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Sensors, Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2009) – 44 articles , Pages 3161-4021

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500 KiB  
Article
Guided Wave and Damage Detection in Composite Laminates Using Different Fiber Optic Sensors
by Fucai Li, Hideaki Murayama, Kazuro Kageyama and Takehiro Shirai
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 4005-4021; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90504005 - 25 May 2009
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 13310
Abstract
Guided wave detection using different fiber optic sensors and their applications in damage detection for composite laminates were systematically investigated and compared in this paper. Two types of fiber optic sensors, namely fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and Doppler effect-based fiber optic (FOD) sensors, [...] Read more.
Guided wave detection using different fiber optic sensors and their applications in damage detection for composite laminates were systematically investigated and compared in this paper. Two types of fiber optic sensors, namely fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and Doppler effect-based fiber optic (FOD) sensors, were addressed and guided wave detection systems were constructed for both types. Guided waves generated by a piezoelectric transducer were propagated through a quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate and acquired by these fiber optic sensors. Characteristics of these fiber optic sensors in ultrasonic guided wave detection were systematically compared. Results demonstrated that both the FBG and FOD sensors can be applied in guided wave and damage detection for the CFRP laminates. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of guided wave signal captured by an FOD sensor is relatively high in comparison with that of the FBG sensor because of their different physical principles in ultrasonic detection. Further, the FOD sensor is sensitive to the damage-induced fundamental shear horizontal (SH0) guided wave that, however, cannot be detected by using the FBG sensor, because the FOD sensor is omnidirectional in ultrasound detection and, in contrast, the FBG sensor is severely direction dependent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Japan)
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484 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Differential Evolution for Automatic Clustering with Application to Micro-Array Data Analysis
by Kaushik Suresh, Debarati Kundu, Sayan Ghosh, Swagatam Das, Ajith Abraham and Sang Yong Han
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3981-4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503981 - 25 May 2009
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 11439
Abstract
This paper applies the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to the task of automatic fuzzy clustering in a Multi-objective Optimization (MO) framework. It compares the performances of two multi-objective variants of DE over the fuzzy clustering problem, where two conflicting fuzzy validity indices are [...] Read more.
This paper applies the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to the task of automatic fuzzy clustering in a Multi-objective Optimization (MO) framework. It compares the performances of two multi-objective variants of DE over the fuzzy clustering problem, where two conflicting fuzzy validity indices are simultaneously optimized. The resultant Pareto optimal set of solutions from each algorithm consists of a number of non-dominated solutions, from which the user can choose the most promising ones according to the problem specifications. A real-coded representation of the search variables, accommodating variable number of cluster centers, is used for DE. The performances of the multi-objective DE-variants have also been contrasted to that of two most well-known schemes of MO clustering, namely the Non Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA II) and Multi-Objective Clustering with an unknown number of Clusters K (MOCK). Experimental results using six artificial and four real life datasets of varying range of complexities indicate that DE holds immense promise as a candidate algorithm for devising MO clustering schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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838 KiB  
Article
Using Reputation Systems and Non-Deterministic Routing to Secure Wireless Sensor Networks
by José M. Moya, Juan Carlos Vallejo, David Fraga, Álvaro Araujo, Daniel Villanueva and Juan-Mariano De Goyeneche
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3958-3980; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503958 - 25 May 2009
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10644
Abstract
Security in wireless sensor networks is difficult to achieve because of the resource limitations of the sensor nodes. We propose a trust-based decision framework for wireless sensor networks coupled with a non-deterministic routing protocol. Both provide a mechanism to effectively detect and confine [...] Read more.
Security in wireless sensor networks is difficult to achieve because of the resource limitations of the sensor nodes. We propose a trust-based decision framework for wireless sensor networks coupled with a non-deterministic routing protocol. Both provide a mechanism to effectively detect and confine common attacks, and, unlike previous approaches, allow bad reputation feedback to the network. This approach has been extensively simulated, obtaining good results, even for unrealistically complex attack scenarios. Full article
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440 KiB  
Article
A Heterogeneous Wireless Identification Network for the Localization of Animals Based on Stochastic Movements
by Álvaro Gutiérrez, Carlos González, Javier Jiménez-Leube, Santiago Zazo, Nelson Dopico and Ivana Raos
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3942-3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503942 - 25 May 2009
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 11674
Abstract
The improvement in the transmission range in wireless applications without the use of batteries remains a significant challenge in identification applications. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous wireless identification network mostly powered by kinetic energy, which allows the localization of animals in [...] Read more.
