International Journal of Molecular Sciences

12 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Preliminary Study

by Marta Simone, Andrea De Giacomo, Roberto Palumbi, Claudia Palazzo, Giuseppe Lucisano, Francesco Pompamea, Stefania Micella, Mara Pascali, Alessandra Gabellone, Lucia Marzulli, Paola Giordano, Concetta Domenica Gargano, Lucia Margari, Antonio Frigeri and Maddalena Ruggieri

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033057 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by a multifactorial etiology based on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence supports the neurobiological hypothesis based on neuroinflammation theory. To date, there are no sufficiently validated [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by a multifactorial etiology based on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence supports the neurobiological hypothesis based on neuroinflammation theory. To date, there are no sufficiently validated diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for ASD. Therefore, we decided to investigate the potential diagnostic role for ASD of two biomarkers well known for other neurological inflammatory conditions: the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neurofilament (Nfl). Nfl and GFAP serum levels were analyzed using SiMoA technology in a group of ASD patients and in a healthy control group (CTRS), age- and gender-matched. Then we investigated the distribution, frequency, and correlation between serum Nfl and GFAP levels and clinical data among the ASD group. The comparison of Nfl and GFAP serum levels between ASD children and the control group showed a mean value of these two markers significantly higher in the ASD group (sNfL mean value ASD pt 6.86 pg/mL median value ASD pt 5.7 pg/mL; mean value CTRS 3.55 pg/mL; median value CTRS 3.1 pg; GFAP mean value ASD pt 205.7 pg/mL median value ASD pt 155.4 pg/mL; mean value CTRS 77.12 pg/mL; median value CTRS 63.94 pg/mL). Interestingly, we also found a statistically significant positive correlation between GFAP levels and hyperactivity symptoms (p-value <0.001). Further investigations using larger groups are necessary to confirm our data and to verify in more depth the potential correlation between these biomarkers and ASD clinical features, such as the severity of the core symptoms, the presence of associated symptoms, and/or the evaluation of a therapeutic intervention. However, these data not only might shed a light on the neurobiology of ASD, supporting the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration hypothesis, but they also might support the use of these biomarkers in the early diagnosis of ASD, to longitudinally monitor the disease activity, and even more as future prognostic biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Molecular Mechanism to Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder)

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19 pages, 13629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the East Asian Clematis Group, Sect. Tubulosae, Inferred from Phylogenomic Data

by Rudan Lyu, Jiamin Xiao, Mingyang Li, Yike Luo, Jian He, Jin Cheng and Lei Xie

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033056 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2748

Abstract

The evolutionary history of Clematis section Tubulosae, an East Asian endemic lineage, has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny of this section with a complete sampling using a phylogenomic approach. The genome skimming method was applied to [...] Read more.

The evolutionary history of Clematis section Tubulosae, an East Asian endemic lineage, has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny of this section with a complete sampling using a phylogenomic approach. The genome skimming method was applied to obtain the complete plastome sequence, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), and the nuclear SNPs data for phylogenetic reconstruction. Using a Bayesian molecular clock approach and ancestral range reconstruction, we reconstruct biogeographical history and discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that may have shaped the distribution patterns of the section. Both nuclear datasets better resolved the phylogeny of the sect. Tubulosae than the plastome sequence. Sect. Tubulosae was resolved as a monophyletic group sister to a clade mainly containing species from the sect. Clematis and sect. Aspidanthera. Within sect. Tubulosae, two major clades were resolved by both nuclear datasets. Two continental taxa, C. heracleifolia and C. tubulosa var. ichangensis, formed one clade. One continental taxon, C. tubulosa, and all the other species from Taiwan island, the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese archipelago formed the other clade. Molecular dating results showed that sect. Tubulosae diverged from its sister clade in the Pliocene, and all the current species diversified during the Pleistocene. Our biogeographical reconstruction suggested that sect. Tubulosae evolved and began species diversification, most likely in mainland China, then dispersed to the Korean peninsula, and then expanded its range through the Japanese archipelago to Taiwan island. Island species diversity may arise through allopatric speciation by vicariance events following the range fragmentation triggered by the climatic oscillation and sea level change during the Pleistocene epoch. Our results highlight the importance of climatic oscillation during the Pleistocene to the spatial-temporal diversification patterns of the sect. Tubulosae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Phylogenomics and Genetic Diversity)

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16 pages, 3046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Phytochemical α-Mangostin Inhibits Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth by Downregulating E6/E7-HPV Oncogenes and KCNH1 Gene Expression

by Lorenza Díaz, Samantha V. Bernadez-Vallejo, Rafael Vargas-Castro, Euclides Avila, Karla A. Gómez-Ceja, Rocío García-Becerra, Mariana Segovia-Mendoza, Heriberto Prado-Garcia, Galia Lara-Sotelo, Javier Camacho, Fernando Larrea and Janice García-Quiroz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033055 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. The main factor associated with the onset and progression of this neoplasia is the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV-oncogenes E6 and E7 are critical drivers of cellular transformation, promoting the expression [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. The main factor associated with the onset and progression of this neoplasia is the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV-oncogenes E6 and E7 are critical drivers of cellular transformation, promoting the expression of oncogenes such as KCNH1. The phytochemical α-mangostin (AM) is a potent antineoplastic and antiviral compound. However, its effects on HPV oncogenes and KCNH1 gene expression remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of AM on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and gene expression, including its effects on tumor growth in xenografted mice. AM inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, being the most sensitive cell lines those with the highest number of HPV16 copies. In addition, AM promoted G1-cell cycle arrest in CaSki cells, while led to cell death in SiHa and HeLa cells. Of interest was the finding of an AM-dependent decreased gene expression of E6, E7 and KCNH1 both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the modulation of cytokine expression, Ki-67, and tumor growth inhibition. On these bases, we suggest that AM represents a good option as an adjuvant for the treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapeutics)

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20 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Species Analysis Reveals Dysthyroidism of the Ovaries as a Common Trait of Premature Ovarian Aging

by Marco Colella, Danila Cuomo, Valeria Nittoli, Angela Amoresano, Alfonsina Porciello, Carla Reale, Luca Roberto, Filomena Russo, Nicola Antonino Russo, Mario De Felice, Massimo Mallardo and Concetta Ambrosino

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033054 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2490

Abstract

Although the imbalance of circulating levels of Thyroid Hormones (THs) affects female fertility in vertebrates, its involvement in the promotion of Premature Ovarian Aging (POA) is debated. Therefore, altered synthesis of THs in both thyroid and ovary can be a trait of POA. [...] Read more.

