Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vibrio as an Heterotroph—Free Living Way of Life
3. Vibrio spp. Associated with Micro- and Macroalgae
4. Vibrio spp. Associated with Zooplankton and Animals
5. Symbiotic Members of Vibrionaceae
6. Vibrio spp. as Human Pathogens
7. Antibiotic Susceptibility in Vibrio spp.
8. Risks Related to Vibrio spp.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vibrio Species | Environments | Hosts | Pathology |
---|---|---|---|
V. alginolyticus1 | seawater, human, seafood | human | wound, ear/eye and soft tissue infections |
V. anguillarum | seawater, marine animals | salmon, bivalves | vibriosis, septicemic disease |
V. carchariae | seawater, shark | shark?, human (shark bite) | human (shark bite) |
V. cholerae1 | fresh and brackish waters, invertebrates, algae, aquatic animals | human | cholera: dehydration and electrolyte loss |
V. corallilyticus2 | coral | zooxanthellae | coral bleaching |
V. damsela3 | seawater, fish | fish, human | wound infections |
V. fluvialis | water, oyster | human | diarrhea, gastroenteritis |
V. furnissii | estuarine water | human | acute gastroenteritis (rare in clinic) |
V. harveyi | seawater | shrimp, invertebrates, human | vibriosis |
V. hollisae | water, seafood | human | diarrhea |
V. mediterranei | seawater, coral endosymbiont | zooxanthellae | coral bleaching |
V. metschnikovii | fresh, brackish, marine waters, seafood | human (rarely) | wound infections? |
V. mimicus | water, seafood, birds | human | diarrhea |
V. parahaemolyticuss1 | seafood | human | acute gastroenteritis |
V. salmonicida4 | seawater, marine fishes | salmon, rainbow trout | cold-water vibriosis |
V. shiloi | coral endosymbiont | zooxanthellae | coral bleaching |
V. symbiont | pufferfish | toxic to humans and animals | |
V. tubiashi | seawater, marine mollusks | Pacific oysters, bivalves | vibriosis |
V. vulnificus1 | estuarine and seawaters, seafood, sediment | human | fulminant septicemia, wound infections |
Niche | Density | Method | Vibrio spp. Prevalence (%) | Country [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Port areas Ballast tanks Coastal waters | 1–4.4 × 103 UFC/mL 1–4.3 × 102 UFC/mL 2–1.6 × 103 UFC/mL | PCR-m | Vc (24); Vc O1 (ctxAC, tcpAC) Vc O1 (ctxAC, tcpAC) | Brazil [36] |
FW BW | Not presented | MPN-PCR | Vc (34), Vm (19) Vp (51), Va (46), Vm (28) | South Africa [23] |
TW Mud (M) | 1.4 × 101–5.0 × 104 MPN/mL 2.1 × 102–2.7 × 102 MPN/mL | Culture | Va, Vp Va (46), Vp, Vc, Vv | South Korea [37] |
SW | 5 × 102–3.4 × 104 cells/mL | FISH | Vibrio spp. | Germany, North Sea [34] |
EW S | 0–8.4 × 102 UFC/mL * 0–2.9 × 103 UFC/g * | Culture and PCR | Va and Vp (all year), Vv (summer), Vc (very low) | Germany, North Sea [35] |
SW Lagoon | 0–log6.4 gene copies/100 mL * 0–log8.32 gene copies/100 mL * | Culture and real time PCR | Vv (14.9, July–September), Vc (33.6, June–September), Van (2.5, May and June), Vf (1.5, July) | Lithuania, Baltic Sea [38] |
SW FW | Not presented | Culture | Vv (41), Vp (33), Va (15), Vn (4), and Vh (0.7) non-01 Vc (80), 01 Vc (13.1), Vm (2.6) | Iran, Caspian Sea [39] |
SW | 0–1.2 × 105/L * | MPN-PCR | Vc, Vp, Vv | Guinea-Bissau [40] |
EW | 2.3 × 105–2.4 × 1012 MPN/100 mL | MPN | 15 Vibrio spp.; Vp (16), Vc (14.5), Va (13) | Brazil [41] |
Physiologic Characteristics | V. cholerae | V. parahaemolyticus | V. vulnificus |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature range (°C) | * 10–43 | 5–43 | 8–43 |
Optimum temperature (°C) | 30–37 | 37 | 37 |
Inactivation temperature (°C) | >70 | >63 | >50 |
pH range | 5–9.7 | 5–11 | 5–10 |
Optimum pH | 7.6 | 7.5–8.5 | 7.8 |
Minimum water activity (aw) | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.96 |
NaCl (%) | <4.0 | 0.5–8.0 | 0.5–5.0 |
Salinity (PSU) | 0–20 | 5–30 | 8–16 |
Vibrio sp. | Gender | Age (Years) | Cause and Context | Symptoms | Country [Ref.] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
V. alginolyticus | male male | 69 37 | Rectum adenocarcinoma receiving chemotherapy Pretibial ulcer exposed to the Mediterranean Sea | Watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, no fever, lactic acidosis. Enterocolitis, septic shock Wound uncured | Spain [143] |