The improvement in the transmission range in wireless applications without the use of batteries remains a significant challenge in identification applications. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous wireless identification network mostly powered by kinetic energy, which allows the localization of animals in open environments. The system relies on radio communications and a global positioning system. It is made up of primary and secondary nodes. Secondary nodes are kinetic-powered and take advantage of animal movements to activate the node and transmit a specific identifier, reducing the number of batteries of the system. Primary nodes are battery-powered and gather secondary-node transmitted information to provide it, along with position and time data, to a final base station in charge of the animal monitoring. The system allows tracking based on contextual information obtained from statistical data. Full article
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785 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Hierarchical Sleep Scheduling for Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks
by Chih-Yu Wen and Ying-Chih Chen
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3908-3941; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503908 - 25 May 2009
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11322
Abstract
This paper presents two scheduling management schemes for wireless sensor networks, which manage the sensors by utilizing the hierarchical network structure and allocate network resources efficiently. A local criterion is used to simultaneously establish the sensing coverage and connectivity such that dynamic cluster-based [...] Read more.
This paper presents two scheduling management schemes for wireless sensor networks, which manage the sensors by utilizing the hierarchical network structure and allocate network resources efficiently. A local criterion is used to simultaneously establish the sensing coverage and connectivity such that dynamic cluster-based sleep scheduling can be achieved. The proposed schemes are simulated and analyzed to abstract the network behaviors in a number of settings. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms provide efficient network power control and can achieve high scalability in wireless sensor networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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616 KiB  
Article
Polarised Multiangular Reflectance Measurements Using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer
by Juha Suomalainen, Teemu Hakala, Jouni Peltoniemi and Eetu Puttonen
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3891-3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503891 - 22 May 2009
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 10146
Abstract
The design, operation, and properties of the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer (FIGIFIGO) are presented. FIGIFIGO is a portable instrument for the measurement of surface Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) for samples with diameters of 10 – 50 cm. A set of polarising optics [...] Read more.
The design, operation, and properties of the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer (FIGIFIGO) are presented. FIGIFIGO is a portable instrument for the measurement of surface Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) for samples with diameters of 10 – 50 cm. A set of polarising optics enable the measurement of linearly polarised BRF over the full solar spectrum (350 – 2,500 nm). FIGIFIGO is designed mainly for field operation using sunlight, but operation in a laboratory environment is also possible. The acquired BRF have an accuracy of 1 – 5% depending on wavelength, sample properties, and measurement conditions. The angles are registered at accuracies better than 2°. During 2004 – 2008, FIGIFIGO has been used in the measurement of over 150 samples, all around northern Europe. The samples concentrate mostly on boreal forest understorey, snow, urban surfaces, and reflectance calibration surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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824 KiB  
Review
Sun Tracking Systems: A Review
by Chia-Yen Lee, Po-Cheng Chou, Che-Ming Chiang and Chiu-Feng Lin
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3875-3890; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503875 - 20 May 2009
Cited by 220 | Viewed by 27760
Abstract
The output power produced by high-concentration solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is directly related to the amount of solar energy acquired by the system, and it is therefore necessary to track the sun’s position with a high degree of accuracy. Many systems have [...] Read more.
The output power produced by high-concentration solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is directly related to the amount of solar energy acquired by the system, and it is therefore necessary to track the sun’s position with a high degree of accuracy. Many systems have been proposed to facilitate this task over the past 20 years. Accordingly, this paper commences by providing a high level overview of the sun tracking system field and then describes some of the more significant proposals for closed-loop and open-loop types of sun tracking systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor Algorithms)
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522 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos of Microcantilever-Based TM-AFMs with Squeeze Film Damping Effects
by Wen-Ming Zhang, Guang Meng, Jian-Bin Zhou and Jie-Yu Chen
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3854-3874; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503854 - 20 May 2009
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 12617
Abstract
In Atomic force microscope (AFM) examination of a vibrating microcantilever, the nonlinear tip-sample interaction would greatly influence the dynamics of the cantilever. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics and chaos of a tip-sample dynamic system being run in the tapping mode (TM) were [...] Read more.
In Atomic force microscope (AFM) examination of a vibrating microcantilever, the nonlinear tip-sample interaction would greatly influence the dynamics of the cantilever. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics and chaos of a tip-sample dynamic system being run in the tapping mode (TM) were investigated by considering the effects of hydrodynamic loading and squeeze film damping. The microcantilever was modeled as a spring-mass-damping system and the interaction between the tip and the sample was described by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. The fundamental frequency and quality factor were calculated from the transient oscillations of the microcantilever vibrating in air. Numerical simulations were carried out to study the coupled nonlinear dynamic system using the bifurcation diagram, Poincaré maps, largest Lyapunov exponent, phase portraits and time histories. Results indicated the occurrence of periodic and chaotic motions and provided a comprehensive understanding of the hydrodynamic loading of microcantilevers. It was demonstrated that the coupled dynamic system will experience complex nonlinear oscillation as the system parameters change and the effect of squeeze film damping is not negligible on the micro-scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Testing and Reliability Issues in MEMS Engineering - 2009)
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380 KiB  
Review
A Review of Current Methodologies for Regional Evapotranspiration Estimation from Remotely Sensed Data
by Zhao-Liang Li, Ronglin Tang, Zhengming Wan, Yuyun Bi, Chenghu Zhou, Bohui Tang, Guangjian Yan and Xiaoyu Zhang
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3801-3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503801 - 19 May 2009
Cited by 600 | Viewed by 24741
Abstract
An overview of the commonly applied evapotranspiration (ET) models using remotely sensed data is given to provide insight into the estimation of ET on a regional scale from satellite data. Generally, these models vary greatly in inputs, main assumptions and accuracy of results, [...] Read more.
