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This is a list of English prepositions. In English, some prepositions are short, typically containing six letters or fewer. There are, however, a significant number of multi-word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new prepositions have come into use, old ones have fallen out of use, and the meaning of existing prepositions has changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed class.
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English has a number of idiomatic expressions which act as prepositions, but can be analyzed as a preposition followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the definite or, occasionally, indefinite article) followed by another preposition.[2] Common examples include:
William Withering FRS (17 March 1741 – 6 October 1799) was an English botanist, geologist, chemist, physician and the discoverer of digitalis.
Withering was born in Wellington, Shropshire, trained as a physician and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He worked at Birmingham General Hospital from 1779. The story is that he noticed a person with dropsy (swelling from congestive heart failure) improve remarkably after taking a traditional herbal remedy; Withering became famous for recognising that the active ingredient in the mixture came from the foxglove plant. The active ingredient is now known as digitalis, after the plant's scientific name. In 1785, Withering published An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses, which contained reports on clinical trials and notes on digitalis's effects and toxicity.
A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special case of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures.
In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs). Unlike the Oracle extension described below, the recursive CTEs were designed with fixpoint semantics from the beginning. The recursive CTEs from the standard were relatively close to the existing implementation in IBM DB2 version 2. Recursive CTEs are also supported by Microsoft SQL Server,Firebird 2.1,PostgreSQL 8.4+,SQLite 3.8.3+, Oracle 11g Release 2, IBM Informix version 11.50+ and CUBRID.
An alternative syntax is the non-standard CONNECT BY
construct; it was introduced by Oracle in the 1980s. Prior to Oracle 10g, the construct was only useful for traversing acyclic graphs because it returned an error on detecting any cycles; in version 10g Oracle introduced the NOCYCLE feature (and keyword), making the traversal work in the presence of cycles as well.