Although the imbalance of circulating levels of Thyroid Hormones (THs) affects female fertility in vertebrates, its involvement in the promotion of Premature Ovarian Aging (POA) is debated. Therefore, altered synthesis of THs in both thyroid and ovary can be a trait of POA. We investigated the relationship between abnormal TH signaling, dysthyroidism, and POA in evolutionary distant vertebrates: from zebrafish to humans. Ovarian T3 signaling/metabolism was evaluated by measuring T3 levels, T3 responsive transcript, and protein levels along with transcripts governing T3 availability (deiodinases) and signaling (TH receptors) in distinct models of POA depending on genetic background and environmental exposures (e.g., diets, pesticides). Expression levels of well-known (Amh, Gdf9, and Inhibins) and novel (miR143/145 and Gas5) biomarkers of POA were assessed. Ovarian dysthyroidism was slightly influenced by genetics since very few differences were found between C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ females. However, diets exacerbated it in a strain-dependent manner. Similar findings were observed in zebrafish and mouse models of POA induced by developmental and long-life exposure to low-dose chlorpyrifos (CPF). Lastly, the T3 decrease in follicular fluids from women affected by diminished ovarian reserve, as well as of the transcripts modulating T3 signaling/availability in the cumulus cells, confirmed ovarian dysthyroidism as a common and evolutionary conserved trait of POA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ovarian Reserve Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Regulation)

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14 pages, 3642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Soil Drought Limits Starch Accumulation by Altering Sucrose Transport and Starch Synthesis in Sweet Potato Tuberous Root

by Minfei Sheng, Houqiang Xia, Huizi Ding, Dongyu Pan, Jinping He, Zongyun Li and Jingran Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033053 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2506

Abstract

In this study, the influences of long-term soil drought with three levels [soil-relative water content (SRWC) (75 ± 5)%, as the control; SRWC (55 ± 5)%, mild drought; SRWC (45 ± 5)%, severe drought] were investigated on sucrose-starch metabolism in sweet [...] Read more.

In this study, the influences of long-term soil drought with three levels [soil-relative water content (SRWC) (75 ± 5)%, as the control; SRWC (55 ± 5)%, mild drought; SRWC (45 ± 5)%, severe drought] were investigated on sucrose-starch metabolism in sweet potato tuberous roots (TRs) by pot experiment. Compared to the control, drought stress increased soluble sugar and sucrose content by 4–60% and 9–75%, respectively, but reduced starch accumulation by 30–66% through decreasing the starch accumulate rate in TRs. In the drought-treated TRs, the inhibition of sucrose decomposition was attributed to the reduced activities of acid invertase (AI) and alkaline invertase (AKI) and the IbA-INV3 expression, rather than sucrose synthase (SuSy), consequently leading to the increased sucrose content in TRs. In addition, starch synthesis was inhibited mainly by reducing ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), granular starch synthase (GBSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) activities in TRs under drought stress, and AGPase was the rate-limiting enzyme. Furthermore, soil drought remarkably up-regulated the IbSWEET11, IbSWEET605, and IbSUT4 expressions in Jishu 26 TRs, while it down-regulated or had no significant differences in Xushu 32 and Ningzishu 1 TRs. These results suggested that the sucrose-loading capability in Jishu 26 TRs were stronger than that in Xushu 32 and Ningzishu 1 TRs. Moreover, IbA-INV3, IbAGPS1, IbAGPS2, IbGBSSI and IbSBEII play important roles in different drought-tolerant cultivars under drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response to Environmental Stress in Plants)

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14 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of Novel Reference Genes by RNA-Seq and Their Evaluation for Normalising Real-Time qPCR Expression Data of Anthocyanin-Related Genes in Lettuce and Wild Relatives

by Inés Medina-Lozano, María Soledad Arnedo, Jérôme Grimplet and Aurora Díaz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033052 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

Lettuce is a popular vegetable source of bioactive compounds, like anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants present in red and semi-red varieties. Selection of reliable reference genes (RGs) for the normalization of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) data is crucial to obtain accurate gene expression results. Among [...] Read more.

Lettuce is a popular vegetable source of bioactive compounds, like anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants present in red and semi-red varieties. Selection of reliable reference genes (RGs) for the normalization of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) data is crucial to obtain accurate gene expression results. Among the genes with totally unrelated biological functions, six candidate RGs (ADF2, CYB5, iPGAM, SCL13, TRXL3-3, and VHA-H) with low variation in expression according to RNA-seq analyses, were selected for future expression studies of anthocyanin-related genes in three different experiments: leaf colour comparison (green vs. red) in commercial varieties; tissue comparison (leaf vs. stem) in a wild relative; and drought stress experiment in commercial and traditional varieties, and a wild relative. Expression profiles of the candidate RGs were obtained by qPCR and their stability was assessed by four different analytical tools, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct method, all integrated in RefFinder. All results considered, we recommend CYB5 to be used as RG for the leaf colour experiment and TRXL3-3 for the tissue and drought stress ones, as they were the most stable genes in each case. RNA-seq is useful to preselect novel RGs although validation by qPCR is still advisable. These results provide helpful information for gene expression studies in Lactuca spp. under the described conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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13 pages, 1132 KiB

Open AccessReview

Circulating Microbial Cell-Free DNA in Health and Disease

by Bernadeta Pietrzak, Iwona Kawacka, Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt and Marcin Schmidt

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033051 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3888

Abstract

Human blood contains low biomass of circulating microbial cell-free DNA (cfmDNA) that predominantly originates from bacteria. Numerous studies have detected circulating cfmDNA in patients with infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in healthy individuals. Remarkable differences were found in the microbial composition of healthy [...] Read more.