An overview of the commonly applied evapotranspiration (ET) models using remotely sensed data is given to provide insight into the estimation of ET on a regional scale from satellite data. Generally, these models vary greatly in inputs, main assumptions and accuracy of results, etc. Besides the generally used remotely sensed multi-spectral data from visible to thermal infrared bands, most remotely sensed ET models, from simplified equations models to the more complex physically based two-source energy balance models, must rely to a certain degree on ground-based auxiliary measurements in order to derive the turbulent heat fluxes on a regional scale. We discuss the main inputs, assumptions, theories, advantages and drawbacks of each model. Moreover, approaches to the extrapolation of instantaneous ET to the daily values are also briefly presented. In the final part, both associated problems and future trends regarding these remotely sensed ET models were analyzed to objectively show the limitations and promising aspects of the estimation of regional ET based on remotely sensed data and ground-based measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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336 KiB  
Article
Design of a Sensor Based on Plastic Optical Fibre (POF) to Measure Fluid Flow and Turbidity
by Pedro Aiestaran, Jon Arrue and Joseba Zubia
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3790-3800; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503790 - 19 May 2009
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 10185
Abstract
Although many optical fibre applications are based on their capacity to transmit optical signals with low losses, it can also be desirable for the optical fibre to be strongly affected by a certain physical parameter in the environment. In this way, it can [...] Read more.
Although many optical fibre applications are based on their capacity to transmit optical signals with low losses, it can also be desirable for the optical fibre to be strongly affected by a certain physical parameter in the environment. In this way, it can be used as a sensor for this parameter. There are many strong arguments for the use of POFs as sensors. In addition to being easy to handle and low cost, they demonstrate advantages common to all multimode optical fibres. These specifically include flexibility, small size, good electromagnetic compatibility behaviour, and in general, the possibility of measuring any phenomenon without physically interacting with it. In this paper, a sensor based on POF is designed and analysed with the aim of measuring the volume and turbidity of a low viscosity fluid, in this case water, as it passes through a pipe. A comparative study with a commercial sensor is provided to validate the proven flow measurement. Likewise, turbidity is measured using different colour dyes. Finally, this paper will present the most significant results and conclusions from all the tests which are carried out. Full article
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910 KiB  
Article
Novel Oversampling Technique for Improving Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio on Accelerometer-Based Smart Jerk Sensors in CNC Applications
by Jose J. Rangel-Magdaleno, Rene J. Romero-Troncoso, Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Eduardo Cabal-Yepez
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3767-3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503767 - 19 May 2009
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10712
Abstract
Jerk monitoring, defined as the first derivative of acceleration, has become a major issue in computerized numeric controlled (CNC) machines. Several works highlight the necessity of measuring jerk in a reliable way for improving production processes. Nowadays, the computation of jerk is done [...] Read more.
Jerk monitoring, defined as the first derivative of acceleration, has become a major issue in computerized numeric controlled (CNC) machines. Several works highlight the necessity of measuring jerk in a reliable way for improving production processes. Nowadays, the computation of jerk is done by finite differences of the acceleration signal, computed at the Nyquist rate, which leads to low signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) during the estimation. The novelty of this work is the development of a smart sensor for jerk monitoring from a standard accelerometer, which has improved SQNR. The proposal is based on oversampling techniques that give a better estimation of jerk than that produced by a Nyquist-rate differentiator. Simulations and experimental results are presented to show the overall methodology performance. Full article
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669 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of the SIFT Operator for Automatic Feature Extraction and Matching in Photogrammetric Applications
by Andrea Lingua, Davide Marenchino and Francesco Nex
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3745-3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503745 - 18 May 2009
Cited by 149 | Viewed by 18666
Abstract
In the photogrammetry field, interest in region detectors, which are widely used in Computer Vision, is quickly increasing due to the availability of new techniques. Images acquired by Mobile Mapping Technology, Oblique Photogrammetric Cameras or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles do not observe normal acquisition [...] Read more.
