How Elongated? The Pattern of Elongation of Cervical Centra of Elasmosaurus platyurus with Comments on Cervical Elongation Patterns among Plesiosauromorphs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Anatomical Abbreviations
1.2. Institutional Abbreviations
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.1.1. Indices
2.1.2. Retrodeformation
3. Results
3.1. Systematic Paleontology
- Sauropterygia Owen, 1860 [22]
- Plesiosauria de Blainville, 1835 [23]
- Elasmosauridae Cope, 1869 [13]
- Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope, 1868 [24]
3.2. Numeration and Order of Vertebrae
3.3. Taphonomic Distortion
3.4. Measures of Cervical Centra
3.5. Estimation of Retrodeformed B Values in Elasmosaurus platyurus
4. Discussion
4.1. Elongation Pattern of Elasmosaurus platyurus
4.2. Classification of Elasmosaurid Neck Elongation Pattern
4.3. Plesiosauromorph Neck Elongation Pattern
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- O’Keefe, F.R. The evolution of plesiosaur and pliosaur morphotypes in the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Paleobiology 2002, 28, 101–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sachs, S.; Kear, B.P.; Everhart, M.J. Revised vertebral count in the “longest-necked vertebrate” Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope 1868, and clarification of the cervical-dorsal transition in Plesiosauria. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e70877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M.T.; Henderson, D.M. Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2012, 32, 557–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Keefe, F.R.; Hiller, N. Morphologic and ontogenetic patterns in elasmosaur neck length, with comments on the taxonomic utility of neck length variables. Paludicola 2006, 5, 206–229. [Google Scholar]
- Otero, R.A. Taxonomic reassessment of Hydralmosaurus as Styxosaurus: New insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous. PeerJ 2016, 4, e1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Serratos, D.J.; Druckenmiller, P.; Benson, R.B. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2017, 37, e1278608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Welles, S.P. A New species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Colombia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Univ. California. Publ. Geol. Sci. 1962, 44, 1–96. [Google Scholar]
- Welles, S.P. A review of the North American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. University of California. Publ. Geol. Sci. 1952, 29, 47–144. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, D.S. The English upper Jurassic Pleisauroidea (Reptilia), and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geol. 1981, 35, 253–347. [Google Scholar]
- Gasparini, Z.; Martin, J.E.; Fernández, M. The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2003, 23, 104–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otero, R.A.; Soto-Acuña, S.; Rubilar-Rogers, D. A postcranial skeleton of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Maastrichtian of central Chile, with comments on the affinities of Late Cretaceous plesiosauroids from the Weddellian Biogeographic Province. Cretac. Res. 2012, 37, 89–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otero, R.A.; Soto-Acuña, S.; Salazar, C.; Oyarzún, J.L. New elasmosaurids (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of the Magallanes Basin, Chilean Patagonia: Evidence of a faunal turnover during the Maastrichtian along the Weddellian Biogeographic Province. Andean Geol. 2015, 42, 237–267. [Google Scholar]
- Cope, E.D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1869, 14, e252. [Google Scholar]
- Cope, E.D. The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous formations of the West. Rep. United States Geol. Surv. Territ. 1875, 2, 303. [Google Scholar]
- Welles, S.P. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with description of new material from California and Colorado. Mem. Univ. Calif. 1943, 13, 125–254. [Google Scholar]
- Sachs, S. Redescription of Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope 1868 (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) of Kansas, USA. Paludicola 2005, 5, 92–106. [Google Scholar]
- Cooper, R.A. Interpretation of tectonically deformed fossils. Nett Zealand J. Geol. Arid. Geophys. 1990, 33, 321–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Welles, S.P. A new elasmosaur from the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas. Part I. Systematic description. Fondren Sci. Ser. 1949, 1, 1. [Google Scholar]
- O’Gorman, J.P.; Salgado, L.; Olivero, E.B.; Marenssi, S.A. Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov.(Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower Maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2015, 35, e931285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gross, J.; Gross, M.J. Package ‘nortest’—Tests for Normality. R Package Version. 2009. Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nortest/nortest.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2019).
- R Core Team. R: Alanguage and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2013. Available online: http://www.r-project.org (accessed on 5 June 2022).
