Disentangling the Anacondas: Revealing a New Green Species and Rethinking Yellows †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Sampling
2.2. DNA Isolation and Sequencing
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis and Genetic Divergence
2.4. Divergence Time Estimation
2.5. Morphological Comparison of E. murinus between North and South
3. Results
3.1. Phylogenetics
3.1.1. Eunectes Overview
3.1.2. Yellow Anaconda Phylogenetics and Taxonomy
3.1.3. Green Anaconda Phylogenetics and Taxonomy
3.2. Divergence Time Estimation
4. Discussion
4.1. Taxonomic Implications for Yellow Anacondas
4.2. A New Species of Green Anaconda
Etymology
4.3. Paleogeographic Events Triggered the Origin of Large-Bodied Aquatic Snakes
4.4. Miocene Divergence of Northern and Southern Green Anacondas
4.5. The Arrival of the Pleistocene
4.6. Conservation Assessments
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene and Primer | Primer Sequences | Mt Location and References |
---|---|---|
Cytochrome b | ||
L14910_cytbEu | 5′-GACCTGMGGTCTGAAAAACCACCG TTG T-3′ | tRNA-Glu, [70,71], modified by this study |
H16064_cytbEu | 5′-CTTTGGTTTACAGAACAATGCTTTG-3′ | tRNA-Thr, [71], modified by this study |
ND2 | ||
En5132F | 5′-AATGTCACCACGGCCTTTAC-3′ | tRNA-met, this study |
En6262R | 5′-TGCAGGCTCTACAGAAGCTAAA-3′ | tRNA-Trp/tRNA-Ala, this study |
Eu_ND2_6003 | 5′-TGGCTATTGTYGTKGCTTCT-3′ | ND2, this study |
ND4 | ||
ND4_Eu | 5′-CACCTATGACTACCAAAAGCCCACGTAGAAGC-3′ | ND4, [72], modified by this study |
ND4_LEU | 5′-CATTTCTRCYACTTGGATTTGCACCA-3′ | tRNA-Leu, Arévalo et al., 1994, modified by this study |
Approach | Calibration Point Type | Node | Prior Implementation in BEAST (v.2.7.6.) | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Divergence of Sanziniinae from other Boidae assuming possible dispersal to Madagascar via two Late Cretaceous land bridges (Gunnerus Ridge/Kerguelen Plateau). | Paleogeographic and fossil. | LCA of Sanziniinae and other boids. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 80 Million Years Ago (Mya) based on the latest possible existence of Gunnerus Ridge [83]. | 98.32 Mya as soft maximum, based on the fossil Coniophis, the oldest crown-group fossil for Serpentes [79]. |
Fossil. | LCA of Erycinae and Boinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 58 Mya based on Titanoboa cerrejonensis [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Lichanura and Charina. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 18.7 Mya based on the fossil UNSM 125,562 [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Corallus and its sister lineage. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 50.2 Mya based on the fossil Corallus priscus [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Eunectes and Epicrates. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 12.375 Mya based on Eunectes stirtoni [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Charininae and Ungaliophiinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 47.8 Mya based on the fossil Rageryx schmidi [81]. | n.a. | |
2. Divergence of Sanziniinae from the rest of Boidae assuming possible dispersal to Madagascar via the Kerguelen Plateau and the Indian subcontinent. | Paleogeographic and fossil. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 88 Mya based on the latest possible terrestrial connection between Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent [83]. | 98.32 Mya as soft maximum, based on the fossil Coniophis, the oldest crown-group fossil for Serpentes [79]. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Erycinae and Boinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 58 Mya based on Titanoboa cerrejonensis [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Lichanura and Charina. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 18.7 Mya based on the fossil UNSM 125,562 [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Corallus and its sister lineage. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 50.2 Mya based on the fossil Corallus priscus [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Eunectes and Epicrates. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 12.375 Mya based on Eunectes stirtoni [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Charininae and Ungaliophiinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 47.8 Mya based on the fossil Rageryx schmidi [81]. | n.a. | |
