The Expanding Role of DNA Barcodes: Indispensable Tools for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Accurate and Reliable Identification of Species in Taxonomy, Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation
1.2. Generating, Applying, and Sharing DNA Barcodes
1.2.1. Sequencing Technology
1.2.2. Novel Computational Resources and Software
1.2.3. National and International Sequencing Consortia
1.2.4. Building the Plant DNA Barcode Library
1.3. The Purpose and Structure of This Review
2. Current Applications
2.1. Improving Taxonomy and Species Identification
2.1.1. Defining Species Boundaries
2.1.2. Regional Biodiversity Assessments
2.2. Quantify Species Diversity
2.2.1. Species Richness and Phylogenetic Diversity
2.2.2. BCI as an Exemplar Tropical Field Site for DNA Barcoding
2.3. Determining Community Structure and Species Interactions
2.3.1. Community Evolution and Assembly
2.3.2. Herbivory and Food Webs
2.3.3. Symbiotic Relationships and Plant-Pollinator Interactions
2.4. Protecting Species
2.4.1. Forensics and Monitoring Traffic in Endangered Plants
2.4.2. Tracking Biological Invasions
2.4.3. Conservation Assessment
3. Looking Forward: The Expanding Technological Spectrum of DNA Barcodes
3.1. Metabarcoding
3.2. Super- and Ultrabarcoding
3.3. Macrogenetics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon | Barcode Sequences Available 1 | |
---|---|---|
Animals | 11,607,692 | |
Acanthocephala | 2302 | |
Acoelomorpha | 20 | |
Annelida | 112,010 | |
Arthropoda | 11,486,730 | |
Brachiopoda | 326 | |
Bryozoa | 4529 | |
Chaetognatha | 1775 | |
Chordata | 877,866 | |
Cnidaria | 32,680 | |
Ctenophora | 649 | |
Echinodermata | 326 | |
Entoprocta | 76 | |
Gastrotricha | 1351 | |
Gnathostomulida | 24 | |
Hemichordata | 263 | |
Kinorhyncha | 720 | |
Mollusca | 258,885 | |
Nematoda | 36,513 | |
Nematomorpha | 408 | |
Nemertea | 6443 | |
Onychophora | 1394 | |
Phoronida | 172 | |
Placozoa | 20 | |
Platyhelminthes | 41,262 | |
Porifera | 9668 | |
Priapulida | 151 | |
Rhombozoa | 48 | |
Rotifera | 13,758 | |
Sipuncula | 1367 | |
Tardigrada | 3175 | |
Xenacoelomorpha | 18 | |
Fungi | 178,231 | |
Ascomycota | 99,779 | |
Basidiomycota | 71,120 | |
Chytridiomycota | 293 | |
Glomeromycota | 3529 | |
Myxomycota | 235 | |
Zygomycota | 3275 | |
Plants | 572,154 | |
Bryophyta | 22,675 | |
Chlorophyta | 18,286 | |
Lycopodiophyta | 1338 | |
Magnoliophyta | 454,329 | |
Pinophyta | 7661 | |
Pteridophyta | 11,671 | |
Rhodophyta | 56,194 | |
Protists | 10,463 | |
Chlorarachniophyta | 67 | |
Ciliophora | 819 | |
Heterokontophyta | 7238 | |
Pyrrophycophyta | 2339 | |
Total | 12,368,540 |
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Gostel, M.R.; Kress, W.J. The Expanding Role of DNA Barcodes: Indispensable Tools for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Diversity 2022, 14, 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030213
Gostel MR, Kress WJ. The Expanding Role of DNA Barcodes: Indispensable Tools for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Diversity. 2022; 14(3):213. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030213
Chicago/Turabian StyleGostel, Morgan R., and W. John Kress. 2022. "The Expanding Role of DNA Barcodes: Indispensable Tools for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation" Diversity 14, no. 3: 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030213