Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and EwE Modeling
2.3. Ecosystem Attributes
Groups | Common Name | P/B | Q/B | DC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | Thunnus albacares | Yellow fin tuna | Fishbase | Fishbase | Fishbase, SeaLife Base, The Fish Database of Taiwan |
Katsuwonus pelamis | Skipjack tuna | Fishbase | Fishbase | ||
Coryphaena hippurus | Dolphinfish | Fishbase | Fishbase | ||
Scomberomorus commerson | Spanish mackerel | Fishbase | Fishbase | ||
Pelagic fish | Scomber australasicus | Spotted mackerel | Duan [52] | Fishbase | |
Scomber japonicus | Chub mackerel | Duan [52] | Fishbase | ||
Trachurus japonicus | Japanese jack mackerel | Duan [52] | Fishbase | ||
other mackerels | other mackerels | Duan [52] | Fishbase | ||
Auxis rochei rochei | Bullet tuna | Duan [52] | Fishbase | ||
Small pelagic fish | Etrumeus micropus | Pacific round herring | Duan [52] | Fishbase | |
Sardinella spp. | Sardinella spp. | Duan [52] | Fishbase | ||
Decapterus maruadsi | Round scad | Lin [53] | Fishbase | ||
Benthic and Reef fish | Seriola dumerili | Amberjack | Lin [53] | SeaLife Base | |
Mene maculata | Moonfish | Lin [53] | Fishbase | ||
Decapterus kurroides | Mackerel scad | SeaLife Base | Fishbase | ||
Polydactylus sextarius | Polynemid fish | Duan [52] | SeaLife Base | ||
Cephalopod | Uroteuthis chinensis | Mitre squid | Lin [53] | Lin [53] | |
Loliginidae | Squids | Lin [53] | Lin [53] | ||
Crustaceans | Portunus sanguinolentus | Portunus sanguinolentus | Lin [53] | Lin [53] | |
Penaeus japonicus | Penaeus japonicus | Wang [54] | Wang [55] | ||
Penaeus penicillatus | Penaeus penicillatus | Wang [54] | Wang [55] | ||
Metapenaeopsis barbata | Metapenaeopsis barbata | Wang [54] | Wang [55] | ||
Metanephrops thomsoni | Metanephrops thomsoni | Wang [54] | Wang [55] | ||
Zooplankton | Zooplankton_P | Zooplankton_Pelagic | Lin [53] | Lin [53] | |
Zooplankton_B | Zooplankton_Benthic | Lin [53] | Lin [53] | ||
Phytoplankton | Phytoplankton_P | Phytoplankton_Pelagic | Lin [53] | ||
Phytoplankton_B | Phytoplankton_Benthic | Lin [53] | |||
Detritus | Detritus | Detritus |
No. | Group Name | Group Name | El Niño Biomass (t/km2) | La Niña Biomass (t/km2) | Normal Biomass (t/km2) | El Niño Landing (t/Year) | La Niña Landing (t/Year) | Normal Landing (t/Year) | P/B (/Year) | Q/B (/Year) | P/Q (/Year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | Yellow fin tuna | 0.822 | 1.019 | 0.704 | 0.287 | 0.494 | 0.449 | 2.65 | 11.64 | 0.228 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | Skipjack tuna | 0.455 | 0.518 | 0.380 | 0.158 | 0.280 | 0.294 | 2.62 | 12.53 | 0.209 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | Dolphinfish | 1.366 | 0.046 | 0.248 | 0.114 | 0.001 | 0.211 | 3.71 | 8.48 | 0.438 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | Spanish mackerel | 0.212 | 0.615 | 0.598 | 0.796 | 0.005 | 0.861 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 0.395 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | Spotted mackerel | 3.519 | 4.187 | 2.136 | 1.470 | 1.613 | 1.358 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 0.489 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | Chub mackerel | 2.275 | 0.980 | 2.423 | 0.167 | 0.156 | 0.066 | 4.8 | 11.7 | 0.410 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | Japanese jack mackerel | 1.240 | 0.684 | 0.607 | 1.494 | 1.037 | 1.247 | 4.11 | 10 | 0.411 | |
8 | other mackerels | other mackerels TD | 4.724 | 18.574 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 0.111 | 0.002 | 2.22 | 9.6 | 0.231 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | Bullet tuna | 1.302 | 1.269 | 0.568 | 0.065 | 0.151 | 0.201 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 0.453 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | Pacific round herring | 2.898 | 1.910 | 3.778 | 0.366 | 0.125 | 0.610 | 4.2 | 14.04 | 0.299 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | Sardinella spp. | 3.699 | 19.140 | 2.149 | 0.605 | 0.100 | 0.457 | 5.1 | 11.6 | 0.440 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | Round scad | 8.381 | 10.317 | 1.239 | 0.823 | 0.072 | 0.104 | 3.1 | 9.08 | 0.341 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | Amberjack | 2.177 | 3.188 | 1.946 | 0.219 | 0.023 | 0.280 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.364 |
14 | Mene maculata | Moonfish | 8.099 | 5.739 | 2.188 | 4.574 | 0.472 | 2.965 | 2.64 | 6.7 | 0.394 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | Mackerel scad | 5.306 | 1.967 | 2.004 | 0.369 | 0.078 | 0.112 | 1.97 | 7.1 | 0.277 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | Polynemid fish | 0.444 | 0.368 | 0.718 | 0.117 | 0.052 | 0.025 | 2.34 | 11.1 | 0.211 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | Mitre squid | 1.248 | 1.872 | 1.322 | 0.207 | 0.207 | 0.328 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.404 |