In the photogrammetry field, interest in region detectors, which are widely used in Computer Vision, is quickly increasing due to the availability of new techniques. Images acquired by Mobile Mapping Technology, Oblique Photogrammetric Cameras or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles do not observe normal acquisition conditions. Feature extraction and matching techniques, which are traditionally used in photogrammetry, are usually inefficient for these applications as they are unable to provide reliable results under extreme geometrical conditions (convergent taking geometry, strong affine transformations, etc.) and for bad-textured images. A performance analysis of the SIFT technique in aerial and close-range photogrammetric applications is presented in this paper. The goal is to establish the suitability of the SIFT technique for automatic tie point extraction and approximate DSM (Digital Surface Model) generation. First, the performances of the SIFT operator have been compared with those provided by feature extraction and matching techniques used in photogrammetry. All these techniques have been implemented by the authors and validated on aerial and terrestrial images. Moreover, an auto-adaptive version of the SIFT operator has been developed, in order to improve the performances of the SIFT detector in relation to the texture of the images. The Auto-Adaptive SIFT operator (A2 SIFT) has been validated on several aerial images, with particular attention to large scale aerial images acquired using mini-UAV systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy)
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1090 KiB  
Review
Nucleic Acid-based Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Using Integrated Microfluidic Platform Systems
by Clarissa Lui, Nathaniel C. Cady and Carl A. Batt
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3713-3744; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503713 - 18 May 2009
Cited by 95 | Viewed by 19802
Abstract
The advent of nucleic acid-based pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques, driving the development of portable, integrated biosensors. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems presents a significant advantage for rapid, portable field-based testing. In this [...] Read more.
The advent of nucleic acid-based pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques, driving the development of portable, integrated biosensors. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems presents a significant advantage for rapid, portable field-based testing. In this review, we highlight current developments and directions in nucleic acid-based micro total analysis systems for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Recent progress in the miniaturization of microfluidic processing steps for cell capture, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction, and product detection are detailed. Discussions include strategies and challenges for implementation of an integrated portable platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogen Sensors)
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468 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Stochastic Approach for Self-Location of Wireless Sensors in Indoor Environments
by Jaime Lloret, Jesus Tomas, Miguel Garcia and Alejandro Canovas
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3695-3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503695 - 15 May 2009
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 13885
Abstract
Indoor location systems, especially those using wireless sensor networks, are used in many application areas. While the need for these systems is widely proven, there is a clear lack of accuracy. Many of the implemented applications have high errors in their location estimation [...] Read more.
Indoor location systems, especially those using wireless sensor networks, are used in many application areas. While the need for these systems is widely proven, there is a clear lack of accuracy. Many of the implemented applications have high errors in their location estimation because of the issues arising in the indoor environment. Two different approaches had been proposed using WLAN location systems: on the one hand, the so-called deductive methods take into account the physical properties of signal propagation. These systems require a propagation model, an environment map, and the position of the radio-stations. On the other hand, the so-called inductive methods require a previous training phase where the system learns the received signal strength (RSS) in each location. This phase can be very time consuming. This paper proposes a new stochastic approach which is based on a combination of deductive and inductive methods whereby wireless sensors could determine their positions using WLAN technology inside a floor of a building. Our goal is to reduce the training phase in an indoor environment, but, without an loss of precision. Finally, we compare the measurements taken using our proposed method in a real environment with the measurements taken by other developed systems. Comparisons between the proposed system and other hybrid methods are also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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1887 KiB  
Article
Vehicle Based Laser Range Finding in Crops
by Detlef Ehlert, Rolf Adamek and Hans-Juergen Horn
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3679-3694; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503679 - 15 May 2009
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11780
Abstract
Laser rangefinders and laser scanners are widely used for industrial purposes and for remote sensing. In agriculture information about crop parameters like volume, height, and density can support the optimisation of production processes. In scientific papers the measurement of these parameters by low [...] Read more.
Laser rangefinders and laser scanners are widely used for industrial purposes and for remote sensing. In agriculture information about crop parameters like volume, height, and density can support the optimisation of production processes. In scientific papers the measurement of these parameters by low cost laser rangefinders with one echo has been presented for short ranges. Because the cross section area of the beam increases with the measuring range, it can be expected that laser rangefinders will have a reduced measuring accuracy in small sized crops and when measuring far distances. These problems are caused by target areas smaller than the beam and by the beam striking the edges of crop objects. Lab tests under defined conditions and a real field test were performed to assess the measuring properties under such difficult conditions of a chosen low cost sensor. Based on lab tests it was shown that the accuracy was reduced, but the successful use of the sensor under field conditions demonstrated the potential to meet the demands for agricultural applications. Insights resulting from investigations made in the paper contribute to facilitating the choice or the development of laser rangefinder sensors for vehicle based measurement of crop parameters for optimisation of production processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Germany)
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2177 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design and Operation for a No-Moving-Parts-Valve (NMPV) Micro-Pump with a Diffuser Width of 500 µm
by Chin-Tsan Wang, Tzong-Shyng Leu and Jia-Ming Sun
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3666-3678; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503666 - 15 May 2009
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10768
Abstract
A no-moving-parts-valve (NMPV) with a diffuser width of D = 500 microns was investigated in this study by numerical simulations at Reynolds numbers, ReD, ranging from 20 to 75, and expansion valve angles ranging from 30° D p,i value, [...] Read more.
