Coupling Plant-Derived Cyclotides to Metal Surfaces: An Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Isolation and Identification of Cyclotides
2.2. Characterization of Cyclotide-Modified Metal Surfaces
2.2.1. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
2.2.2. Contact Angle Analysis
2.3. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials and Reagents
4.2. Extraction and Isolation of Cyclotides
4.3. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Cyclotides from V. Philippica
4.3.1. Methods for Cyclotides Reduction and Enzyme Digestion
4.3.2. Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry (LC ESI/MS)
4.4. Immobilization of Cyclotides onto the Metal Surfaces
4.5. Surface Characterization
4.6. Antibiofilm Assay
4.7. Antibacterial (Alamar Blue) Assay
4.8. FESEM Analysis
4.9. Statistical Methods
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
ATR | Attenuated total reflection |
CV | Crystal violet |
DA | Dopamine |
FT-IR | Fourier transform infrared |
HPLC | High performance liquid chromatography |
GRAVY | Grand average of hydropathicity |
OD | Optical density |
FESEM | Field emission Electron scanning microscopy |
TCEP | Tris (2-caboxyethyyl) phosphine hydrochloride |
TFA | Trifluoroacetic acid |
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Peak | Cyclotide | Sequence of Amino Acid Residues | Theoretical Monoisotopic Mass | Experimental Monoisotopic Mass | GRAVY for Their Linear Forms | Net Charges |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | Varv A Kalata b1 Viba 15 Viba 17 | Cyclo-(CGETCVGGTCNTPG---CSCSWPVCTRNGLPV) Cyclo-(CGETCVGGTCNTPG---CTCSWPVCTRNGLPV) Cyclo-(CGETCVGGTCNTPG---CACSWPVCTRNGLPV) Cyclo-(CGETCVGGTCNTPG---CGCSWPVCTRNGLPV) | 2876.17 2890.14 2860.18 2846.02 | 2876.06 2890.11 2860.12 2846.08 | 0.148 0.152 0.238 0.162 | 0 0 0 0 |
P2 | Varv E | Cyclo-(CGETCVGGTCNTPG---CSCSWPVCTRNGLPI) | 2890.14 | 2890.00 | 0.159 | 0 |
P3 | Viphi G | Cyclo-(CGESCVF I P C I SAIIGCSCSNKVCYKNGSIP) | 3170.43 | 3170.43 | 0.726 | +1 |
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Cao, P.; Yang, Y.; Uche, F.I.; Hart, S.R.; Li, W.-W.; Yuan, C. Coupling Plant-Derived Cyclotides to Metal Surfaces: An Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030793
Cao P, Yang Y, Uche FI, Hart SR, Li W-W, Yuan C. Coupling Plant-Derived Cyclotides to Metal Surfaces: An Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(3):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030793
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Pan, Ying Yang, Fidelia Ijeoma Uche, Sarah Ruth Hart, Wen-Wu Li, and Chengqing Yuan. 2018. "Coupling Plant-Derived Cyclotides to Metal Surfaces: An Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 3: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030793