18 | Loliginidae | Squids | 0.355 | 0.202 | 1.279 | 0.123 | 0.007 | 0.422 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.404 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | Portunus sanguinolentus | 0.127 | 0.051 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.050 | 0.072 | 4.93 | 14.5 | 0.340 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | Penaeus japonicus | 0.046 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.045 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.551 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | Penaeus penicillatus | 0.158 | 0.086 | 0.097 | 0.008 | 0.094 | 0.058 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.551 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 0.269 | 0.184 | 0.159 | 0.316 | 0.115 | 0.131 | 7.6 | 12.22 | 0.622 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | Metanephrops thomsoni | 0.597 | 0.323 | 0.293 | 0.001 | 0.163 | 0.250 | 5.65 | 14.2 | 0.398 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | Zooplankton_P | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 180 | 0.139 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | Zooplankton_B | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 180 | 0.139 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | Phytoplankton_P | 22.1 | 22 | 21.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106.52 | ||
27 | Phytoplankton_B | Phytoplankton_B | 22.1 | 22 | 21.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 106.52 | |||
Detritus | 28 | Detritus | Detritus | 163.5 | 163.5 | 163.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Sum | 277.418 | 300.78 | 251.458 | 12.425 | 5.473 | 10.569 |
2.4. Model Balancing and Verification
2.5. Ecosystem Assessment and Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Basic Ecosystem Indices
2.5.2. Mixed Trophic Impact Analysis
2.5.3. Keystoneness Index
2.5.4. Top–Down and Bottom–Up Effects
3. Results
3.1. TB Marine Ecosystem
3.2. Interspecies Relationships
3.3. Climate-Induced Species Variation in TB Ecosystem
4. Discussion
4.1. TB Ecosystem Structure
4.2. Trophic Interactions in TB Ecosystem
4.3. Climate Impact on TB Ecosystem
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Prey\Predator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yellow fin tuna | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | Skipjack tuna | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | Dolphinfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | Spanish mackerel | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Spotted mackerel | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | Chub mackerel | 0.25 | 0.363 | 0.292 | 0.147 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.133 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.073 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.055 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Japanese jack mackerel | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | other mackerels | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | Bullet tuna | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | Pacific round herring | 0.1 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0.168 | 0.197 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.048 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.086 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | Round scad | 0.1 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.032 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13 | Amberjack | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | Moonfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.055 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | Mackerel scad | 0.16 | 0 | 0.243 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.057 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Polynemid fish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
17 | Mitre squid | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 |
18 | Squids | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 |
19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.011 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.047 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.011 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
24 | Zooplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.214 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
26 | Phytoplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.4 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
