Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Proteins Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Hormone | Regulation of IDP/IDR Function in Stress Responses | Stressor Types | References |
---|---|---|---|
ABA | The expression of many LEA genes in plants is closely regulated by ABA and the corresponding signalling pathways. The promoter regions of LEA genes bear ABREs and CRTs, which can be recognized by various transcription factors such as ABI3, ABI5, ABFs, and CBPs during drought, salinity, and cold stress. | Abiotic stress | [43,44] |
ABA | Rice RePRP is induced by water deficit and ABA in the root elongation zone and is sufficient and necessary for repression of root development by water deficit or ABA. | Abiotic stress | [64] |
ABA, BR | Rice REM4.1 is transcriptionally upregulated by ABA and inhibits the formation and activation of a BR receptor kinase (BRI1-SERK1) complex, serving as a link between the ABA and BR signalling pathways. | Abiotic stress | [65] |
SA | The major defence hormone SA triggers AtREM1.2/1.3-dependent membrane lipid nanodomain assembly, leading to plasmodesmata closure to impede virus spreading. | Biotic stress | [66] |
SA | SA rapidly triggers the formation of nuclear GBPL3 condensates, which reprogram gene expression for disease resistance. | Biotic stress | [67] |
SA | SA induces NPR1 condensates in cytoplasm to sequester and degrade stress proteins involved in cell death, promoting cell survival during the immune response. | Biotic stress | [30] |
SA | SA induces massive formation of HEM1 condensates to restrict the availability of translation components and prevent immune gene translation during ETI. | Biotic stress | [32] |
3. Molecular Shielding for Enzyme Protection
4. Disorder-to-Order Transition for Membrane Interaction
5. Interactions around the Membrane
6. Metal Ion Binding Induced Folding of Stress-Tolerant ASR Proteins
7. Ectopic IDP Expression Confers Stress Tolerance in Yeast and Bacteria
8. Roles of LLPS in Plant Stress Responses
9. IDPs Interacting with the Cytoskeleton for Stress Adaptation
10. Conclusions and Perspectives
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species | Finding | Topics | References |
---|---|---|---|
Rice (Oryza sativa) | Identification of 34 rice LEA genes and their transcript analysis under untreated, abscisic acid, osmotic, and salinity stress conditions. | Genomics | [38] |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) | Identification of 60 tomato LEA genes and their transcription and expression patterns in various tissues and under abiotic stress and phytohormone treatments. Duplication event in evolution of the LEA family. | Genomics | [39,41] |
Characteristics of the LEA proteins including disorder tendency and localization. | Proteomics | [41] | |
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) | Identification of 51 Arabidopsis LEA genes and their transcription patterns at different developmental stages, in different plant organs, and under different stress and hormone treatments. Respective promoter elements induced by abiotic stress. | Genomics | [40] |
Classification of Arabidopsis LEA proteins and their subcellular localization. | Cell biology | [60] | |
60 plant species ranging from green algae to angiosperms | Comprehensive synteny and phylogenetic analyses of LEA genes across 60 complete plant genomes showed their evolution and diversification. | Genomics | [42] |
Orchid (Dendrobium officinale) | Identification of Dendrobium officinale LEA genes and their expression patterns under abiotic stress treatments. Classification of DfLEA proteins and their predicted subcellular localization. | Genomics | [61] |
Xerophyta schlechteri | Enzyme protection function of XsLEA proteins under stressful conditions. Expression of XsLEAs increased abiotic stress tolerance in E. coli and Arabidopsis. | Stress physiology | [57] |
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) | Expression of Medicago sativa MsLEA-D34 increased plant tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses and caused Arabidopsis early flowering under drought and well-watered conditions. | Stress physiology | [58] |
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) | Expression of Cynodon dactylon CdDHN4-L and CdDHN4-S increased salt tolerance in Arabidopsis, enzyme protection function, and disordered character. | Stress physiology | [59] |
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) | A comparison of dehydrins in common wheat, durum wheat and barley in the context of expression patterns at transcript and protein levels and their possible functions when exposed to various abiotic stress factors. | Stress physiology | [15] |
Various | A summary of structural characterization of plant LEA proteins and their binding modes. | Structural biology | [22] |
Various | A summary of plant LEA proteins from characterization to their functions in stress responses. | Stress physiology | [35] |
Various | A summary of LEA functions during seed maturation and seed desiccation tolerance. | Stress physiology | [36] |
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) | A discussion of LEA functions in stabilizing membranes or sensitive enzymes during dehydration. | Stress physiology | [37] |
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Hsiao, A.-S. Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021178
Hsiao A-S. Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(2):1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021178
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsiao, An-Shan. 2024. "Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2: 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021178