A no-moving-parts-valve (NMPV) with a diffuser width of D = 500 microns was investigated in this study by numerical simulations at Reynolds numbers, ReD, ranging from 20 to 75, and expansion valve angles ranging from 30° < θ1 < 57° and 110° < θ2 < 120°. The D p,i value, 1.02 < D p,i < 1.14, is larger within the proposed range of the expansion valve angles. A flow channel structure with a depth of 500 micron is manufactured using yellow light lithography in this study. From prior analyses and experiments, it is found that piezoelectric films work better at a buzz driving frequency of f < 30Hz and the best operating frequency is at a driving frequency of f = 10Hz because it produces the largest net flow. In addition, the expansion angles θ1 = 30° and θ2 = 120° are the best expansion angles because they produce the largest net flow. These related results are very helpful for the actual design of no-moving-parts-valve micro-pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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320 KiB  
Article
Digitally Programmable Analogue Circuits for Sensor Conditioning Systems
by Guillermo Zatorre, Nicolás Medrano, María Teresa Sanz, Concepción Aldea, Belén Calvo and Santiago Celma
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3652-3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503652 - 14 May 2009
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11359
Abstract
This work presents two current-mode integrated circuits designed for sensor signal preprocessing in embedded systems. The proposed circuits have been designed to provide good signal transfer and fulfill their function, while minimizing the load effects due to building complex conditioning architectures. The processing [...] Read more.
This work presents two current-mode integrated circuits designed for sensor signal preprocessing in embedded systems. The proposed circuits have been designed to provide good signal transfer and fulfill their function, while minimizing the load effects due to building complex conditioning architectures. The processing architecture based on the proposed building blocks can be reconfigured through digital programmability. Thus, sensor useful range can be expanded, changes in the sensor operation can be compensated for and furthermore, undesirable effects such as device mismatching and undesired physical magnitudes sensor sensibilities are reduced. The circuits were integrated using a 0.35 mm standard CMOS process. Experimental measurements, load effects and a study of two different tuning strategies are presented. From these results, system performance is tested in an application which entails extending the linear range of a magneto-resistive sensor. Circuit area, average power consumption and programmability features allow these circuits to be included in embedded sensing systems as a part of the analogue conditioning components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Networks and Sensors)
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126 KiB  
Article
Metadata behind the Interoperability of Wireless Sensor Networks
by Daniela Ballari, Monica Wachowicz and Miguel Angel Manso Callejo
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3635-3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503635 - 14 May 2009
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 10634
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) produce changes of status that are frequent, dynamic and unpredictable, and cannot be represented using a linear cause-effect approach. Consequently, a new approach is needed to handle these changes in order to support dynamic interoperability. Our approach is to [...] Read more.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) produce changes of status that are frequent, dynamic and unpredictable, and cannot be represented using a linear cause-effect approach. Consequently, a new approach is needed to handle these changes in order to support dynamic interoperability. Our approach is to introduce the notion of context as an explicit representation of changes of a WSN status inferred from metadata elements, which in turn, leads towards a decision-making process about how to maintain dynamic interoperability. This paper describes the developed context model to represent and reason over different WSN status based on four types of contexts, which have been identified as sensing, node, network and organisational contexts. The reasoning has been addressed by developing contextualising and bridges rules. As a result, we were able to demonstrate how contextualising rules have been used to reason on changes of WSN status as a first step towards maintaining dynamic interoperability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workshop Sensing A Changing World)
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45 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Cholinesterase Activities During in Vivo Intoxication Using an Electrochemical Sensor Strip – Correlation With Intoxication Symptoms
by Miroslav Pohanka, Ladislav Novotný, Jan Misík, Kamil Kuca, Jana Zdarova-Karasova and Martina Hrabinova
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3627-3634; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503627 - 14 May 2009
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9453
Abstract
Cholinesterase activity in blood of laboratory rats was monitored. Rats were intoxicated with paraoxon at dosis of 0 – 65 – 125 – 170 – 250 – 500 nmol. The 250 nmol dose was found to be the LD50. An electrochemical [...] Read more.
Cholinesterase activity in blood of laboratory rats was monitored. Rats were intoxicated with paraoxon at dosis of 0 – 65 – 125 – 170 – 250 – 500 nmol. The 250 nmol dose was found to be the LD50. An electrochemical sensor was found useful to provide information about cholinesterase activity. The decrease of cholinesterase activity was correlated to intoxication symptoms and mortality level. It was found that the symptoms of intoxication are not observed while at least 50% of cholinesterase activity in blood remains. The minimal cholinesterase activity essential to survival is around 10%, when compared with the initial state. No changes in levels of low moleculary weight antioxidants were observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue, Cell and Molecular Bioelectrochemistry - New Trends and Approaches)
488 KiB  
Article
Metal Ion Enhanced Charge Transfer in a Terpyridine-bis-Pyrene System
by Anthony D’Aléo, Elio Cecchetto, Luisa De Cola and René M. Williams
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3604-3626; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503604 - 13 May 2009
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 15526
Abstract
The synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of a branched molecule 3,5-bis(pyrene-1-yl)-4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine are reported. Spectroscopy in different solvents reveals that an optical electron transfer from the pyrene donor to the terpyridyl electron acceptor can occur in polar media, as the system displays both charge [...] Read more.
The synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of a branched molecule 3,5-bis(pyrene-1-yl)-4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine are reported. Spectroscopy in different solvents reveals that an optical electron transfer from the pyrene donor to the terpyridyl electron acceptor can occur in polar media, as the system displays both charge transfer (CT) absorption and CT emission. Furthermore, the study of the zinc complex as well as the bis-protonated form shows an enhancement of the electron transfer character of the system, by an increase of the acceptor strength. This is accompanied by a large increase of the non-radiative processes. With sub-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, the CT state, consisting of the pyrene radical cation and the terpyridine radical anion, has been detected. At room temperature, the study of the nanosecond transient absorption spectra reveals the formation of a low-lying triplet excited state that we attribute to the pyrene moiety through which the CT state decays. At 77K, the absence of the terpyridine triplet emission also suggests the population of a low-lying triplet state of the pyrene unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dendritic Sensors: From Dendrimer Molecules to Dendritic Cells)
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1250 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Animal Behaviour and Environmental Interactions Using Wireless Sensor Networks, GPS Collars and Satellite Remote Sensing
by Rebecca N. Handcock, Dave L. Swain, Greg J. Bishop-Hurley, Kym P. Patison, Tim Wark, Philip Valencia, Peter Corke and Christopher J. O’Neill
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3586-3603; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503586 - 13 May 2009
Cited by 250 | Viewed by 36904
Abstract
Remote monitoring of animal behaviour in the environment can assist in managing both the animal and its environmental impact. GPS collars which record animal locations with high temporal frequency allow researchers to monitor both animal behaviour and interactions with the environment. These ground-based [...] Read more.
Remote monitoring of animal behaviour in the environment can assist in managing both the animal and its environmental impact. GPS collars which record animal locations with high temporal frequency allow researchers to monitor both animal behaviour and interactions with the environment. These ground-based sensors can be combined with remotely-sensed satellite images to understand animal-landscape interactions. The key to combining these technologies is communication methods such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We explore this concept using a case-study from an extensive cattle enterprise in northern Australia and demonstrate the potential for combining GPS collars and satellite images in a WSN to monitor behavioural preferences and social behaviour of cattle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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313 KiB  
Article
Deployment Design of Wireless Sensor Network for Simple Multi-Point Surveillance of a Moving Target
by Kazuya Tsukamoto, Hirofumi Ueda, Hitomi Tamura, Kenji Kawahara and Yuji Oie
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3563-3585; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503563 - 13 May 2009
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 12008
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the problem of tracking a moving target in a wireless sensor network (WSN), in which the capability of each sensor is relatively limited, to construct large-scale WSNs at a reasonable cost. We first propose two simple multi-point [...] Read more.
In this paper, we focus on the problem of tracking a moving target in a wireless sensor network (WSN), in which the capability of each sensor is relatively limited, to construct large-scale WSNs at a reasonable cost. We first propose two simple multi-point surveillance schemes for a moving target in a WSN and demonstrate that one of the schemes can achieve high tracking probability with low power consumption. In addition, we examine the relationship between tracking probability and sensor density through simulations, and then derive an approximate expression representing the relationship. As the results, we present guidelines for sensor density, tracking probability, and the number of monitoring sensors that satisfy a variety of application demands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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593 KiB  
Article
Micro-Pattern Guided Adhesion of Osteoblasts on Diamond Surfaces
by Bohuslav Rezek, Lenka Michalíková, Egor Ukraintsev, Alexander Kromka and Marie Kalbacova
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3549-3562; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503549 - 13 May 2009
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 12672
Abstract
Microscopic chemical patterning of diamond surfaces by hydrogen and oxygen surface atoms is used for self-assembly of human osteoblastic cells into micro-arrays. The cell adhesion and assembly is further controlled by concentration of cells (2,500-10,000 cells/cm2)and fetal bovine serum (0-15%). The [...] Read more.