27 | Phytoplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
28 | Detritus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.031 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.259 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 0 | 0 |
Import | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Prey\Predator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yellow fin tuna | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | Skipjack tuna | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | Dolphinfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | Spanish mackerel | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Spotted mackerel | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.052 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | Chub mackerel | 0.225 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Japanese jack mackerel | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | other mackerels | 0 | 0.12 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | Bullet tuna | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | Pacific round herring | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | Round scad | 0.125 | 0 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.27 | 0.1 | 0.015 | 0 | 0.128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13 | Amberjack | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | Moonfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | Mackerel scad | 0.09 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Polynemid fish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
17 | Mitre squid | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 |
18 | Squids | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | 0 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
24 | Zooplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.245 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
26 | Phytoplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.4 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0.205 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
27 | Phytoplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
28 | Detritus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 |
Import | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Prey\Predator | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yellow fin tuna | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | Skipjack tuna | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | Dolphinfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | Spanish mackerel | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Spotted mackerel | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | Chub mackerel | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Japanese jack mackerel | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 |
8 | other mackerels | 0.19 | 0.228 | 0.237 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.329 | 0.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0.165 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | Bullet tuna | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | Pacific round herring | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.109 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.096 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | Round scad | 0.03 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13 | Amberjack | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14 | Moonfish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | Mackerel scad | 0.04 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16 | Polynemid fish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
17 | Mitre squid | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.032 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 |
18 | Squids | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.006 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 |
19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.025 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.016 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
24 | Zooplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.2 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
26 | Phytoplankton_P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.22 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
27 | Phytoplankton_B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
28 | Detritus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 |