V. cholera (non-O1 and non-O139) | male | 37 | Non-travel hepatitis C cirrhotic patient; shrimp consumption | Fever, abdominal pain, watery profuse diarrhea and dehydration | Portugal [144] |
V. cholera (strain not mentioned) | female | 70 | Ovarian carcinoma (stage IIIC) receiving chemotherapy; shrimp consumption | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Pancytopenia, lactic acidosis, hypotension, oral/nasal hemorrhage, coagulopathy. Death | USA [145] |
V. cholera (O100, virulence genes hapA, hlyA, and ompU) | male | 27 | A water skiing accident on a river in Australia | Chronic periodic earaches along purulent exudate, otitis | Israel [146] |
V. cholera (non-O1) | male | 59 | Fisherman struck in the right eye by a marine shrimp developed keratitis | Right eye pain, redness, tearing and photophobia, corneal ulcer | Taiwan [147] |
V. cholera (non-O1) | male | 27 | Immunocompetent patient; denied exposure to marine water, marine animals and eating raw seafood; tap water and well water contaminated | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, chills and dysuria. Afebrile, stable vital signs; mild lower abdominal tenderness. Urinary tract infection | Lebanon [142] |
V. harvey | male | 26 | Wound infection following a traumatic leg amputation during snorkeling | Fever, putrid infection and necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and the muscles | Spain [148] |
V. harvey and P. damselae | male | 75 | Fishing at a southern Sydney beach. Not recall any hand trauma. Treated for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia | Enlarging, painful hemorrhagic blister on his right hand | Australia [149] |
V. metschnikovii | male | 78 | Previous gastroenteritis after shrimp consumption | Pain, swelling and redness of his left dorsalis pedis, fever mental confusion, severe septic shock and cardiac arrest. Need of mechanical ventilation | Denmark [150] |
V. metschnikovii | male | 70 | Heart failure, atherosclerosis, vascular prosthesis, chronic gastric ulcer and kidney disease, gastrointestinal bleeding | Intestinal bleeding, pseudoaneurysm of aorto-bifemoral graft and aorto- small intestine fistula formation; hospital-acquired bilateral pneumonia; post-chirurgical infection | Ukraine [151] |
V. parahaemolyticus | male | 85 | Severe valvular and ischemic-hypertensive cardiopathy, slight chronic renal failure and chronic venous leg ulcers; sea beach holiday in Italy. Chronic hepatitis B (undiagnosed) | Pain, limb cellulitis originating from leg ulcers, hypotension, acute renal failure, septicemia and septic shock | Switzerland [152] |
V. vulnificus | male | 39 | Immunosuppressive therapy, admitted to the hospital for liver transplantation | Fever, myalgia, anuria and erythematous plaques on lower limbs, dyspnea and respiratory distress. Death | Brazil [153] |
V. vulnificus | male | 46 | History of a remote Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; ingestion of raw oysters | Distress, leg soft tissue necrosis, multi-organ failure, mechanical ventilation, disseminated intra-vascular coagulopathy, large ischemic stroke. Death | USA [154] |
V. vulnificus | male | 31 | Chronic liver disease—cirrhosis; leg tattoo exposure to seawater, Gulf of Mexico | Fever, erythema in tattoo area and in legs, cellulitis, septic shock. Death | USA [155] |
P. damselae * | male | 65 | Trauma in right arm during fish cleaning; arterial venous fistula due blood dialysis | Pain and edema in the arm, necrotizing fasciitis | Portugal [156] |
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Sampaio, A.; Silva, V.; Poeta, P.; Aonofriesei, F. Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment. Diversity 2022, 14, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020097
Sampaio A, Silva V, Poeta P, Aonofriesei F. Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment. Diversity. 2022; 14(2):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020097
Chicago/Turabian StyleSampaio, Ana, Vanessa Silva, Patrícia Poeta, and Florin Aonofriesei. 2022. "Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment" Diversity 14, no. 2: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020097