3. Divergence of Sanziniinae from the rest of Boidae in the absence of Late Cretaceous land bridges connecting Madagascar to western Gondwana. | Fossil and paleogeographic. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 120.4 Mya based on the split between eastern and western Gondwana (Krause et al. 2020). | 145 Mya based on the oldest fossils testifying for the split between snakes and Anguimorph lizards [79]. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Erycinae and Boinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 58 Mya based on Titanoboa cerrejonensis [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Lichanura and Charina. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 18.7 Mya based on the fossil UNSM 125,562 [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Corallus and its sister lineage. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 50.2 Mya based on the fossil Corallus priscus [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Eunectes and Epicrates. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 12.375 Mya based on Eunectes stirtoni [79]. | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Charininae and Ungaliophiinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 47.8 Mya based on the fossil Rageryx schmidi [81]. | n.a. | |
4. Strictly paleontological calibration based on [82]. | Fossil. | Pan-serpentes crown-group age based on Coniophis. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 98.32 Mya | 113 Mya |
Fossil. | LCA of Erycinae and Boinae based on Titanoboa cerrejonensis. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 58 Mya | 64 Mya | |
Fossil. | LCA of Corallus and its sister lineage based on Corallus priscus. | Log-normal. With hard minimum and soft maximum (represented by 95% percentile). | 50.2 Mya | 64 Mya | |
Fossil. | LCA of Charininae and Ungaliophiinae. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 35.2 Mya | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Charina and Lichanura based on Calamagras weigeli. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 18.7 Mya | n.a. | |
Fossil. | LCA of Eunectes and Epicrates. | Uniform with only hard minimum. | 12.375 Mya | n.a. |
E. murinus | E. akayima | E. notaeus 1 | E. beniensis | E. deschauenseei | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. akayima | 5.50% | ||||
E. notaeus 1 | 11.27% | 10.37% | |||
E. beniensis | 10.98% | 10.95% | 2.25% | ||
E. deschauenseei | 10.58% | 10.18% | 0.67% | 2.14% | |
E. notaeus 2 | 10.94% | 9.91% | 0.74% | 2.38% | 0.81% |
E. akayima This Study | E. akayima Dirksen (2002) | E. murinus Dirksen (2002) | Linnaeus 1758 (NRM-9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ventral | 247–249 | 243–259 | 254 | |
Subcaudal | 67–68 | 61–69 | 61–78 | 65–69 |
Dorsal scales, mid-body | 65–65 | 59–66 | 58–74 | |
Dorsal blotches | 80–90 | 104–116 | 81–148 | 113 |
Spots in contact | 10–20 | |||
Supralabials | 14–15 | 16–17 | 14–18 | damaged |
Infralabials | 16–20 | 20–21 | 18–25 | 16 |
Infraoculars | 2–3 | 3 | ||
In contact with eye | 8–9 | 6–8 | 5–10 | damaged |
Loreal | 4–5 | 3–9 | 3–9 | damaged |
Supraocular | 1–1 | 1 |
Scenario | Epicrates - Eunectes Node | Basal Eunectes Genus Node | LCA of E. akayima and E. murinus | LCA of Yellow Anaconda Node |
---|---|---|---|---|
Two land bridges (Gunnerus Ridge/Kerguelen Plateau) | 37.68 (51.28–24.01) Mya | 20.81 (31.93–11.18) Mya | 8.70 (15.06–3.95) Mya | 2.85 (5.21–1.31) Mya |
One land bridge (Kerguelen Plateau only) | 38.62 (52.47–25.10) Mya | 21.54 (33.15–11.68) Mya | 9.08 (15.57–4.44) Mya | 2.96 (5.45–1.38) Mya |
No land bridges | 46.30 (66.58–28.40) Mya | 26.30 (40.97–14.67) Mya | 11.30 (19.46–5.48) Mya | 3.87 (7.14–1.75) Mya |
Fossil calibration only [82] | 35.34 (45.41–23.98) Mya | 19.88 (29.61–11.24) Mya | 8.59 (14.43–4.08) Mya | 2.87 (5.28–1.32) Mya |
Eunectes akayima (MCNG 1042) Holotype 1 | Eunectes akayima (RMNH.RENA.20768) Paratype 2 | Eunectes murinus (MPEG 27428) Lectotype 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Ventral | 241 | 252 | 254 |
Subcaudal | 53 | 45 | 66 |
Dorsal scales, anterior body | 50 | 45 | 50 |
Dorsal scales, mid-body | 60 | 61 | 58 |
Dorsal, posterior | 41 | 38 | 42 |
Dorsal spots | 94 | 96 | 94 |
Spots in contact | 19 | 17 | 18 |
Supralabials | 14/15 | 16/16 | 16/16 |
Infralabials | damaged | 22 left side, right side is damaged | 22/22 |
Infraoculars | damaged | 2 | 2/2 |
In contact with eye | 7/8 | 7 | 7/7 |
Suborbitalia | damaged | 4 | 5/5 |
Supraocular | 1/1 | 1 | 1/1 |
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Rivas, J.A.; De La Quintana, P.; Mancuso, M.; Pacheco, L.F.; Rivas, G.A.; Mariotto, S.; Salazar-Valenzuela, D.; Baihua, M.T.; Baihua, P.; Burghardt, G.M.; et al. Disentangling the Anacondas: Revealing a New Green Species and Rethinking Yellows. Diversity 2024, 16, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020127
Rivas JA, De La Quintana P, Mancuso M, Pacheco LF, Rivas GA, Mariotto S, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Baihua MT, Baihua P, Burghardt GM, et al. Disentangling the Anacondas: Revealing a New Green Species and Rethinking Yellows. Diversity. 2024; 16(2):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020127
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivas, Jesús A., Paola De La Quintana, Marco Mancuso, Luis F. Pacheco, Gilson A. Rivas, Sandra Mariotto, David Salazar-Valenzuela, Marcelo Tepeña Baihua, Penti Baihua, Gordon M. Burghardt, and et al. 2024. "Disentangling the Anacondas: Revealing a New Green Species and Rethinking Yellows" Diversity 16, no. 2: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020127