Import | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No. | Group Name | Group Name | Trophic Level | Biomass (t/km2) | P/B (/Year) | Q/B (/Year) | EE | P/Q (/Year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | Yellow fin tuna | 3.716 | 0.704 | 2.65 | 11.64 | 0.241 | 0.228 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | Skipjack tuna | 3.751 | 0.380 | 2.62 | 12.53 | 0.459 | 0.209 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | Dolphinfish | 3.731 | 0.248 | 3.71 | 8.48 | 0.229 | 0.438 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | Spanish mackerel | 3.631 | 0.598 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 0.338 | 0.395 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | Spotted mackerel | 2.832 | 2.136 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 0.953 | 0.489 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | Chub mackerel | 2.907 | 2.423 | 4.8 | 11.7 | 0.651 | 0.410 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | Japanese jack mackerel | 2.622 | 0.607 | 4.11 | 10 | 0.903 | 0.411 | |
8 | other mackerels | other mackerels | 2.794 | 0.052 | 2.22 | 9.6 | 0.907 | 0.231 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | Bullet tuna | 3.049 | 0.568 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 0.985 | 0.453 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | Pacific round herring | 2.360 | 3.778 | 4.2 | 14.04 | 0.921 | 0.299 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | Sardinella spp. | 2.532 | 2.149 | 5.1 | 11.6 | 0.942 | 0.440 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | Round scad | 2.340 | 1.239 | 3.1 | 9.08 | 0.949 | 0.341 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | Amberjack | 2.390 | 1.946 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.120 | 0.364 |
14 | Mene maculata | Moonfish | 2.387 | 2.188 | 2.64 | 6.7 | 0.946 | 0.394 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | Mackerel scad | 2.549 | 2.004 | 1.97 | 7.1 | 0.850 | 0.277 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | Polynemid fish | 2.465 | 0.718 | 2.34 | 11.1 | 0.015 | 0.211 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | Mitre squid | 2.446 | 1.322 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.958 | 0.404 |
18 | Loliginidae | Squids | 2.753 | 1.279 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.901 | 0.404 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | Portunus sanguinolentus | 2.457 | 0.038 | 4.93 | 14.5 | 0.979 | 0.340 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | Penaeus japonicus | 2.300 | 0.033 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.902 | 0.551 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | Penaeus penicillatus | 2.300 | 0.097 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.898 | 0.551 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 2.252 | 0.159 | 7.6 | 12.22 | 0.813 | 0.622 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | Metanephrops thomsoni | 2.353 | 0.293 | 5.65 | 14.2 | 0.825 | 0.398 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | Zooplankton_P | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.145 | 0.139 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | Zooplankton_B | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.104 | 0.139 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | Phytoplankton_P | 1.000 | 21.5 | 106.52 | 0.810 | ||
27 | Phytoplankton_B | Phytoplankton_B | 1.000 | 21.5 | 106.52 | 0.800 | |||
Detritus | 28 | Detritus | Detritus | 1.000 | 163.5 | 0.215 |
No. | Group Name | Group Name | Trophic Level | Biomass (t/km2) | P/B (/Year) | Q/B (/Year) | EE | P/Q (/Year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | Yellow fin tuna | 3.777 | 0.822 | 2.65 | 11.64 | 0.132 | 0.228 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | Skipjack tuna | 3.782 | 0.455 | 2.62 | 12.53 | 0.695 | 0.209 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | Dolphinfish | 3.726 | 1.366 | 3.71 | 8.48 | 0.023 | 0.438 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | Spanish mackerel | 3.622 | 0.212 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 0.835 | 0.395 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | Spotted mackerel | 2.893 | 3.519 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 0.946 | 0.489 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | Chub mackerel | 2.953 | 2.275 | 4.8 | 11.7 | 0.765 | 0.410 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | Japanese jack mackerel | 2.893 | 1.240 | 4.11 | 10 | 0.884 | 0.411 | |
