Ukristo wa Kisiria
Ukristo wa Kisiria (kwa Kiingereza Syriac Christianity; kwa Kisyria ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto au Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) ni aina ya Ukristo wa Mashariki ambayo imestawi kwanza katika lugha ya Kiaramu na matawi yake mbalimbali.
Lugha hiyo, pamoja na Kigiriki na Kilatini, ni lugha muhimu zaidi ya Ukristo wa karne za kwanza, ikiheshimika pia kwa sababu ndiyo lugha mama ya Yesu na ya mitume wake wengi, kama si wote. Lugha hiyo ilienea na kutawala mawasiliano kutoka Antiokia upande wa magharibi hadi Seleucia-Ctesiphon, mji mkuu wa Milki ya Wasasani upande wa mashariki. Eneo hilo, lililojumlisha Syria, Lebanoni, Israeli/Palestina, Iraq na sehemu za Uturuki na Iran za leo, lilikuwa linagombaniwa kwa muda mrefu na Dola la Roma Mashariki na hiyo milki ya Wasasani.
Maandishi muhimu zaidi ya mababu wa Kanisa kwa lugha hiyo yanapatikana katika mkusanyo Patrologia Orientalis.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tangu wakati wa Mitume Ukristo ulienezwa kwa lugha ya Kiaramu na jamii yake kutoka Yerusalemu hadi sehemu nyingi zilizoitumia, ingawa ushahidi wa hakika ni mdogo hadi karne ya 3. Katika mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea (325) walishiriki maaskofu 20 kutoka Syria na 1 kutoka Uajemi, nje ya Dola la Roma.
Katika karne ya 5 Ukristo wa Kisiria ulijitenga na umoja wa Kanisa. Hawakuwa tena waamini binafsi walioshika msimamo tofauti na ule rasmi, bali Wakristo karibu wote wa nchi fulani chini ya maaskofu wao ndio waliojitenga.
1. Kufuatana na mtaguso wa Efeso (431), Wakristo wa nje ya Dola la Roma upande wa mashariki (Mesopotamia, Uajemi n.k.) walijitenga na kuendeleza maisha ya Kikristo chini ya dhuluma za Dola la Uajemi, huku wakieneza habari njema mbali zaidi na zaidi, hadi China na Indonesia.
Hadi leo, warithi wa Ukristo huo wanafuata liturujia ya Mesopotamia. Ni kama milioni 5, wengi wakiwa Kerala (India Kusini).
2. Kwa sababu ya matatizo ya ndani ya dola la Roma la Mashariki mafarakano yalitokea hata katika nchi ya Siria na nyinginezo zilizokuwa chini ya Kaisari wa Bizanti. Katika nchi hizo, baada ya mtaguso wa Kalsedonia (451), sehemu kubwa ya Wakristo walijitenga na kuendelea kama Kanisa la kitaifa.
Hadi leo, warithi wa Ukristo huo wanafuata liturujia ya Antiokia. Hao ni wengi zaidi.
Katika hali hiyo ya mafarakano, mbali ya dhuluma kutoka kwa Dola la Uajemi, ilitokea kwamba Muhammad aliunganisha makabila yote ya Waarabu kwa jina la Mungu mmoja, (kwa Kiarabu: Allah). Alipofariki mwaka 632 Waarabu walishambulia maeneo jirani ya Waroma wa Bizanti na ya Waajemi. Miaka mia moja baada ya kifo cha Muhamad sehemu kubwa ya dunia kati ya Moroko na Bonde la Indus (leo Pakistan) ilikuwa chini ya Uislamu.
Uislamu ulienea haraka sana kwa nguvu ya kijeshi katika nchi hizo, ambazo baadhi, kama Syria, zilikuwa na Wakristo wengi. Mwanzoni walikuja Waarabu kadhaa tu: walichukua madaraka ya serikali kuu na kujenga makambi ya kijeshi katika kila nchi. Vijana wa Kiarabu walifuata baba zao wakiitikia wito wa dini uliokuja pamoja na nafasi ya kupata maisha nafuu. Mbali ya nguzo tano za Uislamu, walifundishwa kwamba ikiwa watakufa katika vita vitakatifu watapokewa na Mungu kama mashahidi wa imani na kuingia Paradiso moja kwa moja. Lakini wasipokufa vitani watakuwa matajiri wakitawala nchi mpya na kupokea kodi za wenyeji wasio Waislamu. Imani ya aina hii iliwapa nguvu kweli na iliendelea kuvuta Waarabu wengi kutoka kwao kuhamia hadi Asia ya Kati.
