, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197338
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuisoto, Pablo, Marina Ramírez, Belén Paladines-Costa, Silvia Vaca, and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez. 2020. "Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197338