Lycopene and Garcinia cambogia Induce White-to-Brown Adipose Differentiation: An Innovative Strategy to Curb Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. LYC and GE Do Not Affect Cell Viability
2.2. LYC and GE Stimulate Trans-Differentiation from White to Brown Adipocytes
2.3. LYC and GE Stimulate the Browning Process
2.4. LYC and GE Effects on Zucker Rats Body Weight Gain and Food Intake
2.5. LYC and GE Stimulate the In Vivo Trans-Differentiation from White to Brown Adipocytes
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes Cell Differentiation and Treatments
4.2. Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability
4.3. MTT Assay
4.4. Oil Red O Lipid Staining and Lipid Accumulation
4.5. Real-Time Quantitative PCR Amplification
4.6. Western Blot
4.7. Experimental In Vivo Model
4.8. Morphological Analysis
4.9. Immunofluorescence Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Gene | Species | Sequence (5′→3′) | Length | Tm | GC% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH | Mouse | F: AAGAGGGATGCTGCCCTTAC | 20 | 59.45 | 55 |
R: CTCGTGGTTCACACCCATCA | 20 | 59.97 | 55 | ||
UCP1 | Mouse | F: CACGGGGACCTACAATGCTT | 20 | 60.04 | 55 |
R: ACAGTAAATGGCAGGGGACG | 20 | 60.04 | 55 | ||
DIO2 | Mouse | F: AGAAGTCCGAAGTTGGCTGG | 20 | 59.96 | 55 |
R: TCACACTTGGGAATTCGGGG | 20 | 59.96 | 55 | ||
CIDEA | Mouse | F: AGAAGGTCCTACTGACCCCC | 20 | 59.96 | 60 |
R: ACCCGGTGTCCATTTCTGTC | 20 | 59.96 | 55 | ||
GAPDH | Rat | F: TGTGAACGGGTGAGTTCCAG | 20 | 59.89 | 55 |
R: TACTTCGGCCACCCTATCCA | 20 | 60.03 | 55 | ||
UCP1 | Rat | F: ATCAAACCCCGCTACACTGG | 20 | 60.04 | 55 |
R: GCATAGGAGCCCAGCATAGG | 20 | 60.04 | 60 |
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Mannino, F.; Arcoraci, V.; Vermiglio, G.; Labellarte, D.; Pirrotta, I.; Giorgi, D.A.; Scarfone, A.; Bitto, A.; Minutoli, L.; Vaccaro, M.; et al. Lycopene and Garcinia cambogia Induce White-to-Brown Adipose Differentiation: An Innovative Strategy to Curb Obesity. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17080986
Mannino F, Arcoraci V, Vermiglio G, Labellarte D, Pirrotta I, Giorgi DA, Scarfone A, Bitto A, Minutoli L, Vaccaro M, et al. Lycopene and Garcinia cambogia Induce White-to-Brown Adipose Differentiation: An Innovative Strategy to Curb Obesity. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(8):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17080986
Chicago/Turabian StyleMannino, Federica, Vincenzo Arcoraci, Giovanna Vermiglio, Davide Labellarte, Igor Pirrotta, Domenico Antonio Giorgi, Alessandro Scarfone, Alessandra Bitto, Letteria Minutoli, Mario Vaccaro, and et al. 2024. "Lycopene and Garcinia cambogia Induce White-to-Brown Adipose Differentiation: An Innovative Strategy to Curb Obesity" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 8: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17080986