Human blood contains low biomass of circulating microbial cell-free DNA (cfmDNA) that predominantly originates from bacteria. Numerous studies have detected circulating cfmDNA in patients with infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in healthy individuals. Remarkable differences were found in the microbial composition of healthy subjects and patients compared to cohorts with various diseases or even patients with diversified prognoses, implying that these alterations may be associated with disease development. Although the function of circulating cfmDNA needs to be elucidated (whether it acts as a bystander of dysbiosis or a key player in disease development), several studies have demonstrated its potential as a non-invasive biomarker that may improve diagnosis and treatment efficacy. The origin of circulating cfmDNA is still the subject of much deliberation, but studies have identified members of various microbiome niches, including the gut, oral cavity, airways, and skin. Further studies investigating the origin and function of circulating cfmDNA are needed. Moreover, low-biomass microbiome studies are prone to contamination, therefore stringent negative experimental control reactions and decontamination frameworks are advised in order to detect genuine circulating cfmDNA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2023)

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27 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Tumorigenic Role of Circular RNA-MicroRNA Axis in Cancer

by Woo Ryung Kim, Eun Gyung Park, Du Hyeong Lee, Yun Ju Lee, Woo Hyeon Bae and Heui-Soo Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033050 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3175

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous RNAs that control gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that circRNAs act as novel diagnostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for numerous cancer types by interacting with other [...] Read more.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous RNAs that control gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that circRNAs act as novel diagnostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for numerous cancer types by interacting with other non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The miRNAs are presented as crucial risk factors and regulatory elements in cancer by regulating the expression of their target genes. Some miRNAs are derived from transposable elements (MDTEs) that can transfer their location to another region of the genome. Genetic interactions between miRNAs and circular RNAs can form complex regulatory networks with various carcinogenic processes that play critical roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. This review focuses on the biological regulation of the correlative axis among circular RNAs, miRNAs, and their target genes in various cancer types and suggests the biological importance of MDTEs interacting with oncogenic or tumor-suppressive circRNAs in tumor progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2023)

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16 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 and -2: Emerging Targets in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Dimitrios Kotsos and Konstantinos Tziomalos

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033049 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3201

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a substantial proportion of the general population and is even more prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. NAFLD, and particularly the more advanced manifestation of the disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increases the risk for both liver-related and [...] Read more.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a substantial proportion of the general population and is even more prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. NAFLD, and particularly the more advanced manifestation of the disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increases the risk for both liver-related and cardiovascular morbidity. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and multifactorial, with many molecular pathways implicated. Emerging data suggest that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 might participate in the development and progression of NAFLD. It also appears that targeting these enzymes might represent a novel therapeutic approach for NAFLD. In the present review, we discuss the association between microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and -2 and NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Targets for the Formation and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)

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15 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aquaporin-4 Expression Switches from White to Gray Matter Regions during Postnatal Development of the Central Nervous System

by Francisco Mayo, Lourdes González-Vinceiro, Laura Hiraldo-González, Claudia Calle-Castillejo, Sara Morales-Alvarez, Reposo Ramírez-Lorca and Miriam Echevarría

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033048 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system and plays a fundamental role in maintaining water homeostasis there. In adult mice, AQP4 is located mainly in ependymal cells, in the endfeet of perivascular astrocytes, and in the glia [...] Read more.

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system and plays a fundamental role in maintaining water homeostasis there. In adult mice, AQP4 is located mainly in ependymal cells, in the endfeet of perivascular astrocytes, and in the glia limitans. Meanwhile, its expression, location, and function throughout postnatal development remain largely unknown. Here, the expression of AQP4 mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR, and the localization and amount of protein was studied by immunofluorescence and western blotting, both in the brain and spinal cord. For this, wild-type mice of the C57BL/6 line, aged 1, 3, 7, 11, 20, and 60 days, and 18 months were used. The results showed a change in both the expression and location of AQP4 in postnatal development compared to those during adult life. In the early stages of postnatal development it appears in highly myelinated areas, such as the corpus callosum or cerebellum, and as the animal grows, it disappears from these areas, passing through the cortical regions of the forebrain and concentrating around the blood vessels. These findings suggest an unprecedented possible role for AQP4 in the early cell differentiation process, during the first days of life in the newborn animal, which will lead to myelination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquaporins in Brain Disease)

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16 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LncRNA CASC19 Enhances the Radioresistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Regulating the miR-340-3p/FKBP5 Axis

by Hongxia Liu, Qianping Chen, Wang Zheng, Yuchuan Zhou, Yang Bai, Yan Pan, Jianghong Zhang and Chunlin Shao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033047 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Radioresistance remains a serious obstacle encountered in the radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), play essential roles in radiosensitivity. However, the comprehensive expression profiles and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks [...] Read more.

Radioresistance remains a serious obstacle encountered in the radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), play essential roles in radiosensitivity. However, the comprehensive expression profiles and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in NPC radioresistance are still bewildering. In this study, we performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assay in the radioresistant NPC cells CNE2R and its parental cells CNE2 to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. The ceRNA networks containing lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were predicted on the basis of the Pearson correlation coefficients and authoritative miRanda databases. In accordance with bioinformatic analysis of the data of the tandem mass tag (TMT) assay of CNE2R and CNE2 cells and the gene chip assay of radioresistant NPC samples in pre- and post-radiotherapy, the radioresistance-related signaling network of lncRNA CASC19, miR-340-3p, and FKBP5 was screened and further verified using an RT-qPCR assay. CASC19 was positively associated with FKBP5 expression while negatively correlated with miR-340-3p, and the target binding sites of CASC19/miR-340-3p and miR-340-3p/FKBP5 were confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, using an mRFP–GFP–LC3 maker, it was found that autophagy contributed to the radioresistance of NPC. MiR-340-3p inhibition or FKBP5 overexpression could rescue the suppression of autophagy and radioresistance induced by CASC19 knockdown in CNE2R cells. In conclusion, the CASC19/miR-340-3p/FKBP5 network may be instrumental in regulating NPC radioresistance by enhancing autophagy, which provides potential new therapeutic targets for NPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNA Regulatory Networks at the Crossroad of Human Diseases 3.0)

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23 pages, 10468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prunus Knotted-like Genes: Genome-Wide Analysis, Transcriptional Response to Cytokinin in Micropropagation, and Rootstock Transformation

by Giulio Testone, Emilia Caboni, Simone D’Angeli, Maria Maddalena Altamura and Donato Giannino

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033046 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2072

Abstract

Knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors are involved in plant development, playing complex roles in aerial organs. As Prunus species include important fruit tree crops of Italy, an exhaustive investigation of KNOX genes was performed using genomic and RNA-seq meta-analyses. Micropropagation is an [...] Read more.

Knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors are involved in plant development, playing complex roles in aerial organs. As Prunus species include important fruit tree crops of Italy, an exhaustive investigation of KNOX genes was performed using genomic and RNA-seq meta-analyses. Micropropagation is an essential technology for rootstock multiplication; hence, we investigated KNOX transcriptional behavior upon increasing 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) doses and the effects on GF677 propagules. Moreover, gene function in Prunus spp. was assessed by Gisela 6 rootstock transformation using fluorescence and peach KNOX transgenes. Based on ten Prunus spp., KNOX proteins fit into I-II-M classes named after Arabidopsis. Gene number, class member distribution, and chromosome positions were maintained, and exceptions supported the diversification of Prunus from Cerasus subgenera, and that of Armeniaca from the other sections within Prunus. Cytokinin (CK) cis-elements occurred in peach and almond KNOX promoters, suggesting a BA regulatory role in GF677 shoot multiplication as confirmed by KNOX expression variation dependent on dose, time, and interaction. The tripled BA concentration exacerbated stress, altered CK perception genes, and modified KNOX transcriptions, which are proposed to concur in in vitro anomalies. Finally, Gisela 6 transformation efficiency varied (2.6–0.6%) with the genetic construct, with 35S:GFP being more stable than 35S:KNOPE1 lines, which showed leaf modification typical of KNOX overexpression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Molecular Plant Sciences in Italy)

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14 pages, 2384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Culturing the Chicken Intestinal Microbiota and Potential Application as Probiotics Development

by Ke Ma, Wei Chen, Xiao-Qi Lin, Zhen-Zhen Liu, Tao Wang, Jia-Bao Zhang, Jian-Gang Zhang, Cheng-Kai Zhou, Yu Gao, Chong-Tao Du and Yong-Jun Yang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033045 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3133

Abstract

Pure cultures of chicken intestinal microbial species may still be crucial and imperative to expound on the function of gut microbiota, and also contribute to the development of potential probiotics and novel bioactive metabolites from gut microbiota. In this study, we isolated and [...] Read more.

Pure cultures of chicken intestinal microbial species may still be crucial and imperative to expound on the function of gut microbiota, and also contribute to the development of potential probiotics and novel bioactive metabolites from gut microbiota. In this study, we isolated and identified 507 chicken intestinal bacterial isolates, including 89 previously uncultured isolates. Among these, a total of 63 Lactobacillus strains, belonging to L. vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gallinarum, L. reuteri, L. salivarius, and L. saerimneri, exhibited antibacterial activity against S. Pullorum. Acid tolerance tests showed Limosilactobacillus reuteri strain YPG14 (L. reuteri strain YPG14) has a particularly strong tolerance to acid. We further characterized other probiotic properties of L. reuteri strain YPG14. In simulated intestinal fluid, the growth of L. reuteri strain YPG14 remained stable after incubation for 4 h. The auto-aggregation test showed the auto-aggregation percentage of L. reuteri strain YPG14 was recorded as 15.0 ± 0.38%, 48.3 ± 2.51%, and 75.1 ± 4.44% at 3, 12, and 24 h, respectively. In addition, the mucin binding assay showed L. reuteri strain YPG14 exhibited 12.07 ± 0.02% adhesion to mucin. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that L. reuteri strain YPG14 was sensitive to the majority of the tested antibiotics. The anti-Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) infection effect in vivo revealed that the consumption of L. reuteri strain YPG14 could significantly improve body weight loss and survival rate of chicks infected by S. Pullorum; reduce the loads of S. Pullorum in the jejunum, liver, spleen, and feces; and alleviate the jejunum villi morphological structure damage, crypt loss, and inflammatory cell infiltration caused by S. Pullorum. Overall, this study may help us to understand the diversity of chicken intestinal microflora and provide some insights for potential probiotic development from gut microbiota and may find application in the poultry industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Probiotics and Their Potential Health Benefits)

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20 pages, 53897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substituent Effects of the Nitrogen Heterocycle on Indole and Quinoline HDN Performance: A Combination of Experiments and Theoretical Study

by Shujiao Jiang, Sijia Ding, Yasong Zhou, Shenghua Yuan, Xinguo Geng and Zhengkai Cao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033044 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined herein to study the substituent effects of the nitrogen heterocycle on the HDN behaviors of indole and quinoline. Indole (IND), 2-methyl-indole (2-M-IND), 3-methyl-indole (3-M-IND), quinoline (QL), 2-methyl-quinoline (2-M-QL) and 3-methyl-quinoline (3-M-QL) were [...] Read more.

Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined herein to study the substituent effects of the nitrogen heterocycle on the HDN behaviors of indole and quinoline. Indole (IND), 2-methyl-indole (2-M-IND), 3-methyl-indole (3-M-IND), quinoline (QL), 2-methyl-quinoline (2-M-QL) and 3-methyl-quinoline (3-M-QL) were used as the HDN reactant on the NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. Some key elementary reactions in the HDN process of these nitrogen compounds on the Ni-Mo-S active nanocluster were calculated. The notable difference between IND and QL in the HDN is that dihydro-indole (DHI) can directly convert to O-ethyl aniline via the C–N bond cleavage, whereas tetrahydro-quinoline (THQ) can only break the C–N single bond via the full hydrogenation saturation of the aromatic ring. The reason for this is that the –NH and C=C groups of DHI can be coplanar and well adsorbed on the Ni-Mo-edge simultaneously during the C–N bond cleavage. In comparison, those of THQ cannot stably simultaneously adsorb on the Ni-Mo-edge because of the non-coplanarity. Whenever the methyl group locates on the α-C or the β-C atom of indole, the hydrogenation ability of the nitrogen heterocycle will be evidently weakened because the methyl group increases the space requirement of the sp³ carbon, and the impaction of the C=C groups on the Ni-S-edge cannot provide enough space. When the methyl groups are located on the α-C of quinoline, the self-HDN behavior of 2-M-QL is similar to quinoline, whereas the competitive HDN ability of 2-M-QL in the homologs is evidently weakened because the methyl group on the α-C hinders the contact between the N atom of 2-M-QL and the exposed metal atom of the coordinatively unsaturated active sites (CUS). When the methyl group locates on the β-C of quinoline, the C–N bond cleavage of 3-methyl-quinoline becomes more difficult because the methyl group on the β-C increases the steric hindrance of the C=C group. However, the competitive HDN ability of 3-M-QL is not evidently influenced because the methyl group on the β-C does not evidently hinder the adsorption of 3-M-QL on the active sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Catalysis: From Computational Chemistry to Sustainability)

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17 pages, 5075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stable Enzymatic Nanoparticles from Nucleases, Proteases, Lipase and Antioxidant Proteins with Substrate-Binding and Catalytic Properties

by Olga V. Morozova, Nikolay A. Barinov and Dmitry V. Klinov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033043 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2257

Abstract

Limited membrane permeability and biodegradation hamper the intracellular delivery of the free natural or recombinant enzymes necessary for compensatory therapy. Nanoparticles (NP) provide relative protein stability and unspecific endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake. Our objective was the fabrication of NP from 7 biomedicine-relevant enzymes, including [...] Read more.

