Enhancement of Forskolin Production Using Aeroponic Cultivation of Coleus forskohlii and the Impact on the Plant Phytochemistry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Forskolin Quantification
2.2. Metabolomic Investigation
2.2.1. Comparison of the Phytochemical Composition of Root and Aerial Parts
2.2.2. Identification of Compounds Impacted by LEDs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Cultivation
3.1.1. Aeroponic System
3.1.2. Cultivation Itinerary
3.1.3. Harvesting and Drying
3.2. Phytochemicals
3.2.1. Chemicals
3.2.2. Sample Preparation
3.2.3. HPLC-ELSD Quantification
3.2.4. UHPLC-HRMS and UHPLC-HRMS/MS Analyses
3.3. Analyses of Treatments
3.3.1. HRMS/MS Treatment
3.3.2. Statistical Treatment of HRMS Data
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivation Itinerary | A (Control) | B (LEDs) | C (Biostimulant) | D (Hydric Stress) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dried root biomass (g) (Relative to the control) | 296.0 - | 690.8 (+133%) | 264.0 (−11%) | 305.2 (+3%) |
Quantity of forskolin produced (mg) (Relative to the control) | 229.9 ± 17.7 a - | 710.1 ± 21.3 b (+209%) | 229.4 ± 8.9 a (±0%) | 212.4 ± 4.9 a (−8%) |
Compound | tR | VIP Position | m/z | Adduct or Fragment | Itinerary | Calculated Molecular Formula [M] | Putative Annotation | Molecular Family |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 3.35 | 1 | 153.0546 | Fragments | B | C9H10O5 | Vanillylmandelic acid | Phenolic acid |
8 | 139.0387 | |||||||
10 | 181.0497 | |||||||
R2 | 3.87 | 21 | 183.1015 | [M + H]+ | B | C10H14O3 | - | - |
R3 | 5.62 | 7 | 181.0494 | [M + H]+ | B | C9H8O4 | Caffeic acid | Phenolic acids |
5 | 145.0283 | Fragments | ||||||
4 | 135.0440 | |||||||
R4 | 5.98 | 12 | 183.1014 | [M + H]+ | B | C10H14O3 | - | - |
R5 | 6.60 | 6 | 313.0711 | [M + H]+ | B | C17H12O6 | 4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic | Phenylpropanoids |
17 | 269.0812 | Fragment | ||||||
R6 | 7.19 | 20 | 312.1235 | [M − H2O + H] | A | C18H19NO5 | N-Feruloyloctopamine | Cinnamic acid amides |
24 | 177.0547 | Fragment | ||||||
R7 | 7.34 | 23 | 267.1177 | - | A | - | - | - |
R8 | 7.65 | 22 | 135.0440 | Fragment | B | C18H16O8 | Rosmarinic acid | Phenolic acids |
R9 | 7.85 | 9 | 189.0659 | - | A | - | - | - |
R10 | 11.00 | 13 | 365.3171 | [M + H]+ | A | C22H40N2O2 | - | - |
R11 | 12.20 | 19 | 469.3319 | [M + H]+ | A | - | - | - |
R12 | 13.50 | 2 | 331.1908 | [M + H]+ | A | C20H26O4 | 14-Hydroxytaxodione (abietane diterpene) | Diterpenes |
R13 | 13.80 | 18 | 453.3370 | [M − 2H2O + H]+ | A | C30H48O5 | Tormentic acid | Triterpenes |
R14 | 14.10 | 15 | 313.1798 | [M + H]+ | A | C20H24O3 | Abietane diterpene derivative | Diterpenes |
R15 | 14.30 | 25 | 255.1353 | [M + Na]+ | A | C15H20O2 | - | - |
R16 | 14.90 | 14 | 301.2164 | [M + H]+ | A | C20H28O2 | Sugiol / barbatusol | Diterpenes |
R17 | 15.00 | 3 | 331.2612 | [M + Na]+ | A | C20H36O2 | - | - |
R18 | 15.30 | 11 | 355.1879 | - | A | - | - | Fatty acid- |
R19 | 15.40 | 16 | 317.2097 | [M + Na]+ | B | C18H30O3 | Fatty acid derivative | Fatty acids |