- Owen, R. On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time. Rep. Br. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1860, 29, 153–166. [Google Scholar]
- Blainville, H.M.D. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie, précédée de l’analyse d’un système général d’Erpétologie et d’Amphibiologie. Nouv. Ann. Muséum (Natl.) D’histoire Nat. Paris 1835, 3, 233–296. [Google Scholar]
- Cope, E.D. Remarks on a new enaliosaurian, Elasmosaurus platyurus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 20, 92–93. [Google Scholar]
- Fischer, V.; Zverkov, N.G.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Stenshin, I.M.; Blagovetshensky, I.V.; Uspensky, G.N. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaurian from the Early Cretaceous of Russia marks an early attempt at neck elongation. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2021, 1921, 1167–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benson, R.B.; Evans, M.; Druckenmiller, P.S. High diversity, low disparity and small body size in plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e31838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwermann, L.; Sander, P.M. Osteologie und Phylogenie von Westphaliasaurus simonsensii: Ein neuer Ples osauride (Sauropterygia) aus dem Unteren Jura (Pliensbachium) von Sommersell (Kreis Höxter) Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland. Geol. Paläont. Westf. 2011, 79, 1–60. [Google Scholar]
- Bardet, N.; Godefroit, P.; Sciau, J. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southern France. Palaeontology 1999, 42, 927–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owen, R. Monograph of the fossil reptilia of the Liassic formations. Part first. Sauropterygia. Monogr. Palaeontogr. Soc. 1865, 17, 1–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Großmann, F. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the Plesiosauroidea from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of South-West Germany. Palaeontology 2007, 50, 545–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, A.J.; Druckenmiller, P.S.; Cordonnier, B.; Delsett, L.L.; Hurum, J.H. A new plesiosaurian from the Jurassic–Cretaceous transitional interval of the Slottsmøya Member (Volgian), with insights into the cranial anatomy of cryptoclidids using computed tomography. PeerJ 2020, 8, e8652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knutsen, E.M.; Druckenmiller, P.S.; Hurum, J.H. Two new species of long-necked plesiosaurians (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Jurassic (Middle Volgian) Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen. Nor. J. Geol./Nor. Geol. Foren. 2012, 92, 187–212. [Google Scholar]
- Andrews, C.W. A Description Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Part I; British Museum: London, UK, 1910; pp. 1–205. [Google Scholar]
- Benson, R.B.J.; Bowdler, T. Anatomy of Colymbosaurus megadeirus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the UK, and high diversity among Late Jurassic plesiosauroids. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2014, 34, 1053–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knutsen, E.M.; Druckenmiller, P.S.; Jørn, H.H. A new plesiosauroid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Agardhfjellet Formation (middle Volgian) of central Spitsbergen, Norway. Nor. J. Geol. 2012, 92, 213–234. [Google Scholar]
- Berezin, A.Y. A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the Early Cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform. Paleontol. J. 2011, 45, 648–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Keefe, F.R.; Street, H.P. Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2009, 29, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, D.S.; Milner, A.C.; Taylor, M.A. New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1986, 40, 225–234. [Google Scholar]
- Roberts, A.J.; Druckenmiller, P.S.; Delsett, L.L.; Hurum, J.H. Osteology and relationships of Colymbosaurus Seeley, 1874, based on new material of C. svalbardensis from the Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2017, 37, e1278381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lomax, D.R.; Wahl, W.R. A new specimen of the elasmosaurid plesiosaur Zarafasaura oceanis from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Morocco. Paludicola 2013, 9, 97–109. [Google Scholar]
- Marx, M.P.; Mateus, O.; Polcyn, M.J.; Schulp, A.S.; Gonçalves, A.O.; Jacobs, L.L. The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0255773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, T. Description of Plesiosaurs (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Bearpaw Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian) and a Phylo-genetic Analysis of the Elasmosauridae. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2002; p. 391. [Google Scholar]