8 | other mackerels | other mackerels | 2.906 | 4.724 | 2.22 | 9.6 | 0.808 | 0.231 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | Bullet tuna | 2.732 | 1.302 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 0.916 | 0.453 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | Pacific round herring | 2.360 | 2.898 | 4.2 | 14.04 | 0.945 | 0.299 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | Sardinella spp. | 2.551 | 3.699 | 5.1 | 11.6 | 0.722 | 0.440 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | Round scad | 2.340 | 8.381 | 3.1 | 9.08 | 0.919 | 0.341 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | Amberjack | 2.482 | 2.177 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.084 | 0.364 |
14 | Mene maculata | Moonfish | 2.365 | 8.099 | 2.64 | 6.7 | 0.788 | 0.394 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | Mackerel scad | 2.544 | 5.306 | 1.97 | 7.1 | 0.954 | 0.277 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | Polynemid fish | 2.474 | 0.444 | 2.34 | 11.1 | 0.113 | 0.211 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | Mitre squid | 2.499 | 1.248 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.140 | 0.404 |
18 | Loliginidae | Squids | 2.463 | 0.355 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.777 | 0.404 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | Portunus sanguinolentus | 2.496 | 0.127 | 4.93 | 14.5 | 0.890 | 0.340 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | Penaeus japonicus | 2.300 | 0.046 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.864 | 0.551 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | Penaeus penicillatus | 2.300 | 0.158 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.381 | 0.551 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 2.252 | 0.269 | 7.6 | 12.22 | 0.358 | 0.622 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | Metanephrops thomsoni | 2.277 | 0.597 | 5.65 | 14.2 | 0.409 | 0.398 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | Zooplankton_P | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.409 | 0.139 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | Zooplankton_B | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.303 | 0.139 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | Phytoplankton_P | 1.000 | 22.1 | 106.52 | 0.815 | ||
27 | Phytoplankton_B | Phytoplankton_B | 1.000 | 22.1 | 106.52 | 0.781 | |||
Detritus | 28 | Detritus | Detritus | 1.000 | 163.5 | 0.21 |
No. | Group Name | Group Name | Trophic Level | Biomass (t/km2) | P/B (/Year) | Q/B (/Year) | EE | P/Q (/Year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | Yellow fin tuna | 3.765 | 1.019 | 2.65 | 11.64 | 0.183 | 0.228 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | Skipjack tuna | 3.834 | 0.518 | 2.62 | 12.53 | 0.294 | 0.209 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | Dolphinfish | 3.866 | 0.046 | 3.71 | 8.48 | 0.005 | 0.438 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | Spanish mackerel | 3.769 | 0.615 | 4.5 | 11.4 | 0.025 | 0.395 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | Spotted mackerel | 3.062 | 4.187 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 0.940 | 0.489 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | Chub mackerel | 3.123 | 0.980 | 4.8 | 11.7 | 0.921 | 0.410 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | Japanese jack mackerel | 3.111 | 0.684 | 4.11 | 10 | 0.911 | 0.411 | |
8 | other mackerels | other mackerels | 3.040 | 18.574 | 2.22 | 9.6 | 0.715 | 0.231 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | Bullet tuna | 2.698 | 1.269 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 0.873 | 0.453 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | Pacific round herring | 2.360 | 1.910 | 4.2 | 14.04 | 0.989 | 0.299 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | Sardinella spp. | 2.450 | 19.140 | 5.1 | 11.6 | 0.903 | 0.440 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | Round scad | 2.340 | 10.317 | 3.1 | 9.08 | 0.971 | 0.341 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | Amberjack | 2.664 | 3.188 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.006 | 0.364 |
14 | Mene maculata | Moonfish | 2.554 | 5.739 | 2.64 | 6.7 | 0.976 | 0.394 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | Mackerel scad | 2.551 | 1.967 | 1.97 | 7.1 | 0.907 | 0.277 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | Polynemid fish | 2.542 | 0.368 | 2.34 | 11.1 | 0.060 | 0.211 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | Mitre squid | 2.655 | 1.872 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.931 | 0.404 |
