Implications of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone
Abstract
:1. Breast Cancer Metastasis
2. Hypoxia and Breast Cancer
3. Hypoxia and the Bone Metastatic Cascade
4. Hypoxia, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), and Motility
5. HIF Regulation of Invasion and Intravasation
6. Hypoxia and the Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype
7. Hypoxia and Extravasation
8. Hypoxia and Homing/Priming of the Bone Microenvironment
9. Hypoxia Regulates Osteoclasts in the Bone Microenvironment
10. Additional Mechanisms of HIF Regulation
11. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HIF | hypoxia inducible factor |
EMT | epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
HR | hormonal receptor |
ER | estrogen receptor |
PR | progesterone receptor |
HER2 | human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
HRE | hypoxia response element |
P4H | collagen prolyl hydroxylase |
PLOD | collagen lysyl hydroxylase |
LOX | lysyl oxidase |
AM | Adrenomedullin |
SDF-1 | stromal-cell derived factor 1 |
CXCR4 | chemokine receptor-4 |
BMDCs | bone marrow-derived cell |
HSCs | hematopoietic stem cells |
CSCs | cancer stem cell |
TAZ | transcriptional activator with PDZ-binding motif |
CTGF | connective tissue growth factor |
ECs | endothelial cells |
PTHrP | parathyroid hormone related protein |
RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand |
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Gilkes, D.M. Implications of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101669
Gilkes DM. Implications of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(10):1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101669
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilkes, Daniele M. 2016. "Implications of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 10: 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101669