Reintroduction of the Extinct-in-the-Wild Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) in the Caatinga Forest Domain of Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reintroduction Site
2.2. Release Candidate Observation and Training
2.3. Release Groups
2.4. Health Protocol
2.5. Telemetry Instrumentation
2.6. Releases
2.7. Post-Release Monitoring
2.8. Habitat Management
2.9. Data Analyses
2.10. Release Success Indicators
- (1)
- Survival, assessed as the percentage of released individuals that survived at 3 months and 1 year following release.
- (2)
- Fidelity to release site, defined as the percentage of macaws that established a stable area of activity within 5 km of the release site, excluding any temporary long-distance forays.
- (3)
- Flock cohesion, defined as the percentage of surviving individuals that directly interacted (e.g., flying, foraging, perching, or roosting together). This includes any direct interactions or integration into wild heterospecific groups at or near the release site.
- (4)
- Prompt reproduction, defined here as reproduction (including egg laying) by released macaws during the initial 18 months post-release [43].
2.11. Social Engagement
3. Results
3.1. Releases
3.1.1. First Release
3.1.2. Second Release
3.2. Success Indicators
3.2.1. Survival
3.2.2. Site Fidelity and Flock Cohesion
3.2.3. Reproduction Attempts
3.2.4. Local Community Engagement
4. Discussion
4.1. Success of the Release
4.2. Tracking
4.3. The Surrogate Model Species
4.4. Protected Areas
4.5. Human Interaction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Purchase, C.; Lugarini, C.; Purchase, C.; Ferreira, A.; Vercillo, U.E.; Stafford, M.L.; White, T.H., Jr. Reintroduction of the Extinct-in-the-Wild Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) in the Caatinga Forest Domain of Brazil. Diversity 2024, 16, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020080
Purchase C, Lugarini C, Purchase C, Ferreira A, Vercillo UE, Stafford ML, White TH Jr. Reintroduction of the Extinct-in-the-Wild Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) in the Caatinga Forest Domain of Brazil. Diversity. 2024; 16(2):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020080
Chicago/Turabian StylePurchase, Cromwell, Camile Lugarini, Candice Purchase, Ariane Ferreira, Ugo Eichler Vercillo, Mark L. Stafford, and Thomas H. White, Jr. 2024. "Reintroduction of the Extinct-in-the-Wild Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) in the Caatinga Forest Domain of Brazil" Diversity 16, no. 2: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020080