18 | Loliginidae | Squids | 2.914 | 0.202 | 4.7 | 11.64 | 0.938 | 0.404 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | Portunus sanguinolentus | 2.478 | 0.051 | 4.93 | 14.5 | 0.959 | 0.340 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | Penaeus japonicus | 2.300 | 0.038 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.932 | 0.551 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | Penaeus penicillatus | 2.300 | 0.086 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 0.928 | 0.551 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 2.252 | 0.184 | 7.6 | 12.22 | 0.983 | 0.622 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | Metanephrops thomsoni | 2.506 | 0.323 | 5.65 | 14.2 | 0.910 | 0.398 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | Zooplankton_P | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.517 | 0.139 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | Zooplankton_B | 2.000 | 10 | 25 | 180 | 0.125 | 0.139 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | Phytoplankton_P | 1.000 | 22 | 106.52 | 0.841 | ||
27 | Phytoplankton_B | Phytoplankton_B | 1.000 | 22 | 106.52 | 0.784 | |||
Detritus | 28 | Detritus | Detritus | 1.000 | 163.5 | 0.266 | 0.215 |
No. | Group Name | El Niño KSi | El Niño RTI | La Niña KSi | La Niña RTI | Normal KSi | Normal RTI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | −0.087 | 1.000 | −0.180 | 0.608 | −0.240 | 0.713 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | −0.395 | 0.490 | −0.048 | 0.821 | −0.519 | 0.373 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | −0.339 | 0.562 | −1.626 | 0.022 | −0.742 | 0.223 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | −0.860 | 0.168 | −0.538 | 0.266 | −0.402 | 0.489 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | −0.476 | 0.418 | −0.259 | 0.519 | −0.345 | 0.568 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | −0.345 | 0.558 | −0.527 | 0.274 | −0.181 | 0.833 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | −0.583 | 0.320 | −0.494 | 0.295 | −0.686 | 0.255 | |
8 | other mackerels | −0.191 | 0.815 | −0.033 | 0.980 | −1.844 | 0.018 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | −0.426 | 0.460 | −0.513 | 0.283 | −0.686 | 0.255 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | −0.687 | 0.256 | −0.815 | 0.142 | −0.376 | 0.539 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | −0.366 | 0.539 | −0.026 | 1.000 | −0.324 | 0.597 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | −0.406 | 0.514 | −0.377 | 0.415 | −0.703 | 0.246 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | −0.156 | 0.863 | −0.189 | 0.605 | −0.424 | 0.473 |
14 | Mene maculata | −0.185 | 0.852 | −0.592 | 0.244 | −0.342 | 0.573 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | −0.548 | 0.360 | −0.787 | 0.151 | −0.533 | 0.369 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | −0.372 | 0.517 | −0.272 | 0.489 | −0.170 | 0.837 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | −0.473 | 0.412 | −0.132 | 0.684 | −0.383 | 0.516 |
18 | Loliginidae | −0.755 | 0.214 | −0.775 | 0.154 | −0.333 | 0.579 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | −0.695 | 0.245 | −1.292 | 0.047 | −1.353 | 0.055 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | −1.556 | 0.034 | −1.520 | 0.028 | −1.665 | 0.027 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | −1.363 | 0.053 | −1.183 | 0.060 | −1.369 | 0.053 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | −0.644 | 0.276 | −0.804 | 0.144 | −0.739 | 0.224 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | −0.515 | 0.372 | −0.669 | 0.196 | −0.880 | 0.162 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | −0.305 | 0.658 | −0.316 | 0.476 | −0.335 | 0.640 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | −0.303 | 0.662 | −0.311 | 0.481 | −0.311 | 0.676 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | −0.207 | 0.935 | −0.189 | 0.703 | −0.211 | 1.000 |
27 | Phytoplankton_B | −0.267 | 0.813 | −0.267 | 0.589 | −0.319 | 0.779 |
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Parameter | La Niña | Normal | El Niño | Unit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecosystem Structure | Total number of pathways | 824 | 2108 | 345 | |
Mean length of pathways | 7.217 | 7.757 | 6.774 | ||
System omnivory index | 0.333 | 0.247 | 0.264 | ||
Shannon diversity index | 2.462 | 2.313 | 2.557 | ||
Connectance Index | 0.267 | 0.269 | 0.265 | ||
Maximum trophic level | 3.866 | 3.751 | 3.782 | ||
Ecosystem productivity | Total system throughput | 11,121.62 | 10,556.30 | 10,957.02 | t/km2/year |
Cycles and Flows | Transfer efficiency | 15.69% | 12.26% | 13.40% | |
Cycling index (Finn’s) | 0.555 | 0.152 | 0.288 | % of throughput | |
Consumption and Respiration | Sum of all consumption | 4315.664 | 3853.056 | 4057.582 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all export | 1989.309 | 2091.331 | 2127.226 | t/km2/year | |
Sum of all respiratory | 2697.572 | 2489.028 | 2580.958 | t/km2/year | |
