Sources of Carotenoids in Amazonian Fruits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Selection Process
2.2. Data Extraction
3. Results
4. Properties of Some Food Compounds in the Prevention of Etiological Diseases
5. Bioactive Compounds
6. Carotenoids
7. Research on Products Derived from Fruits Rich in Carotenoids: Flour and Oil
8. Research Using Parts of Rich-Carotenoids Fruits
9. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioactive Substance | Active Compounds | Biological Functions * | Foods |
---|---|---|---|
Phytochemicals | Phenolic compounds | Antioxidant activity; Anti-inflammatory; Contribute to balance and adequacy of intestinal functioning; Can help to reduce the absorption of fat and cholesterol. | Citrus fruits (lemon, orange and tangerine), in addition to other fruits such as cherry, grape, plum, pear, apple and papaya and vegetables (broccoli, red cabbage, onion, garlic and tomato), cereals, teas, coffee, cocoa, wine. |
Alkaloids | Acts mainly on the nervous system, whether central or autonomic. | Vegetable alkaloids are the main sources | |
Organosulfur compounds | Prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the reduction in blood pressure, serum lipid level, blood glucose and oxidative stress. | Garlic, onion, chestnuts and walnuts. | |
Carotenoids | Contribute to the body’s defenses, as they have antioxidant action, in addition to being responsible for the synthesis of vitamins, being related to reducing the risk of macular degeneration, cataracts and chronic diseases. | Dark green leafy vegetables (spinach), vegetables (carrots, peppers, lettuce, broccoli, among others) and tropical fruits, such as peach palm, tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare), mango, taperebá (Spondias mombin), murici (Byrsonima crassifolia), guava, among others. | |
Phytosterols | Help to reduce the absorption of cholesterol. | Vegetable oils (soybean and sunflower), fruits, seeds, leaves and stems. | |
Probiotics | Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli | Improve balance of the intestinal microbiota; Benefits in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases; Stimulation of the immune system. | Yogurts, fermented dairy products, kefir, kombucha and food supplements. |
Prebiotics | Fibers, oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and inulin | Collaborate for balance and adequacy function of intestines; Help to reduce the absorption of fat and cholesterol. | Fruits, oats, vegetables (chicory root and yacon potatoes), whole grains, tubers and bulbs, honey and brown sugar. |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Omega 3 Omega 6 | Reduction in LDL-cholesterol; Anti-inflammatory action; Indispensable for the development of brain and retina of newborns. Helps to adjust the triglyceride’ levels. | Vegetable oil (soybean, canola, wheat germ, flaxseed), nuts and marine fish (sardines, salmon, tuna, anchovies, herring). |
Antioxidant vitamins | A | Antioxidant activity; Important in cell growth and differentiation; Preventive action in the development of tumors. | Animal products (liver, milk, eggs, butter, cheese and fish). |
C | Antioxidant activity; Decreased risk for certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and cataracts, as well as wound healing and immune modulation. | Fruits (orange, lemon, acerola, strawberry) and vegetables (broccoli, cabbage and spinach). | |
E | Antioxidant activity; Anti-inflammatory; Adequacy of triglyceride levels. | Vegetable oils, wheat germ, oilseeds, dark green leafy vegetables and animal foods (egg yolks and liver). | |
Isoflavones and soy protein | Bioactive peptides | Hormonal regulation; Antioxidant activity; Cholesterol reduction. | Soy and derivatives |
Popular Name | Scientific Name | Carotenoids Profile | Health Benefits | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Araçá-boi | Eugenia stipitata | Lycopenes and cryptoxanthin | Antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. | Araújo et al. (2019) [43] |
Buriti | Mauritia flexuosa Linn. F | β-carotene | Reduce the incidence of xerophthalmia; Reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. | Milanez et al. (2018) [41]; Neri-Numa et al. (2018) [42] |
Camu-camu | Myrciaria dubia | Trans-lutein and β-carotene | Antioxidant capacity. | Souza et al. (2018) [44] |
Caranã | Mauritiella armata | Cis-β-carotene, trans -β-carotene,trans -α-carotene and trans-lutein | Lutein and zeaxanthin play an important role in reducing eye disorders due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and ability to filter blue light. | Anunciação et al. (2019) [45] |
