Karenia brevis Extract Induces Cellular Entry through Distinct Mechanisms in Phagocytic RAW 264.7 Macrophages versus Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. K. brevis Algal Extracts Absorb and Emit Fluorescence
2.2. Fluorescent K. brevis Extracts Contain Both Chlorophyll α and Pheophytin α
2.3. Assessment Fluorescence in Phagocytic Macrophages and Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells Using Flow Cytometry
2.4. Fluorescence Accumulates through Distinct Mechanisms in RAW 264.7 and Vero Cells
2.5. K. brevis Extract Downregulated RAW 264.7 Expression of CD206, in the Absence of Changes in Cytokine Secretion
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Algal Extracts
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Flow Cytometry Analysis
4.4. Spectral Analysis
4.5. Fluorescence Microscopy
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Minns, L.A.; Sausman, K.T.; Brown, A.P.; York, R.A.; McCall, J.R. Karenia brevis Extract Induces Cellular Entry through Distinct Mechanisms in Phagocytic RAW 264.7 Macrophages versus Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010004
Minns LA, Sausman KT, Brown AP, York RA, McCall JR. Karenia brevis Extract Induces Cellular Entry through Distinct Mechanisms in Phagocytic RAW 264.7 Macrophages versus Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinns, Laurie A., Kathryn T. Sausman, Ariel P. Brown, Robert A. York, and Jennifer R. McCall. 2024. "Karenia brevis Extract Induces Cellular Entry through Distinct Mechanisms in Phagocytic RAW 264.7 Macrophages versus Non-Phagocytic Vero Cells" Marine Drugs 22, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010004