Limited membrane permeability and biodegradation hamper the intracellular delivery of the free natural or recombinant enzymes necessary for compensatory therapy. Nanoparticles (NP) provide relative protein stability and unspecific endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake. Our objective was the fabrication of NP from 7 biomedicine-relevant enzymes, including DNase I, RNase A, trypsin, chymotrypsin, catalase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lipase, the analysis of their conformation stability and enzymatic activity as well as possible toxicity for eukaryotic cells. The enzymes were dissolved in fluoroalcohol and mixed with 40% ethanol as an anti-solvent with subsequent alcohol evaporation at high temperature and low pressure. The shapes and sizes of NP were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Enzyme conformations in solutions and in NP were compared using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The activity of the enzymes was assayed with specific substrates. The cytotoxicity of the enzymatic NP (ENP) was studied by microscopic observations and by using an MTT test. Water-insoluble ENP of different shapes and sizes in a range 50–300 nm consisting of 7 enzymes remained stable for 1 year at +4 °C without any cross-linking. CD spectroscopy of the ENP permitted us to reveal changes in proportions of α-helixes, β-turns and random coils in comparison with fresh enzyme solutions in water. Despite the minor conformation changes of the proteins in the ENP, the enzymes retained their substrate-binding and catalytic properties. Among the studied bioactive ENP, only DNase NP were highly toxic for 3 cell lines with granulation in 1 day posttreatment, whereas other NP were less toxic (if any). Taken together, the enzymes in the stable ENP retained their catalytic activity and might be used for intracellular delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Nanotechnology to Nanomedicine: Past, Present and Future)

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17 pages, 2666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome-Based Traits of Radioresistant Sublines of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

by Margarita Pustovalova, Philipp Malakhov, Anastasia Guryanova, Maxim Sorokin, Maria Suntsova, Anton Buzdin, Andreyan N. Osipov and Sergey Leonov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033042 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2587

Abstract

Radioresistance is a major obstacle for the successful therapy of many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To elucidate the mechanism of radioresistance of NSCLC cells and to identify key molecules conferring radioresistance, the radioresistant subclones of p53 wild-type A549 and p53-deficient [...] Read more.

Radioresistance is a major obstacle for the successful therapy of many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To elucidate the mechanism of radioresistance of NSCLC cells and to identify key molecules conferring radioresistance, the radioresistant subclones of p53 wild-type A549 and p53-deficient H1299 cell cultures were established. The transcriptional changes between parental and radioresistant NSCLC cells were investigated by RNA-seq. In total, expression levels of 36,596 genes were measured. Changes in the activation of intracellular molecular pathways of cells surviving irradiation relative to parental cells were quantified using the Oncobox bioinformatics platform. Following 30 rounds of 2 Gy irradiation, a total of 322 genes were differentially expressed between p53 wild-type radioresistant A549IR and parental A549 cells. For the p53-deficient (H1299) NSCLC cells, the parental and irradiated populations differed in the expression of 1628 genes and 1616 pathways. The expression of genes associated with radioresistance reflects the complex biological processes involved in clinical cancer cell eradication and might serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Ionizing Radiation in Cancer Radiotherapy)

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25 pages, 9463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Finding the Needle in the Haystack: Serological and Urinary Biomarkers in Behçet’s Disease: A Systematic Review

by Marta Arbrile, Massimo Radin, Davide Medica, Paolo Miraglia, Letizia Rilat, Irene Cecchi, Silvia Grazietta Foddai, Alice Barinotti, Elisa Menegatti, Dario Roccatello and Savino Sciascia

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033041 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

Urinary and serological markers play an essential role in the diagnostic process of autoimmune diseases. However, to date, specific and reliable biomarkers for diagnosing Behçet’s disease (BD) are still lacking, negatively affecting the management of these patients. To analyze the currently available literature [...] Read more.

Urinary and serological markers play an essential role in the diagnostic process of autoimmune diseases. However, to date, specific and reliable biomarkers for diagnosing Behçet’s disease (BD) are still lacking, negatively affecting the management of these patients. To analyze the currently available literature on serological and urinary BD biomarkers investigated in the last 25 years, we performed a systematic literature review using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) strategy. One hundred eleven studies met the eligibility criteria (6301 BD patients, 5163 controls). Most of them were retrospective, while five (5%) were prospective. One hundred ten studies (99%) investigated serological biomarkers and only two (2%) focused on urinary biomarkers. One hundred three studies (93%) explored the diagnostic potential of the biomolecules, whereas sixty-two (56%) tested their effect on disease activity monitoring. Most articles reported an increase in inflammatory markers and pro-oxidant molecules, with a decrease in antioxidants. Promising results have been shown by the omics sciences, offering a more holistic approach. Despite the vast number of investigated markers, existing evidence indicates a persistent gap in BD diagnostic/prognostic indices. While new steps have been taken in the direction of pathogenesis and disease monitoring, international efforts for the search of a diagnostic marker for BD are still needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Thrombosis)

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19 pages, 4939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Positive Fighting Experience and Its Subsequent Deprivation on the Expression Profile of Mouse Hippocampal Genes Associated with Neurogenesis

by Olga E. Redina, Vladimir N. Babenko, Dmitry A. Smagin, Irina L. Kovalenko, Anna G. Galyamina, Vadim M. Efimov and Natalia N. Kudryavtseva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033040 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2122

Abstract

The hippocampus is known as the brain region implicated in visuospatial processes and processes associated with learning and short- and long-term memory. An important functional characteristic of the hippocampus is lifelong neurogenesis. A decrease or increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with [...] Read more.

The hippocampus is known as the brain region implicated in visuospatial processes and processes associated with learning and short- and long-term memory. An important functional characteristic of the hippocampus is lifelong neurogenesis. A decrease or increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with a wide range of neurological diseases. We have previously shown that in adult male mice with a chronic positive fighting experience in daily agonistic interactions, there is an increase in the proliferation of progenitor neurons and the production of young neurons in the dentate gyrus (in hippocampus), and these neurogenesis parameters remain modified during 2 weeks of deprivation of further fights. The aim of the present work was to identify hippocampal genes associated with neurogenesis and involved in the formation of behavioral features in mice with the chronic experience of wins in aggressive confrontations, as well as during the subsequent 2-week deprivation of agonistic interactions. Hippocampal gene expression profiles were compared among three groups of adult male mice: chronically winning for 20 days in the agonistic interactions, chronically victorious for 20 days followed by the 2-week deprivation of fights, and intact (control) mice. Neurogenesis-associated genes were identified whose transcription levels changed during the social confrontations and in the subsequent period of deprivation of fights. In the experimental males, some of these genes are associated with behavioral traits, including abnormal aggression-related behavior, an abnormal anxiety-related response, and others. Two genes encoding transcription factors (Nr1d1 and Fmr1) were likely to contribute the most to the between-group differences. It can be concluded that the chronic experience of wins in agonistic interactions alters hippocampal levels of transcription of multiple genes in adult male mice. The transcriptome changes get reversed only partially after the 2-week period of deprivation of fights. The identified differentially expressed genes associated with neurogenesis and involved in the control of a behavior/neurological phenotype can be used in further studies to identify targets for therapeutic correction of the neurological disturbances that develop in winners under the conditions of chronic social confrontations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Function of Adult Neurogenesis)