Microscopic chemical patterning of diamond surfaces by hydrogen and oxygen surface atoms is used for self-assembly of human osteoblastic cells into micro-arrays. The cell adhesion and assembly is further controlled by concentration of cells (2,500-10,000 cells/cm2)and fetal bovine serum (0-15%). The cells are characterized by fluorescence microscopy of actin fibers and nuclei. The serum protein adsorption is studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cells are arranged selectively on O-terminated patterns into 30-200 μm wide arrays. Higher cell concentrations allow colonization of unfavorable H-terminated regions due to mutual cell communication. There is no cell selectivity without the proteins in the medium. Based on the AFM, the proteins are present on both H- and O-terminated surfaces. Pronounced differences in their thickness, surface roughness, morphology, and phase imagesindicate different conformation of the proteins and explain the cell selectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnological Advances in Biosensors)
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805 KiB  
Review
Laser‐Self‐Mixing Interferometry for Mechatronics Applications
by Simona Ottonelli, Maurizio Dabbicco, Francesco De Lucia, Michela Di Vietro and Gaetano Scamarcio
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3527-3548; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503527 - 12 May 2009
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13861
Abstract
We report on the development of an all-interferometric optomechatronic sensor for the detection of multi-degrees-of-freedom displacements of a remote target. The prototype system exploits the self-mixing technique and consists only of a laser head, equipped with six laser sources, and a suitably designed [...] Read more.
We report on the development of an all-interferometric optomechatronic sensor for the detection of multi-degrees-of-freedom displacements of a remote target. The prototype system exploits the self-mixing technique and consists only of a laser head, equipped with six laser sources, and a suitably designed reflective target. The feasibility of the system was validated experimentally for both single or multi-degrees-of-freedom measurements, thus demonstrating a simple and inexpensive alternative to costly and bulky existing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy)
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1592 KiB  
Review
Progress in the Development of CdTe and CdZnTe Semiconductor Radiation Detectors for Astrophysical and Medical Applications
by Stefano Del Sordo, Leonardo Abbene, Ezio Caroli, Anna Maria Mancini, Andrea Zappettini and Pietro Ubertini
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3491-3526; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503491 - 12 May 2009
Cited by 680 | Viewed by 31499
Abstract
Over the last decade, cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) wide band gap semiconductors have attracted increasing interest as X-ray and gamma ray detectors. Among the traditional high performance spectrometers based on silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), CdTe and CdZnTe detectors [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) wide band gap semiconductors have attracted increasing interest as X-ray and gamma ray detectors. Among the traditional high performance spectrometers based on silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), CdTe and CdZnTe detectors show high detection efficiency and good room temperature performance and are well suited for the development of compact and reliable detection systems. In this paper, we review the current status of research in the development of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors by a comprehensive survey on the material properties, the device characteristics, the different techniques for improving the overall detector performance and some major applications. Astrophysical and medical applications are discussed, pointing out the ongoing Italian research activities on the development of these detectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy)
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800 KiB  
Review
Feasibility Studies on Si-Based Biosensors
by Sebania Libertino, Venera Aiello, Antonino Scandurra, Marcella Renis, Fulvia Sinatra and Salvatore Lombardo
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3469-3490; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503469 - 11 May 2009
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 12454
Abstract
The aim of this paperis to summarize the efforts carried out so far in the fabrication of Si-based biosensors by a team of researchers in Catania, Italy. This work was born as a collaboration between the Catania section of the Microelectronic and Microsystem [...] Read more.
The aim of this paperis to summarize the efforts carried out so far in the fabrication of Si-based biosensors by a team of researchers in Catania, Italy. This work was born as a collaboration between the Catania section of the Microelectronic and Microsystem Institute (IMM) of the CNR, the Surfaces and Interfaces laboratory (SUPERLAB) of the Consorzio Catania Ricerche and two departments at the University of Catania: the Biomedical Science and the Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology Departments. The first goal of our study was the definition and optimization of an immobilization protocol capable of bonding the biological sensing element on a Si-based surface via covalent chemical bonds. We chose SiO2 as the anchoring surface due to its biocompatibility and extensive presence in microelectronic devices. The immobilization protocol was tested and optimized, introducing a new step, oxide activation, using techniques compatible with microelectronic processing. The importance of the added step is described by the experimental results. We also tested different biological molecule concentrations in the immobilization solutions and the effects on the immobilized layer. Finally a MOS-like structure was designed and fabricated to test an electrical transduction mechanism. The results obtained so far and the possible evolution of the research field are described in this review paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy)
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358 KiB  
Article
RIDES: Robust Intrusion Detection System for IP-Based Ubiquitous Sensor Networks
by Syed Obaid Amin, Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui, Choong Seon Hong and Sungwon Lee
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3447-3468; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503447 - 11 May 2009
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 14311
Abstract
TheIP-based Ubiquitous Sensor Network (IP-USN) is an effort to build the “Internet of things”. By utilizing IP for low power networks, we can benefit from existing well established tools and technologies of IP networks. Along with many other unresolved issues, securing IP-USN is [...] Read more.