Compound | tR | VIP Position | m/z | Adduct or Fragment | Itinerary | Calculated Molecular Formula [M] | Putative Annotation | Molecular Family |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AP1 | 4.85 | 18 | 167.0343 | Fragment | B | C10H10O6 | 4,6-Dimethoxyisophtalic acid | Phenolic acid |
AP2 | 5.71 | 10 | 227.1281 | Fragments | B | C18H28O9 | Hydroxyjasmonic acid hexose | Fatty acyl glycoside |
15 | 191.1065 | |||||||
AP3 | 6.37 | 16 | 206.0814 | Fragment | A | C12H13NO5 | 2-[(2-Carboxyacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoic | Dipeptides |
AP4 | 6.82 | 17 | 312.1235 | [M + H]+ | A | C18H17NO4 | Hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivative | Cinnamic acid amides |
AP5 | 6.85 | 5 | 291.0979 | [M + H]+ | A | C14H13N2O4 | N-Malonyl-D-tryptophan | Dipeptides |
7 | 245.0925 | Fragment | ||||||
AP6 | 7.19 | 8 | 177.0548 | Fragment | A | C18H19NO5 | N-Feruloyloctopamine | Cinnamic acid amides |
AP7 | 7.55 | 3 | 447.093 | [M + H]+ | B | C21H18O11 | Apigenin-glucuronide | Flavonoids |
12 | 271.0604 | Fragment | ||||||
AP10 | 12.81 | 1 | 433.2202 | [M + Na]+ | B | C22H34O7 | Forskolin | Diterpenes |
4 | 375.2170 | [M − H2O + H]+ | ||||||
11 | 315.1952 | Fragments | ||||||
14 | 297.1731 | |||||||
AP11 | 13.04 | 22 | 431.2069 | [M + H]+ | B | C24H30O7 | Cycloabetiane derivative | Diterpenes |
AP12 | 13.71 | 24 | 409.1628 | [M + Na]+ | B | C22H26O6 | Coleon Z | Diterpenes |
AP13 | 13.87 | 23 | 320.2564 | [M + Na]+ | B | C18H35NO2 | N-Acyl amines derivatives | Fatty amides |
AP14 | 13.9 | 6 | 317.2092 | [M + H]+ | A | C20H28O3 | 11,20-Dihydroxysugiol/ royleanone | Diterpenes |
AP15 | 14.86 | 19 | 453.1889 | [M + Na]+ | B | C24H30O7 | Cycloabetiane derivative | Diterpenes |
AP16 | 15.21 | 13 | 371.1857 | [M + H]+ | B | C22H26O5 | Abetiane diterpene derivative | Diterpenes |
AP17 | 15.23 | 20 | 437.1940 | [M + Na]+ | A | C24H30O6 | 6,7-Secoabietane diterpene derivative | Diterpenes |
AP18 | 15.25 | 9 | 389.1965 | [M + H]+ | B | C22H28O6 | Abetiane diterpene derivative | Diterpenes |
15.26 | 25 | 311.1646 | Fragment | |||||
AP19 | 15.33 | 21 | 417.2250 | [M + Na]+ | B | C22H34O6 | 9-Deoxyforskolin | Diterpenes |
AP20 | 15.47 | 2 | 320.2565 | [M + Na]+ | B | C18H35NO2 | N-Acyl amines derivatives | Fatty amides |
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Le Cabec, A.; Campos, P.-E.; Yzebe, O.; Pelé, R.; Colas, C.; Destandau, E. Enhancement of Forskolin Production Using Aeroponic Cultivation of Coleus forskohlii and the Impact on the Plant Phytochemistry. Molecules 2024, 29, 4215. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174215
Le Cabec A, Campos P-E, Yzebe O, Pelé R, Colas C, Destandau E. Enhancement of Forskolin Production Using Aeroponic Cultivation of Coleus forskohlii and the Impact on the Plant Phytochemistry. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4215. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174215
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe Cabec, Audrey, Pierre-Eric Campos, Olivier Yzebe, Ronan Pelé, Cyril Colas, and Emilie Destandau. 2024. "Enhancement of Forskolin Production Using Aeroponic Cultivation of Coleus forskohlii and the Impact on the Plant Phytochemistry" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4215. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174215