Native and Alien Antarctic Grasses as a Habitat for Fungi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Fungal Diversity in Antarctic Grasses and the Rhizosphere Soil
2.2. Fungi Identified to the Species Level from Grass Roots and Their Characteristics
2.3. Cultivable Fungi Inhabiting Grasses in Antarctica and Their Hydrolytic Activity
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Sites and Sampling
4.2. DNA Extraction, ITS1 Amplicon Library Preparation, and Sequencing
4.3. Cultivation of Fungi from Roots and Soil and DNA Extraction
4.4. Screening for Phosphate Solubilization Ability
4.5. Evaluation of Proteolytic Activity of Fungi
4.6. Screening for Chitinase, Xylanase, Amylase, Cellulase, and Pectinase Activity
4.7. Data Curation and Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Species | Phylum | Characteristics | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
D. antarctica roots | |||
Helgardia anguioides-like (Oculimacula) | Ascomycota | causes eyespot disease of wheat | [16,17] |
Herpotrichia juniperi | Ascomycota | causal agent of brown felt blight of conifers | [18] |
Sporobolomyces roseus | Basidiomycota | synthesizes carotenoids and mycosporines to absorb UV radiation; secretes antimicrobial protein | [19] |
Ophiosphaerella sp. | Ascomycota | grass pathogen | [20] |
P. annua roots | |||
Mortierella antarctica-like | Mortierellomycota | promotes winter wheat seedling growth | [21] |
Microdochium phragmitis | Ascomycota | endophyte colonizing roots of common reed | [22] |
Ophiosphaerella sp. | Ascomycota | causes spring dead spot of bermudagrass | [23] |
Soil—Ecology Glacier foreland | |||
Cladosporium herbarum | Ascomycota | source of antimicrobial compounds; effective in bioremediation of perfluorochemicals | [24,25] |
Botrytis cinerea | Ascomycota | cosmopolitan broad host-range plant pathogen | [26] |
Mrakia robertii | Basidiomycota | producer of cold-tolerant enzymes | [27] |
Leucosporidium sp. Camptobasidium gelus | Basidiomycota | Leucosporidium sp.—yeast from Antarctic marine sponge, can biocontrol B. cinerea infection Camptobasidium gelus-yeast found in Svalbard and Greenland glacial | [28,29,30] |
Leucosporidiales sp. | Basidiomycota | ||
Soil—Arctowski Station 2 | |||
Mortierella fimbricystis | Mortierellomycota | tolerates low pH, low temperature, high concentration of metals, and low organic matter | [31] |
Oidiodendron truncatum | Ascomycota | producer of antifungal metabolites | [32,33] |
Pseudoeurotium sp. | Ascomycota | candidate for bioremediation of polluted soil | [24] |
Pseudoeurotium sp. | Ascomycota | candidate for bioremediation of polluted soil | [24] |
Linnemannia hialina (Mortierella hyalina) | Mortierellomycota | identified in iron ore mine as heavy metal-tolerating | [34] |
Cladosporium tenuissimum | Ascomycota | candidate for bioremediation of polluted soil | [24] |
Site | Geographical Coordinates | Distance to the Sea | Sample ID | Landform and Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arctowski Station 1 | 62°09′35″ S 58°28′26″ W | 120 m | S1, D1, P1 | Scientific station area; soil mechanically altered by human activities; Skeletic Eutric Fluvisol (Turbic). The site is strongly influenced by marine aerosols; it is moist and located further from sources of nutrients, with large human influence. |
Arctowski Station 2 | 62°09′33″ S 58°28′25″ W | 100 m | S2, D2, P2 | Scientific station area; soil mechanically altered by human activities; Skeletic Eutric Fluvisol (Turbic). The site is strongly influenced by marine aerosols; it is moist and close to animal breeding colonies, with large human influence, especially related to using heavy vehicles. |
Ecology Glacier foreland | 62°10′05″ S 58°27′46″ W | 20 m | S3, D3, P3 | Fluted moraine; Eutric Skeletic Protic Regosol (Turbic). Dry site, sheltered from sources of nutrients, with little influence of marine aerosols. |
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Piłsyk, S.; Perlińska-Lenart, U.; Janik, A.; Skalmowska, P.; Znój, A.; Gawor, J.; Grzesiak, J.; Kruszewska, J.S. Native and Alien Antarctic Grasses as a Habitat for Fungi. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158475
Piłsyk S, Perlińska-Lenart U, Janik A, Skalmowska P, Znój A, Gawor J, Grzesiak J, Kruszewska JS. Native and Alien Antarctic Grasses as a Habitat for Fungi. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158475
Chicago/Turabian StylePiłsyk, Sebastian, Urszula Perlińska-Lenart, Anna Janik, Patrycja Skalmowska, Anna Znój, Jan Gawor, Jakub Grzesiak, and Joanna S. Kruszewska. 2024. "Native and Alien Antarctic Grasses as a Habitat for Fungi" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158475