- Sato, T. Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2003, 23, 89–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Gorman, J.P. A small body sized non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with comments on the relationships of the Patagonian and Antarctic elasmosaurids. Ameghiniana 2016, 53, 245–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Gorman, J.P.; Carignano, A.P.; Calvo-Marcilese, L.; Panera, J.P.P. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretac. Res. 2023, 152, 105674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otero, R.A.; Soto-Acuña, S. Wunyelfia maulensis gen. et sp. nov.; a new basal aristonectine (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of central Chile. Cretac. Res. 2021, 118, 104651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruickshank, A.R.; Fordyce, R.E. A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: Further evidence for a Late Cretaceous austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Palaeontology 2002, 45, 557–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otero, R.A.; Soto-Acuña, S.; O’Keefe, F.R.; O’Gorman, J.P.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Suárez, M.E.; Rubilar-Rogers, D.; Salazar, C.; Quinzio-Sinn, L.A. Aristonectes quiriquinensis sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2014, 34, 100–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Gorman, J.P. New insights on the Aristonectes parvidens (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) holotype: News on an old specimen. Ameghiniana 2016, 53, 397–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sato, T.; Hasegawa, Y.; Manabe, M. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fukushima, Japan. Palaeontology 2006, 49, 467–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wintrich, T.; Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Sander, P.M. A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sachs, S.; Kear, B.P. Postcranium of the paradigm elasmosaurid plesiosaurian Libonectes morgani (Welles, 1949). Geol. Mag. 2015, 152, 694–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Range VLI | Average VLI | Other Features | Vertebra Type | |
---|---|---|---|---|
O’Keefe and Hiller, 2006 | ||||
Non-elongate group | 30 | ~100 | Cimoliasaurus-grade | |
Elongate Group | 60–100 | 125–138 | Some cervical VLI 150 to 200/erratic variation | Can-shape (some vertebrae) |
Otero et al., 2015 | ||||
Plesiomorphic/ Intermediate elasmosaurids | 99 | Cervical count~60 | Cimoliasaurus-grade | |
Extremely long-necked forms | 135 | Cervical count~72–76 | Can-shape | |
Aristonectine | 80 | Cervical count~43 | Aristonectine |
O’Keefe and Hiller, 2006 [4] | Otero et al., 2015 [12] |
---|---|
Non-elongate group | Plesiomorphic elasmosaurids/intermediate elasmosaurids |
Elongate group | Extreme long-necked elasmosaurids |
- | Aristonectinae |
Regression | r2 | Regression Line | p-Value | ac/ar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Styxosaurus sp. (complete) | 0.9919676 | y = 1.795x + 27.41 | <2.10−16 | 0.988 |
Styxosaurus sp. (reduced) | 0.9935 | y = 1.816x + 29.625 | <2.10−16 | |
Tuarangisaurus sp. (complete) | 0.9848 | y = 1.08x + 36.8 | <2.10−16 | 1.018 |
Tuarangisaurus sp. (reduced) | 0.9933 | y = 1.06x +35.30 | <2.10−16 | |
Vegasaurus molyi (complete) | 0.979 | y = 1.411x + 27.534 | <2.10−16 | 1.016 |
Vegasaurus molyi (reduced) | 0.9941 | y = 1.389x + 25.837 | <6.71.10−16 |
Regression | r2 | Regression Line | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Elasmosaurus platyurus (reduced) | 0.9828 | y = 1.46x + 34.61 | <2.20−16 |
Data Source | VLI Mean | VLI sta. Dev. | MAVLI | Max VLI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Welles, 1952, O’Keefe and Hiller, 2006 [4,8]. | 137.72 | 27.15 | 150 | 174 |
Sachs, 2005 [16]. | 136.07 | 22.73 | 143 | 175 |
New measures, this paper | 129.72 | 23.22 | 141 | 160 |
Estimated measures, this paper | 118.29 | 17.65 | 127 | 145 |
MAVLI | Max VLI | HI, BI Middle Cervical | |
---|---|---|---|
Non-elongated | MAVLI < 95 | ≤100 | HI~100; BI > 140 |
Elongated | 125 > MAVLI > 95 | 100 < max < 135 | HI~70–80; BI < 140 |
Extremely elongated | MAVLI > 125 | >135 | Some vertebrae HI < 65 |
Taxa | MAVLI | Max VLI | Mean HI/BI of Middle Cervicals |
---|---|---|---|
Neoplesiosauria | |||
Rhaeticosaurus mertensi | - | - | - |
Plesiosauroidea | |||
Eoplesiosaurus antiquior | - | - | - |
Plesiosauridae | |||
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus | 91 | 102 | HI = 103/BI = 79 |
Microcleididae | |||
Microcleidus tournemirensis | 129 | 143 | HI = 61/BI = 86 |
Microcleidus homalospondilus | - | - | - |
Seeleyosaurus guillelmiimperatoris | 100 | 111 | HI = 101/BI = 80 |