TheIP-based Ubiquitous Sensor Network (IP-USN) is an effort to build the “Internet of things”. By utilizing IP for low power networks, we can benefit from existing well established tools and technologies of IP networks. Along with many other unresolved issues, securing IP-USN is of great concern for researchers so that future market satisfaction and demands can be met. Without proper security measures, both reactive and proactive, it is hard to envisage an IP-USN realm. In this paper we present a design of an IDS (Intrusion Detection System) called RIDES (Robust Intrusion DEtection System) for IP-USN. RIDES is a hybrid intrusion detection system, which incorporates both Signature and Anomaly based intrusion detection components. For signature based intrusion detection this paper only discusses the implementation of distributed pattern matching algorithm with the help of signature-code, a dynamically created attack-signature identifier. Other aspects, such as creation of rules are not discussed. On the other hand, for anomaly based detection we propose a scoring classifier based on the SPC (Statistical Process Control) technique called CUSUM charts. We also investigate the settings and their effects on the performance of related parameters for both of the components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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465 KiB  
Article
A Butyl Methacrylate Monolithic Column Prepared In-Situ on a Microfluidic Chip and its Applications
by Yi Xu, Wenpin Zhang, Ping Zeng and Qiang Cao
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3437-3446; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503437 - 8 May 2009
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 11891
Abstract
A butyl methacrylate (BMA) monolithic column was polymerized in-situ with UV irradiation in an ultraviolet transparent PDMS micro-channel on a homemade micro-fluidic chip. Under the optimized conditions and using a typical polymerization mixture consisting of 75% porogenic solvents and 25% monomers, the [...] Read more.
A butyl methacrylate (BMA) monolithic column was polymerized in-situ with UV irradiation in an ultraviolet transparent PDMS micro-channel on a homemade micro-fluidic chip. Under the optimized conditions and using a typical polymerization mixture consisting of 75% porogenic solvents and 25% monomers, the BMA monolithic column was obtained as expected. The BET surface area ratio of the BMA monolithic column was 366 m2·g-1. The corresponding SEM images showed that the monolithic column material polymerized in a glass channel was composed of uniform pores and spherical particles with diameters ranging from 3 to 5 μm. The promethazine–luminal–potassium ferricyanide chemiluminescence system was selected for testing the capability of the column. A flow injection analytical technique–chemiluminescence (FIA–CL) system on the microfluidic chip with a BMA monolithic column pretreatment unit was established to determine promethazine. Trace promethazine was enriched by the BMA monolithic column, with more than a 10-fold average enrichment ratio. The proposed method has a linear response concentration range of 1.0×10-8 - 1.0×10-6g·mL-1 and the detection limit was 1.6×10-9g·mL-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st International Conference of the Chinese Society of Micro/Nano Technology)
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2328 KiB  
Article
Determining the Best Sensing Coverage for 2-Dimensional Acoustic Target Tracking
by Saeid Pashazadeh and Mohsen Sharifi
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3405-3436; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503405 - 8 May 2009
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 11914
Abstract
Distributed acoustic target tracking is an important application area of wireless sensor networks. In this paper we use algebraic geometry to formally model 2-dimensional acoustic target tracking and then prove its best degree of required sensing coverage. We present the necessary conditions for [...] Read more.
Distributed acoustic target tracking is an important application area of wireless sensor networks. In this paper we use algebraic geometry to formally model 2-dimensional acoustic target tracking and then prove its best degree of required sensing coverage. We present the necessary conditions for three sensing coverage to accurately compute the spatio-temporal information of a target object. Simulations show that 3-coverage accurately locates a target object only in 53% of cases. Using 4-coverage, we present two different methods that yield correct answers in almost all cases and have time and memory usage complexity of Θ(1). Analytic 4-coverage tracking is our first proposed method that solves a simultaneous equation system using the sensing information of four sensor nodes. Redundant answer fusion is our second proposed method that solves at least two sets of simultaneous equations of target tracking using the sensing information of two different sets of three sensor nodes, and fusing the results using a new customized formal majority voter. We prove that 4-coverage guarantees accurate 2-dimensional acoustic target tracking under ideal conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications)
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751 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Foreign Particle Inspection Machine for Injection Liquid Examination Based on Modified Pulse-Coupled Neural Networks
by Ji Ge, YaoNan Wang, BoWen Zhou and Hui Zhang
Sensors 2009, 9(5), 3386-3404; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90503386 - 7 May 2009
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 14099
Abstract
A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, called pulse-coupled neural networks (PCNN), has been applied in an automatic inspection machine to detect visible foreign particles intermingled in glucose or sodium chloride injection liquids. Proper mechanisms and improved spin/stop techniques are proposed to avoid [...] Read more.
A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, called pulse-coupled neural networks (PCNN), has been applied in an automatic inspection machine to detect visible foreign particles intermingled in glucose or sodium chloride injection liquids. Proper mechanisms and improved spin/stop techniques are proposed to avoid the appearance of air bubbles, which increases the algorithms’ complexity. Modified PCNN is adopted to segment the difference images, judging the existence of foreign particles according to the continuity and smoothness properties of their moving traces. Preliminarily experimental results indicate that the inspection machine can detect the visible foreign particles effectively and the detection speed, accuracy and correct detection rate also satisfying the needs of medicine preparation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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