The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Alarmins and Atherosclerosis
2.1. HMGB1
2.2. S100 Proteins
2.3. Interleukin-33
2.4. Heat Shock Proteins
3. Alarmins and Myocardial Infarction
3.1. HMGB1
3.2. Heat Shock Proteins
3.3. S100 Proteins
3.4. Interleukin-33
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Type | Mechanism Linking to Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis | References |
---|---|---|
Vascular smooth muscle cells | HMGB1 enhances the expression of CRP and MMP-2. HMGB1 is involved in a signalling loop with NLRP3 inflammasome, as it enhances its expression. Furthermore, the inflammasome stimulates the formation of VSMC foam cells. Silencing HMGB1 potentiates the anti-inflammatory properties of other agents to suppress the synthetic phenotype of VSMC. HMGB1 is involved in the vascular calcification process. Inflammation and migration of VSMCs can be targeted using miRNAs miR-141-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-34c, and miR-24. | [18,25,26,28,31,32,33,34] |
Endothelial cells | Ox-LDL enhances HMGB1 expression and cytoplasm translocation. Silencing HMGB1 reduces endothelial cell damage induced by modified LDL. HMGB1 enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells. | [48,54] |
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Kiełbowski, K.; Skórka, P.; Plewa, P.; Bakinowska, E.; Pawlik, A. The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 8995-9015. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080532
Kiełbowski K, Skórka P, Plewa P, Bakinowska E, Pawlik A. The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(8):8995-9015. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080532
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiełbowski, Kajetan, Patryk Skórka, Paulina Plewa, Estera Bakinowska, and Andrzej Pawlik. 2024. "The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 8: 8995-9015. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080532