Kwa kawaida Wakristo hawakulazimishwa kuacha imani yao. Viongozi wa Waarabu washindi walifanya mikataba na maaskofu wa Kikristo katika maeneo waliyoyateka. Wakristo waliahidiwa ulinzi wa makanisa yao wakiambiwa wanaweza kuendelea na mila na desturi walivyozoea. Lakini hawakuwa na haki zote za uraia. Wasio Waislamu walijiona wanabaguliwa mbele ya Waislamu. Walitozwa kodi kubwa ya pekee. Mahakamani hawakuweza kushuhudia dhidi ya Mwislamu, walilazimishwa kuvaa nguo za pekee tofauti na Waislamu, walikataliwa kupanda farasi, kujenga makanisa mapya, au kutumia kengele makanisani. Waislamu walipata kipaumbele katika mambo yote. Hivyo polepole wenyeji walianza kutumia lugha ya Kiarabu pamoja na kujiunga na Uislamu. Aliyejiunga na Uislamu na kujifunza Kiarabu alikubaliwa lakini Wakristo wenyeji waliotunza urithi wao walibaguliwa. Bila shaka wazazi wengine walitumaini kuwasaidia watoto wao wapate maendeleo maishani wakifuata dini ya watawala.
Masharti ya kujiunga na Uislamu ni rahisi. Hakuna mafundisho magumu, mwanzoni inatosha kutamka "shahada" ya Kiislamu ambayo ni fupi sana: As-haddu inna la ilaha ila allah, wa Muhamad rasul ullah. (Nakiri ya kwamba Mungu ndiye mmoja tu, na Mohamad ni mtume wa Mungu). Lakini baadaye haiwezekani kurudi katika Ukristo maana sheria ya Kiislamu inaruhusu Mkristo kugeuka Mwislamu lakini inakataza kwa adhabu ya kifo Mwislamu asitoke katika imani hiyo na kufuata dini nyingine.
Mara kwa mara upande wa watawala na wakubwa yalijitokeza matendo mabaya, kama makanisa kubomolewa au kugeuzwa misikiti, n.k. Kwa mfano msikiti mkuu wa Dameski (Siria) ulikuwa zamani Kanisa la Mt. Yohane Mbatizaji. Mwanzoni Waarabu waliahidi kuliheshimu, lakini mtawala aliyefuata alitaka jengo kubwa lililopatikana mjini kwa ajili ya ibada yake.
Vipindi vya kulazimisha vilitokea tena na tena, hasa baada ya mataifa mapya kuwa Waislamu. Waarabu wenyewe walionyesha ustahimilivu zaidi kwa wenye imani nyingine (Wakristo, Wayahudi n.k.). Lakini Waturuki, Waajemi na Wamongolia baada ya kuwa Waislamu walikuwa wakali. Hasa vipindi vya vita vya msalaba kati ya Wakristo kutoka Ulaya na Waturuki viliongeza uchungu kwa Wakristo waliokuwa chini ya utawala wa Kiarabu. Katika vipindi hivyo Wakristo chini ya Waislamu waliweza kuangaliwa kama wasaliti na kuteswa, makanisa yao kubomolewa n.k. Majaribio yote ya kupigania uhuru yaligandamizwa vikali.
Pamoja na Wakristo wengi kugeuka Waislamu, umisionari kwa mataifa mengine ya Asia ulizuiwa na dola la Kiislamu lililozunguka karibu pande zote nchi za Kikristo. Hata hivyo wamisionari wa Kanisa la Mesopotamia na Uajemi walikuwa wameshahubiri kote Asia ya Kati hadi China na Indonesia.
Lakini huko Asia makabila na mataifa mapya walipokea Uislamu, mara nyingi kwa njia ya vita. Makabila hayo ya Waturuki na Wamongolia yalifuata imani ya Kiislamu kwa ukali kuliko Waarabu wenyewe. Walilazimisha wote waliokuwa na imani tofauti (Wakristo, Wabuddha au wafuasi wa dini za jadi) wawe Waislamu. Mtawala Mwislamu wa Wamongolia, Timur, aliua Wakristo lukuki na kubomoa makanisa elfu kadhaa alipofanya vita vyake Asia ya Kati. Katika vita hivyo Ukristo wa Asia ya Kati uliharibika kabisa. Maeneo makubwa yalichomwa moto, watu walilazimishwa kwa upanga kuwa Waislamu au kuuawa. Mnamo mwaka 1400 Ukristo wa Asia ulibaki katika Mashariki ya Kati tu (Asia ya Magharibi) pamoja na India Kusini (jimbo la Kerala).
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