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19 pages, 2231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of the Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Different Exercise Regimens and Study of Their Inflammatory Effects

by Serena Maggio, Barbara Canonico, Paola Ceccaroli, Emanuela Polidori, Andrea Cioccoloni, Luca Giacomelli, Carlo Ferri Marini, Giosuè Annibalini, Marco Gervasi, Piero Benelli, Francesco Fabbri, Laura Del Coco, Francesco Paolo Fanizzi, Anna Maria Giudetti, Francesco Lucertini and Michele Guescini

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3039; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033039 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

Exercise-released extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a novel class of exerkines that promotes systemic beneficial effects. However, slight differences in the applied exercise protocols in terms of mode, intensity and duration, as well as the need for standardized protocols for EV isolation, [...] Read more.

Exercise-released extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a novel class of exerkines that promotes systemic beneficial effects. However, slight differences in the applied exercise protocols in terms of mode, intensity and duration, as well as the need for standardized protocols for EV isolation, make the comparison of the studies in the literature extremely difficult. This work aims to investigate the EV amount and EV-associated miRNAs released in circulation in response to different physical exercise regimens. Healthy individuals were subjected to different exercise protocols: acute aerobic exercise (AAE) and training (AT), acute maximal aerobic exercise (AMAE) and altitude aerobic training (AAT). We found a tendency for total EVs to increase in the sedentary condition compared to trained participants following AAE. Moreover, the cytofluorimetric analysis showed an increase in CD81⁺/SGCA⁺/CD45⁻ EVs in response to AAE. Although a single bout of moderate/maximal exercise did not impact the total EV number, EV-miRNA levels were affected as a result. In detail, EV-associated miR-206, miR-133b and miR-146a were upregulated following AAE, and this trend appeared intensity-dependent. Finally, THP-1 macrophage treatment with exercise-derived EVs induced an increase of the mRNAs encoding for IL-1β, IL-6 and CD163 using baseline and immediately post-exercise EVs. Still, 1 h post-exercise EVs failed to stimulate a pro-inflammatory program. In conclusion, the reported data provide a better understanding of the release of circulating EVs and their role as mediators of the inflammatory processes associated with exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translational Myology: Cellular, Genetic, Molecular Aspects)

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16 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis

by Marijana Vičić, Nika Hlača, Marija Kaštelan, Ines Brajac, Vlatka Sotošek and Larisa Prpić Massari

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033038 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9894

Abstract

Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. A cutaneous lichen planus is a rare disease occurring in less than 1% of the general population, while oral illness is up to five times more prevalent; still, both forms [...] Read more.

Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. A cutaneous lichen planus is a rare disease occurring in less than 1% of the general population, while oral illness is up to five times more prevalent; still, both forms equally impair the patient’s quality of life. The etiology of lichen planus is not entirely understood. Yet, immune-mediated mechanisms have been recognized since environmental factors such as hepatitis virus infection, mechanical trauma, psychological stress, or microbiome changes can trigger the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. According to current understanding, lichen planus immunopathogenesis is caused by cell-mediated cytotoxicity, particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whose activity is further influenced by Th1 and IL-23/Th-17 axis. However, other immunocytes and inflammatory pathways complement these mechanisms. This paper presents a comprehensive insight into the actual knowledge about lichen planus, with the causal genetic and environmental factors being discussed, the immunopathogenesis described, and the principal effectors of its inflammatory circuits identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Skin Disease and Comorbidities)

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18 pages, 9065 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors and Iron Metabolism

by Chie Ogawa, Ken Tsuchiya and Kunimi Maeda

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033037 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

The production of erythropoietin (EPO), the main regulator of erythroid differentiation, is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF2α seems to be the principal regulator of EPO transcription, but HIF1α and 3α also may have additional influences on erythroid maturation. HIF is also involved [...] Read more.

The production of erythropoietin (EPO), the main regulator of erythroid differentiation, is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF2α seems to be the principal regulator of EPO transcription, but HIF1α and 3α also may have additional influences on erythroid maturation. HIF is also involved in the regulation of iron, an essential component in erythropoiesis. Iron is essential for the organism but is also highly toxic, so its absorption and retention are strictly controlled. HIF also induces the synthesis of proteins involved in iron regulation, thereby ensuring the availability of iron necessary for hematopoiesis. Iron is a major component of hemoglobin and is also involved in erythrocyte differentiation and proliferation and in the regulation of HIF. Renal anemia is a condition in which there is a lack of stimulation of EPO synthesis due to decreased HIF expression. HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) stabilize HIF and thereby allow it to be potent under normoxic conditions. Therefore, unlike erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, HIF-PHI may enhance iron absorption from the intestinal tract and iron supply from reticuloendothelial macrophages and hepatocytes into the plasma, thus facilitating the availability of iron for hematopoiesis. The only HIF-PHI currently on the market worldwide is roxadustat, but in Japan, five products are available. Clinical studies to date in Japan have also shown that HIF-PHIs not only promote hematopoiesis, but also decrease hepcidin, the main regulator of iron metabolism, and increase the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which indicates the iron transport capacity. However, concerns about the systemic effects of HIF-PHIs have not been completely dispelled, warranting further careful monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Activates Human Lung Macrophages

by Francesco Palestra, Remo Poto, Renato Ciardi, Giorgia Opromolla, Agnese Secondo, Valentina Tedeschi, Anne Lise Ferrara, Rosa Maria Di Crescenzo, Maria Rosaria Galdiero, Leonardo Cristinziano, Luca Modestino, Gianni Marone, Alfonso Fiorelli, Gilda Varricchi and Stefania Loffredo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033036 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3489

Abstract

COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of spike protein to ACE2 on the host cells. The virus uses the protease TMPRSS2 as an [...] Read more.

COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This disease is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by respiratory tract inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of spike protein to ACE2 on the host cells. The virus uses the protease TMPRSS2 as an entry activator. Human lung macrophages (HLMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the lung and fulfill a variety of specialized functions mediated by the production of cytokines and chemokines. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of spike protein on HLM activation and the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in HLMs. Spike protein induced CXCL8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β release from HLMs; promoted efficient phagocytosis; and induced dysfunction of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration by increasing lysosomal Ca²⁺ content in HLMs. Microscopy experiments revealed that HLM tracking was affected by spike protein activation. Finally, HLMs constitutively expressed mRNAs for ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In conclusion, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, macrophages seem to play a key role in lung injury, resulting in immunological dysfunction and respiratory disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 25th Anniversary of IJMS: Advances in Biochemistry)

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15 pages, 15975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supt16 Haploinsufficiency Impairs PI3K/AKT/mTOR/Autophagy Pathway in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Neural Stem Cells

by Junwen Wang, Ziyi Wang, Limeng Dai, Xintong Zhu, Xingying Guan, Junyi Wang, Jia Li, Mao Zhang, Yun Bai and Hong Guo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033035 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

The maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs) plays a critical role in neurodevelopment and has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the underlying mechanisms linking defective human neural stem cell self-renewal to NDDs remain undetermined. Our previous study found that Supt16 haploinsufficiency [...] Read more.

The maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs) plays a critical role in neurodevelopment and has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the underlying mechanisms linking defective human neural stem cell self-renewal to NDDs remain undetermined. Our previous study found that Supt16 haploinsufficiency causes cognitive and social behavior deficits by disrupting the stemness maintenance of NSCs in mice. However, its effects and underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Here, we generated Supt16^+/− induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced them into hNSCs. The results revealed that Supt16 heterozygous hNSCs exhibit impaired proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis. As the RNA-seq analysis showed, Supt16 haploinsufficiency inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, leading to rising autophagy, and further resulted in the dysregulated expression of multiple proteins related to cell proliferation and apoptotic process. Furthermore, the suppression of Supt16 heterozygous hNSC self-renewal caused by autophagy activation could be rescued by MHY1485 treatment or reproduced in rapamycin-treated hNSCs. Thus, our results showed that Supt16 was essential for hNSC self-renewal and its haploinsufficiency led to cell cycle arrest, impaired cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis of hNSCs by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagy pathway. These provided a new insight to understand the causality between the Supt16 heterozygous NSCs and NDDs in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Perspectives)

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25 pages, 3542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Novel Infant Formula on the Fecal Microbiota in the First Six Months of Life: The INNOVA 2020 Study

by Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda, Julio Plaza-Diaz, Javier Morales, Guillermo Álvarez-Calatayud, Eric Climent, Ángela Silva, Juan F. Martinez-Blanch, María Enrique, Marta Tortajada, Daniel Ramon, Beatriz Alvarez, Empar Chenoll and Ángel Gil

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033034 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3710

Abstract

Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended for infants for at least the first six months of life. However, for some mothers, it may be difficult or even impossible to do so. This can lead to disturbances in the gut microbiota, which in turn may [...] Read more.

Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended for infants for at least the first six months of life. However, for some mothers, it may be difficult or even impossible to do so. This can lead to disturbances in the gut microbiota, which in turn may be related to a higher incidence of acute infectious diseases. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether a novel starting formula versus a standard formula provides a gut microbiota composition more similar to that of breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life. Two hundred and ten infants (70/group) were enrolled in the study and completed the intervention until 12 months of age. For the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups: Group 1 received formula 1 (INN) with a lower amount of protein, a proportion of casein to whey protein ratio of about 70/30 by increasing the content of α-lactalbumin, and with double the amount of docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid than the standard formula; INN also contained a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis). Group 2 received the standard formula (STD) and the third group was exclusively breastfed (BF) for exploratory analysis. During the study, visits were made at 21 days, 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with ±3 days for the visit at 21 days of age, ±1 week for the visit at 2 months, and ±2 weeks for the others. Here, we reveal how consuming the INN formula promotes a similar gut microbiota composition to those infants that were breastfed in terms of richness and diversity, genera, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus, and calprotectin and short-chain fatty acid levels at 21 days, 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, we observed that the major bacteria metabolic pathways were more alike between the INN formula and BF groups compared to the STD formula group. Therefore, we assume that consumption of the novel INN formula might improve gut microbiota composition, promoting a healthier intestinal microbiota more similar to that of an infant who receives exclusively human milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics: Healthy Biotools for Molecular Integrative and Modulation Approaches)

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19 pages, 6230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Key Biomarkers Associated with Immunogenic Cell Death and Their Regulatory Mechanisms in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Based on WGCNA and Machine Learning

by Zhengjian Wang, Jin Liu, Yuting Wang, Hui Guo, Fan Li, Yinan Cao, Liang Zhao and Hailong Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033033 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of programmed cell death with a strong sense of inflammatory detection, whose powerful situational awareness can cause the reactivation of aberrant immunity. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has [...] Read more.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of programmed cell death with a strong sense of inflammatory detection, whose powerful situational awareness can cause the reactivation of aberrant immunity. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has yet to be investigated. This study aims to explore the pivotal genes associated with ICD in SAP and how they relate to immune infiltration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in order to provide a theoretical foundation for further, in-depth mechanistic studies. We downloaded GSE194331 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The use of differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis; weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis allowed us to identify a total of three ICD-related hub genes (LY96, BCL2, IFNGR1) in SAP. Furthermore, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) demonstrated that hub genes are closely associated with the infiltration of specific immune cells, the activation of immune pathways and the metabolism of SCFAs (especially butyrate). These findings were validated through the analysis of gene expression patterns in both clinical patients and rat animal models of SAP. In conclusion, the first concept of ICD in the pathogenesis of SAP was proposed in our study. This has important implications for future investigations into the pro-inflammatory immune mechanisms mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the late stages of SAP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Factors, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases)

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9 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MicroRNA Expression in Subretinal Fluid in Eyes Affected by Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

by Paolo Carpineto, Ester Sara Di Filippo, Agbeanda Aharrh Gnama, Danilo Bondi, Carla Iafigliola, Arturo Maria Licata and Stefania Fulle

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033032 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal intraocular scarring process that can complicate cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Although previous studies have examined the relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ophthalmic diseases, only a few studies have evaluated the expression profiles of microRNAs in [...] Read more.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal intraocular scarring process that can complicate cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Although previous studies have examined the relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ophthalmic diseases, only a few studies have evaluated the expression profiles of microRNAs in subretinal fluid. We hypothesized that the expression profiles of specific miRNAs may change in response to RRD, in the subretinal fluid that is directly in contact with photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We looked for a potential correlation between the expression of specific miRNAs in eyes with RRD and known clinical risk factors of PVR. A total of 24 patients (59 ± 11 years) who underwent scleral buckling procedure were enrolled in this prospective study. Twenty-four undiluted subretinal fluid samples were collected, RNA was isolated and qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression of 12 miRNAs. We found the existence of a positive association between the expression of miR-21 (p = 0.017, r = 0.515) and miR-34 (p = 0.030, r = 0.624) and the duration of symptoms related to retinal detachment. Moreover, the expression of miR-146a tended to decrease in patients who developed PVR. Subretinal fluid constitutes an intriguing biological matrix to evaluate the role of miRNAs leading to the development of PVR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Retina)