Sum of all flows into detritus | 2119.073 | 2122.888 | 2191.254 | t/km2/year | |
Fishery | Landing | 5.473 | 10.569 | 12.425 | t/km2/year |
Mean trophic level of catch | 2.995 | 2.730 | 2.663 |
No. | Group Name | El Niño TD | La Niña TD | Normal TD | El Niño BU | La Niña BU | Normal BU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predator fish | 1 | Thunnus albacares | 0.866 | 0.847 | 0.939 | 0.134 | 0.153 | 0.061 |
2 | Katsuwonus pelamis | 0.896 | 0.956 | 0.871 | 0.104 | 0.044 | 0.129 | |
3 | Coryphaena hippurus | 0.935 | 0.975 | 0.936 | 0.065 | 0.025 | 0.064 | |
4 | Scomberomorus commerson | 0.774 | 0.972 | 0.957 | 0.226 | 0.028 | 0.043 | |
Pelagic fish | 5 | Scomber australasicus | 0.756 | 0.697 | 0.752 | 0.244 | 0.303 | 0.248 |
6 | Scomber japonicus | 0.692 | 0.371 | 0.684 | 0.308 | 0.629 | 0.316 | |
7 | Trachurus japonicus | 0.628 | 0.600 | 0.788 | 0.372 | 0.400 | 0.212 | |
8 | other mackerels | 0.803 | 0.475 | 0.783 | 0.197 | 0.525 | 0.217 | |
9 | Auxis rochei rochei | 0.728 | 0.568 | 0.642 | 0.272 | 0.432 | 0.358 | |
Small pelagic fish | 10 | Etrumeus micropus | 0.599 | 0.620 | 0.565 | 0.401 | 0.380 | 0.435 |
11 | Sardinella spp. | 0.912 | 0.766 | 0.688 | 0.088 | 0.234 | 0.312 | |
12 | Decapterus maruadsi | 0.549 | 0.682 | 0.425 | 0.451 | 0.318 | 0.575 | |
Benthic and Reef fish | 13 | Seriola dumerili | 0.998 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
14 | Mene maculata | 0.707 | 0.518 | 0.685 | 0.293 | 0.482 | 0.315 | |
15 | Decapterus kurroides | 0.629 | 0.355 | 0.439 | 0.371 | 0.645 | 0.561 | |
16 | Polydactylus sextarius | 0.982 | 0.998 | 0.995 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.005 | |
Cephalopod | 17 | Uroteuthis chinensis | 0.884 | 0.963 | 0.887 | 0.116 | 0.037 | 0.113 |
18 | Loliginidae | 0.950 | 0.970 | 0.812 | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.188 | |
Crustaceans | 19 | Portunus sanguinolentus | 0.948 | 0.913 | 0.968 | 0.052 | 0.087 | 0.032 |
20 | Penaeus japonicus | 0.304 | 0.293 | 0.297 | 0.696 | 0.707 | 0.703 | |
21 | Penaeus penicillatus | 0.329 | 0.298 | 0.385 | 0.671 | 0.702 | 0.615 | |
22 | Metapenaeopsis barbata | 0.977 | 0.956 | 0.940 | 0.023 | 0.044 | 0.060 | |
23 | Metanephrops thomsoni | 0.856 | 0.817 | 0.886 | 0.144 | 0.183 | 0.114 | |
Zooplankton | 24 | Zooplankton_P | 0.946 | 0.909 | 0.934 | 0.054 | 0.091 | 0.066 |
25 | Zooplankton_B | 0.790 | 0.819 | 0.808 | 0.210 | 0.181 | 0.192 | |
Phytoplankton | 26 | Phytoplankton_P | 0.240 | 0.212 | 0.209 | 0.760 | 0.788 | 0.791 |
27 | Phytoplankton_B | 0.181 | 0.174 | 0.212 | 0.819 | 0.826 | 0.788 | |
Detritus | 28 | Detritus | 0.025 | 0.038 | 0.023 | 0.975 | 0.962 | 0.977 |
Fleet | Fleet | 0.739 | 0.790 | 0.763 | 0.261 | 0.210 | 0.237 | |
Mean | Mean | 0.711 | 0.674 | 0.699 | 0.289 | 0.326 | 0.301 |
Parameters | La Niña | Normal | El Niño | East China Sea | South China Sea | Southern TS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
System omnivory index | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.21 |
Shannon diversity index | 2.46 | 2.31 | 2.56 | - | - | - |
Connectance index | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.22 |
Total system throughput | 11,121.62 | 10,556.30 | 10,957.02 | - | 262,118 | 18,832.08 |
Transfer efficiency | 15.69% | 12.26% | 13.40% | 14.6% | 10.2% | 15.57% |
Cycling index (Finn’s) | 0.555 | 0.152 | 0.288 | 0.18 | - | 0.12 |
Sum of all consumption/TST (Q/TST) | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.37 | - | 0.01 | 0.5 |
Sum of all exports/TST (Ex/TST) | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.19 | - | 0.49 | 0.03 |
Sum of all respiratory flows/TST (R/TST) | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | - | 0.01 | 0.32 |
Sum of all flows into detritus/TST (FD/TST) | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | - | 0.50 | 0.16 |
Mean trophic level of catch | 3.00 | 2.73 | 2.66 | 2.71 | 2.85 | 3.49 |
Reference | Jiang et al. [68] | Cheung [69] | Ju et al. [20] |
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Hsiao, P.-Y.; Lan, K.-W.; Lee, W.-H.; Liang, T.-Y.; Liao, C.-H.; Su, N.-J. Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem. Diversity 2024, 16, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090572
Hsiao P-Y, Lan K-W, Lee W-H, Liang T-Y, Liao C-H, Su N-J. Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem. Diversity. 2024; 16(9):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090572
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsiao, Po-Yuan, Kuo-Wei Lan, Wen-Hao Lee, Ting-Yu Liang, Cheng-Hsin Liao, and Nan-Jay Su. 2024. "Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem" Diversity 16, no. 9: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090572