Cryptoclididae | |||
Ophthalmothule cryostea | 109 | 118 | HI = 77/BI = 93 |
Spitrasaurus wensaasi | 105 | 129 | HI = 67/BI = 87 |
Spitrasaurus larseni | - | 105? | - |
Muraenosaurus leedsi | 103 | 109? | HI = 99/BI = 83 |
Tricleidus seeleyi | 92 | 98 | HI = 100/BI = 80 |
Cryptoclidus eurymerus | ~85 | ~88 | - |
Colymbosaurus megadeirus | ~85 | ~94 | - |
Djupedalia engeri | 85 | 88 | HI = 70/BI = 95 |
Abyssosaurus nataliae | 87 | 98 | HI = 98/BI = 130 |
Picrocleidus beloclis | 102? | 106? | HI = 80/BI = 89 |
Tatenectes laramiensis | - | - | - |
Kimmerosaurus langhami | - | - | - |
Colymbosaurus svalbardensis | - | - | - |
Leptocleididae | |||
Brancasaurus brancai | 94 | 110 | HI = 96/BI = 95 |
Elasmosauridae | |||
Callawayasaurus colombiensis | ~96.3 | 107 | HI = 82/BI = 109 |
Jucha squalea | - | 124 | - |
Zarafasaura oceanis | - | - | - |
Euelasmosaurida | |||
Thalassomedon haningtoni | 108 | 135 | HI = 78/BI = 92 |
Libonectes morgani | 108 | 128 | HI = 67/BI = 101 |
Cardiocorax mukulu | - | - | - |
Elasmosaurinae | |||
Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae | 105 | 118 | HI = 91/BI = 102 |
Nakonanectes bradti * | 91 | 100 | HI = 88/BI = 134 |
Elasmosaurus platyurus (estimated) | 127 | 145 | HI = 65/HI = 87 |
Styxosaurus sp. (AMNH 5835) | 135 | 147 | HI = 63/BI = 89 |
Albertonectes vanderveldei * | 139 | 141 | HI = 66/BI = 79 |
Terminonatator ponteixensis | 129 | 151 | HI = 65/BI = 96 |
Weddellonectia | |||
Kawanectes lafquenianum | - | - | - |
Vegasaurus molyi | 97 | 108 | HI = 86/BI = 120 |
Morenosaurus stocki | - | - | - |
Futabasaurus suzukii | - | - | - |
Aristonectinae | |||
Wunyelfia maulensis | - | - | - |
Kaiwhekea katiki | - | - | - |
Aristonectes quiriquinensis * | - | ~87 | - |
Aristonectes parvidens * | ~79 | ~88 | - |
Taxa | Neck Elongation | Data Source |
---|---|---|
Neoplesiosauria | ||
Rhaeticosaurus mertensi | Non-elongated | [7] |
Plesiosauroidea | ||
Eoplesiosaurus antiquior | Non-elongated? | [26] |
Plesiosauridae | ||
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus | Non-elongated | [27] |
Microcleididae | ||
Microcleidus tournemirensis | Extremely elongated | [28] |
Microcleidus homalospondilus | Elongated? | [29]: table V |
Westphalisaurus simonsensii | Elongated? | [13] |
Seeleyosaurus guillelmiimperatoris | Elongated? | [30] |
Cryptoclididae | ||
Ophthalmothule cryostea | Elongated | [31] |
Spitrasaurus wensaasi | Elongated | [32] |
Tricleidus seeleyi | Non-elongated | [33] |
Cryptoclidus eurymerus | Non-elongated | [9] |
Colymbosaurus megadeirus | Non-elongated | [34] |
Djupedalia engeri | Non-elongated | [35] |
Spitrasaurus larseni | Non-elongated | [32] |
Abyssosaurus nataliae | Non-elongated | [36] |
Picrocleidus beloclis | Non-elongated | [33] |
Tatenectes laramiensis | Non-elongated | [37] |
Kimmerosaurus langhami | Non-elongated | [38] |
Colymbosaurus sp. | Non-elongated | [39] |
Leptocleididae | ||
Brancasaurus brancai | Non-elongated | [4] |
Elasmosauridae | ||
Callawayasaurus colombiensis | Elongated | [7] |
Jucha squalea | Elongated | [25] |
Zarafasaura oceanis | Non-elongated | [40] |
Euelasmosaurida | ||
Thalassomedon hanintoni | Elongated | [15] |
Libonectes morgani | Elongated | [18] |
Cardiocorax mukulu | Non-elongated | [41] |
Elasmosaurinae | ||
Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae | Elongated | [15] |
Nakonanectes bradti | Non-elongated | [6] |
Elasmosaurus platyurus | Extremely elongated | [8] |
Styxosaurus sp. | Extremely elongated | [8] |
Albertonectes vanderveldei | Extremely elongated | [3] |
Terminonatator ponteixensis | Extremely elongated | [42,43] |
Weddellonectia | ||
Kawanectes lafquenianum | Elongated | [44] |
Vegasaurus molyi | Elongated | [19] |
Chubutinectes carmeloi | Elongated? | [45] |
Aristonectinae | ||
Wunyelfia maulensis | Non-elongated | [46] |
Kaiwhekea katiki | Non-elongated | [47] |
Aristonectes quiriquinensis | Non-elongated | [48] |
Aristonectes parvidens | Non-elongated | [49] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
O’Gorman, J.P. How Elongated? The Pattern of Elongation of Cervical Centra of Elasmosaurus platyurus with Comments on Cervical Elongation Patterns among Plesiosauromorphs. Diversity 2024, 16, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020106
O’Gorman JP. How Elongated? The Pattern of Elongation of Cervical Centra of Elasmosaurus platyurus with Comments on Cervical Elongation Patterns among Plesiosauromorphs. Diversity. 2024; 16(2):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020106
Chicago/Turabian StyleO’Gorman, José Patricio. 2024. "How Elongated? The Pattern of Elongation of Cervical Centra of Elasmosaurus platyurus with Comments on Cervical Elongation Patterns among Plesiosauromorphs" Diversity 16, no. 2: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020106