Inajá | Attalea maripa | Trans -β-carotene | Antioxidant role, protects the cell body against the excess free radicals. | Anunciação et al. (2019) [45] |
Murici | Byrsonima crassifolia | Lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene | High antioxidant potential; Inhibition of various degenerative processes; Source of Vitamin A. | Belisário et al. (2020) [46] |
Marirana | Couepia subcordata Benth | Trans -α-carotene, trans-β-carotene and zeaxanthin | May reduce the risk of macular degeneration and cataract formation. | Anunciação et al. (2019) [45] |
Peach palm | Bactris gasipaes | Zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene. | Antioxidants, protecting the body against chronic diseases and certain cancers, macular degeneration, cataracts, neurological disorders, gastric anti-ulcer activity and strengthening the immune system. | Otero et al. (2020) [47] |
Taperebá | Spondias mombin | β-cryptoxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, lutein, trans-α-carotene, cis-α-carotene and trans-β-carotene. | Strong potential in neurocognitive function together with a healthy lifestyle to promote brain health. | Assis et al. (2020) [48] |
Tucumã | Astrocaryum vulgare | β-carotene, γ-carotene and δ-carotene | Source of pro-vitamin A. | Matos et al. (2019) [49] |
Popular Names | Scientific Names | Products | Methods | Total Carotenoids (μg/100 g) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Araçá-boi | Eugenia stipitata | Flour | Kiln-drying | 12.000 | Bernardina et al. (2020) [50] |
Bacaba | Oenocarpus bacaba | Oil from pulp flour | Drying in freeze dryer | 1068.30 | Santos et al. (2021) [51] |
Oil from pulp flour | Kiln-drying | 908.17 | Santos et al. (2021) [51] | ||
Buriti | Mauritia flexuosa Linn. F | Defatted flour | Kiln-drying and Soxhlet (hexane) | Not detected | Resende, Franca, and Oliveira (2019) [52] |
Oil | Not detected | 103.696 | Mesquita et al. (2020) [53] | ||
Inajá | Maximiliana maripa | Defatted flour (mature) | Drying in freeze dryer | 125.110 | Barbi et al. (2020) [54] |
Defatted flour (green) | Drying in freeze dryer | 42.290 | Barbi et al. (2020) [54] | ||
Oil from pulp flour (ripe) | Soxhlet (ethanol) | 96.980 | Barbi et al. (2020) [54] | ||
Oil from pulp flour (green) | Soxhlet (ethanol) | 76.210 | Barbi et al. (2020) [54] | ||
Oil | Subcritical (propane) | 140.990 | Barbi et al. (2019) [55] | ||
Peach palm | Bactris gasipaes Kunth | Oil | Soxhlet (Petroleum ether) | 832.4 | Santos et al. (2020) [56] |
Popular Name | Scientific Name | Part of the Fruit | Carotenoids Profile | Total Carotenoids (μg 100 g−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achachairu | Garcinia humilis | Seeds, peel and a very small amount of pulp | β-carotene | 932 | Barros et al. (2017) [63] |
Araçá-boi | Eugenia stipitata | Seeds, peel and a very small amount of pulp | β-carotene | 3.339 | Barros et al. (2017) [63] |
Bacaba | Oenocarpus bacaba | Seeds, peel and a very small amount of pulp | β-carotene | 1.547 | Barros et al. (2017) [63] |
Buriti | Mauritia flexuosa Linn. F | Peel (epicarp) | β-carotene | 21.030 | Cardoso et al. (2020) [58] |
Bleached peel (epicarp) | β-carotene | 1040.1 | Resende et al. (2019) [52] | ||
Endocarp | β-carotene | 6.050 | Cardoso et al. (2020) [58] | ||
Bleached endocarp | β-carotene | 150.5 | Resende et al. (2019) [50] | ||
Camu-camu | Myrciaria dubia | Peel | Trans-luteine β-carotene | 10.588 | Souza et al. (2018) [44] |
Cupuaçu | Theobroma grandiflorum | Fibrous material from pulp and seeds | β-carotene γ-carotene and δ-carotene | 620 | Amariz et al. (2018) [64] |
Peach palm | Bactris gasipaes | Peel | 33.690 | Matos et al. (2019) [49] | |
Taperebá | Spondias mombin | Fibrous material from pulp and seeds | Not determined | 7.000 | Amariz et al. (2018) [64] |
Tucumã | Astrocaryum vulgare | Peel | β-carotene γ-carotene and δ-carotene | 18.060 | Matos et al. (2019) [49] |
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dos Santos, O.V.; do Rosário, R.C.; Teixeira-Costa, B.E. Sources of Carotenoids in Amazonian Fruits. Molecules 2024, 29, 2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102190
dos Santos OV, do Rosário RC, Teixeira-Costa BE. Sources of Carotenoids in Amazonian Fruits. Molecules. 2024; 29(10):2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102190
Chicago/Turabian Styledos Santos, Orquidea Vasconcelos, Rosely Carvalho do Rosário, and Barbara E. Teixeira-Costa. 2024. "Sources of Carotenoids in Amazonian Fruits" Molecules 29, no. 10: 2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102190