Ecological Distribution Patterns and Indicator Species Analysis of Climber Plants in Changa Manga Forest Plantation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study site
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Soil Analysis
2.4. Indicator Species Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Taxonomic Diversity and Flowering Phenology
3.2. Cluster Analysis
3.2.1. Group 1
3.2.2. Group 2
3.2.3. Group 3
3.2.4. Group 4
3.3. Indicator Species Analysis
3.4. Edaphic Parameters and Climber Distribution
3.5. Canonical Correspondence Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Species Code | Climber Type | Climbing Mode | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IndVal (%) | p-Value | IndVal (%) | p-Value | IndVal (%) | p-Value | IndVal (%) | p-Value | ||||
Blyttia spiralis (Forssk.) D.V. Field & J.R.I. Wood | Blyt.spi | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 14.77 | p < 0.1 |
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. | Camp.radi | Woody Climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.37 | 0.33 | 2.46 | 0.32 |
Cissampelos pareira L. | Ciss.car | Herbaceous climber | Tendril | 26.7 | p < 0.05 | 1.59 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cissus carnosa Lam. | Ciss.par | Woody Climber | Tendril | 6.2 | 0.22 | 6.54 | 0.22 | 0 | 1 | 0.56 | 0.54 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt | Cocc.gran | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0.28 | 0.55 | 1.29 | 0.36 | 4.71 | 0.26 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. Theob. | Cocc.hir | Woody Climber | Scrambler | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.49 | 0.23 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | Conv.arv | Herbaceous climber | Scrambler | 8.22 | 0.16 | 2.7 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo | Cucu.mel | Herbaceous climber | Scrambler | 18.33 | p < 0.05 | 4.03 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 2.46 | 0.32 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. | Cusc.ref | Parasite climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 2.65 | 0.26 |
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann | Doli.ung | Woody Climber | Tendril | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 2.35 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 |
Galium aparine L | Gali.apa | Herbaceous climber | Scrambler | 2.59 | 0.33 | 20.15 | p < 0.05 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. | Ipom.aqu | Herbaceous climber | Scrambler | 0 | 1 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet | Ipom.cai | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0 | 1 | 6.06 | 0.19 | 0.94 | 0.39 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth | Ipom.nil | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0.72 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 1.34 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth | Ipom.pur | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0.22 | 0.56 | 30.3 | p < 0.05 | 0 | 1 |
Lantana camara L. | Lant.cam | Climbing shrub | Scrambler | 6.78 | 0.20 | 7.3 | 0.19 | 0 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.56 |
Lathyrus aphaca L. | Lath.aph | Herbaceous climber | Tendril | 11.26 | p < 0.1 | 9.35 | p < 0.1 | 2.02 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. | Merr.aeg | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7.071 | p < 0.1 | 0 | 1 |
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. | Merr.dis | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.38 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f. | Merr.hed | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.37 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. | Muki.mad | Herbaceous climber | Tendril | 0.43 | 0.53 | 11.03 | p < 0.1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.45 |
Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm. | Oxys.esc | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.62 | 0 | 1 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock | Pent.cap | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6.06 | 0.20 | 12.88 | 0.13 |
Pentatropis nivalis (J.F. Gmel.) D.V. Field & J.R.I. Wood | Pent.nav | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6.06 | 0.20 | 17.05 | p < 0.05 |
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. | Perg.dae | Herbaceous climber | Twiner | 3.75 | 0.26 | 1.21 | 0.40 | 1.34 | 0.46 | 12.5 | 0.16 |
Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib | Telo.pal | Woody Climber | Twiner | 10.1 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.66 | 0 | 1 | 11.17 | 0.18 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. | Tino.sin | Woody Climber | Twiner | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. | Tric.dio | Herbaceous climber | Tendril | 2.74 | 0.29 | 13.99 | p < 0.1 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 0.94 | 0.40 |
Vicia sativa L. | Vici.sa | Herbaceous climber | Tendril | 0 | 1 | 18.4 | p < 0.1 | 16.5 | p < 0.1 | 0 | 1 |
Soil Characteristics | Variable Name | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | H-Values | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Soil Texture | 1. Sand | 54.96 ± 1.25 | 36.38 ± 1.91 | 25.25 ± 0.95 | 28.62 ± 0.71 | 10.872 | 0.004 ** |
2. Silt | 32.79 ± 0.79 | 37.39 ± 0.70 | 45.31 ± 2.61 | 46.78 ± 1.93 | 11.483 | 0.005 ** | |
3. Clay | 15.25 ± 0.56 | 26.22 ± 1.31 | 28 ± 3.45 | 26.4 ± 1.23 | 12.972 | 0.003 ** | |
2. Nutrients | 1. SOM | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.71 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 4.597 | 0.223 |
2. Nitrogen | 0.28 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 2.348 | 0.075 | |
3. K | 267.67 ± 26.7 | 294.87 ± 32.1 | 285.94 ± 48.3 | 383.79 ± 41.7 | 7.648 | 0.051 * | |
4. P | 3.21 ± 0.6 | 3.01 ± 0.5 | 2.37 ± 1.03 | 2.67 ± 0.5 | 5.476 | 0.136 | |
3. Chemical Properties | 1. Moisture | 15.31 ± 3.21 | 18.36 ± 1.95 | 12.92 ± 3.34 | 15.49 ± 6.5 | 7.459 | 0.051 * |
2. pH | 6.79 ± 0.19 | 7.02 ± 0.15 | 6.96 ± 0.25 | 6.57±0.13 | 2.195 | 0.532 | |
3. EC | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 0.94 ± 0.04 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 2.402 | 0.523 |
Axes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total Inertia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues: | 0.67 | 0.2 | 0.131 | 0.08 | 7.343 |
Species–environment correlations: | 0.922 | 0.664 | 0.581 | 0.426 | |
Cumulative % variance of species data | 9.1 | 11.8 | 13.6 | 14.7 | |
Cumulative % variance of species-environment relation | 56.8 | 73.7 | 84.9 | 91.7 | |
Summary of Monte Carlo test | |||||
Test of significance of first canonical axis | Test of significance of all canonical axes | ||||
Eigen value = 0.67 | Trace = 1.180 | ||||
F-ratio = 5.322 | F-ratio = 1.691 | ||||
p-value = 0.0020 | p-value = 0.0020 |
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Waheed, M.; Haq, S.M.; Fatima, K.; Arshad, F.; Bussmann, R.W.; Masood, F.R.; Alataway, A.; Z. Dewidar, A.; F. Almutairi, K.; Elansary, H.O.; et al. Ecological Distribution Patterns and Indicator Species Analysis of Climber Plants in Changa Manga Forest Plantation. Diversity 2022, 14, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110988
Waheed M, Haq SM, Fatima K, Arshad F, Bussmann RW, Masood FR, Alataway A, Z. Dewidar A, F. Almutairi K, Elansary HO, et al. Ecological Distribution Patterns and Indicator Species Analysis of Climber Plants in Changa Manga Forest Plantation. Diversity. 2022; 14(11):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110988
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaheed, Muhammad, Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Kaniz Fatima, Fahim Arshad, Rainer W. Bussmann, Farhat Rass Masood, Abed Alataway, Ahmed Z. Dewidar, Khalid F. Almutairi, Hosam O. Elansary, and et al. 2022. "Ecological Distribution Patterns and Indicator Species Analysis of Climber Plants in Changa Manga Forest Plantation" Diversity 14, no. 11: 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110988