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15 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessReview

WGS Data Collections: How Do Genomic Databases Transform Medicine?

by Zbigniew J. Król, Paula Dobosz, Antonina Ślubowska and Magdalena Mroczek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033031 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3799

Abstract

As a scientific community we assumed that exome sequencing will elucidate the basis of most heritable diseases. However, it turned out it was not the case; therefore, attention has been increasingly focused on the non-coding sequences that encompass 98% of the genome and [...] Read more.

As a scientific community we assumed that exome sequencing will elucidate the basis of most heritable diseases. However, it turned out it was not the case; therefore, attention has been increasingly focused on the non-coding sequences that encompass 98% of the genome and may play an important regulatory function. The first WGS-based datasets have already been released including underrepresented populations. Although many databases contain pooled data from several cohorts, recently the importance of local databases has been highlighted. Genomic databases are not only collecting data but may also contribute to better diagnostics and therapies. They may find applications in population studies, rare diseases, oncology, pharmacogenetics, and infectious and inflammatory diseases. Further data may be analysed with Al technologies and in the context of other omics data. To exemplify their utility, we put a highlight on the Polish genome database and its practical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal and Plant Cell–Tissue, Organ Specialization and Function: Investigational, Experimental and Medical Aspects 3.0)

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16 pages, 2688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Lobularia maritima LmTrxh2 Gene Involved in Cold Tolerance in Tobacco through Alleviation of ROS Damage to the Plasma Membrane

by Rania Ben Saad, Walid Ben Romdhane, Narjes Baazaoui, Mohamed Taieb Bouteraa, Yosra Chouaibi, Wissem Mnif, Anis Ben Hsouna and Miroslava Kačániová

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033030 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2165

Abstract

Cold stress is a key environmental factor affecting plant growth and development, crop productivity, and geographic distribution. Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in all organisms and implicated in several cellular processes, including redox reactions. However, their role in the [...] Read more.

Cold stress is a key environmental factor affecting plant growth and development, crop productivity, and geographic distribution. Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in all organisms and implicated in several cellular processes, including redox reactions. However, their role in the regulation of cold stress in the halophyte plant Lobularia maritima remains unknown. We recently showed that overexpression of LmTrxh2, which is the gene that encodes the h-type Trx protein previously isolated from L. maritima, led to an enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress in transgenic tobacco. This study functionally characterized the LmTrxh2 gene via its overexpression in tobacco and explored its cold tolerance mechanisms. Results of the RT-qPCR and western blot analyses indicated differential temporal and spatial regulation of LmTrxh2 in L. maritima under cold stress at 4 °C. LmTrxh2 overexpression enhanced the cold tolerance of transgenic tobacco, as evidenced by increased germination rate, fresh weight and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities; reduced malondialdehyde levels, membrane leakage, superoxide anion (O₂⁻), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels; and higher retention of chlorophyll than in non-transgenic plants (NT). Furthermore, the transcript levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes (NtSOD and NtCAT1), stress-responsive late embryogenis abundant protein 5 (NtLEA5), early response to dehydration 10C (NtERD10C), DRE-binding proteins 1A (NtDREB1A), and cold-responsive (COR) genes (NtCOR15A, NtCOR47, and NtKIN1) were upregulated in transgenic lines compared with those in NT plants under cold stress, indicating that LmTrxh2 conferred cold stress tolerance by enhancing the ROS scavenging ability of plants, thus enabling them to maintain membrane integrity. These results suggest that LmTrxh2 promotes cold tolerance in tobacco and provide new insight into the improvement of cold-stress resistance to cold stress in non-halophyte plants and crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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13 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessReview

How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Apoptosis

by Wanglong Zheng, Anjing Liu, Nengwen Xia, Nanhua Chen, François Meurens and Jianzhong Zhu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033029 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5841

Abstract

The cGAS–STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates [...] Read more.

The cGAS–STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis. Recently, many studies have focused on analyzing the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the cGAS-STING pathway and their consequences. This review gives a detailed account of the interplay between the cGAS-STING pathway and apoptosis. The cGAS-STING pathway can induce apoptosis through ER stress, NLRP3, NF-κB, IRF3, and IFN signals. Conversely, apoptosis can feed back to regulate the cGAS-STING pathway, suppressing it via the activation of caspases or promoting it via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. Apoptosis mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, resisting infections, and limiting tumor growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immune Cell Effector Responses)

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12 pages, 8768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Transcription Factor EB in Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

by Shujun Wang, Yanse Chen, Hongluan Wu, Xiaoyu Li, Haiyan Xiao, Qingjun Pan and Hua-Feng Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 3028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033028 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2075

Abstract

Cisplatin, a widely used anticancer agent, can cause nephrotoxicity, including both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney diseases, by accumulating in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Mitochondrial pathology plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Based on the regulatory role [...] Read more.

Cisplatin, a widely used anticancer agent, can cause nephrotoxicity, including both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney diseases, by accumulating in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Mitochondrial pathology plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Based on the regulatory role of transcription factor EB (TFEB) in mitochondria, we investigated whether TFEB is involved in cisplatin-induced TEC damage. The results show that the expression of TFEB decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in both mouse kidney tissue and HK-2 cells when treated with cisplatin. A knockdown of TFEB aggravated cisplatin-induced renal TEC injury, which was partially reversed by TFEB overexpression in HK-2 cells. It was further observed that the TFEB knockdown also exacerbated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial damage in vitro, and included the depolarization of membrane potential, mitochondrial fragmentation and swelling, and the production of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, TFEB overexpression alleviated cisplatin-induced mitochondrial damage in TECs. These findings suggest that decreased TFEB expression may be a key mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in cisplatin-induced AKI, and that upregulation of TFEB has the potential to act as a therapeutic target to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and cisplatin-induced TEC injury. This study is important for developing therapeutic strategies to manipulate mitochondria through TFEB to delay AKI progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Molecular Insights into Renal Disorders)

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Int. J. Mol. Sci., Volume 24, Issue 3 (February-1 2023) – 1250 articles

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