Pokret za građanska prava
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Pokret za građanska prava (engl. Civil rights movement) je izraz kojim se u kontekstu istorije SAD označavaju nastojanja da se propagandom, agitacijom, demonstracijama, političkim lobiranjem i brojnim drugim, u pravilu nenasilnim akcijama kao što su demonstracije i bojkoti, izbore građanska prava za pripadnike crne, odnosno afroameričke zajednice u SAD, te ukine dotada institucionalna rasna segregacija i diskriminacija, te afroamerički državljani SAD izjednače u svojim pravima sa većinskim belcima.
U užem smislu se pod tim podrazumeva kampanja koja se od sredine 1950-ih do kraja 1960-ih vodila, pretežno u državama američkog Juga, sa ciljem da se ukinu tzv. zakoni Džima Kroua koji su na razne, najčešće posredne načine, crnom stanovništvu sprečavali politički angažman, propisivala de jure rasna segracija, a crnačko stanovništvo de facto stavljalo u neravnopravan i podređen socioekonomski položaj. Ona je pod vodstvom crnog baptističkog svećenika Martina Lutera Kinga, uprkos izrazitog neprijateljstva Demokratske stranke koja je dominirala američkim Jugom, a u nekim slučajevima i nasilnih i terorističkih akcija od strane lokalnih rasista,[1] s vremenom uspela steći široku podršku te sredinom 1960-ih podstaknuti Džonsonovu federalnu administraciju i Kongres da donesu niz dalekosežnih zakona kojima su zakoni Džima Kroua ukinuti.[2] Tako je afroameričko stanovništvo u SAD u formalnom smislu potpuno izjednačeno s belim, ali su Kingova kasnija nastojanja da se položaj crnaca poboljša u ekonomskom pogledu doživela neuspeh,[3] odnosno koincidirala s nizom krvavih rasnih nereda i radikalizacijom unutar same crnačke zajednice koja će dodatno eskalirati nakon Kingovog ubistva 1968. godine. Uprkos tome, uspeh tog pokreta često se uspoređuje s dostignućima ranijeg pokreta za indijsku nezavisnost, odnosno dokazom kako se i najradikalnija društvena promena može postići mirnim putem, pa su brojni slični pokreti uzimali njega kao uzor, a za što je najnoviji primer pokret za LGBT prava.
Pokret za građanska prava u SAD se često smešta u širi kontekst globalnog pokreta za građanska prava koji od sredine 20. veka postoji u gotovo svim zemljama sveta. Mnoge popularne reprezentacije pokreta usredsređene su na harizmatično vođstvo i filozofiju Martina Lutera Kinga mlađeg, koji je dobio Nobelovu nagradu za mir 1964. godine za ulogu u nenasilnom moralnom vođstvu. Međutim, neki naučnici primećuju da je pokret bio previše raznolik da bi se mogao pripisati bilo kojoj osobi, organizaciji ili strategiji.[4]
Vidi još
[уреди | уреди извор]Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ II, Vann R. Newkirk. „How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today”. The Atlantic. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 7. 2017. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2017.
- ^ „Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 7. 2016.
- ^ Haines, Herbert H. (1995). Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (на језику: енглески). University of Tennessee Press. стр. 98—118. ISBN 978-1-57233-260-7.
- ^ Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85, No. 2 (September 1998): 540–570
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(помоћ). Pure Fire:Self-Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era (University of Georgia Press, 2005) - Tucker, William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund, University of Illinois Press (May 30, 2007)
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(помоћ). Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960–1980. University of North Carolina Press, 1999. . - Morris, Aldon D (1984). The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-922130-7
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- Patterson, James T. Patterson, James T. (март 2001). Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972595-3. . Brown v. Board of Education, a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515632-3.
- Raiford, Leigh. Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (22. август 2016). (U of North Carolina Press, 2011).
- Richardson, Christopher M.; Ralph E. Luker, ур. (2014). Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8037-5.
- Sitkoff, Howard. The Struggle for Black Equality (2nd ed. 2008)
- Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. Encyclopedia of African American Business (2 vol. Greenwood 2006). Jackson, Millicent Lownes; Wynn, Linda T. (2006). Encyclopedia of African American Business. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313014543.. excerpt
- Sokol, Jason. There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975. (Knopf, 2006).
- Tsesis, Alexander. Tsesis, Alexander (октобар 2008). We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300145311. . We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law. (Yale University Press, 2008). ISBN 978-0-300-11837-7
- Tuck, Stephen. We Ain't What We Ought to Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama (2011).
- Armstrong, Julie Buckner, ур. (2015). The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature. Cambridge University Press. стр. xxiv, 209. ISBN 978-1-316-24038-0.
- Catsam, Derek (januar 2008). „The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment”. History Compass. 6 (1): 314—344. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x.
- Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita; Lang, Clarence (proleće 2007). „The 'Long Movement' as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies”. The Journal of African American History. 92 (2): 265—288. S2CID 140436349. doi:10.1086/JAAHv92n2p265.
- Eagles, Charles W. (novembar 2000). „Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era”. The Journal of Southern History. 66 (4): 815—848. JSTOR 2588012. doi:10.2307/2588012.
- Fairclough, Adam (decembar 1990). „Historians and the Civil Rights Movement”. Journal of American Studies. 24 (3): 387—398. S2CID 145576332. doi:10.1017/S0021875800033697.
- Frost, Jennifer (maj 2012). „Using 'Master Narratives' to Teach History: The Case of the Civil Rights Movement” (PDF). History Teacher. 45 (3): 437—446.
- Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (mart 2005). „The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past” (PDF). The Journal of American History. 91 (4): 1233—1263. JSTOR 3660172. doi:10.2307/3660172. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 07. 2019. г. Приступљено 04. 09. 2019.
- Lawson, Steven F. (април 1991). „Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement”. The American Historical Review. 96 (2): 456—471. JSTOR 2163219. doi:10.2307/2163219.
- Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M. (1998). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9053-4.
- Lawson, Steven F. (2003). Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom Struggle. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2693-7.
- Payne, Charles M. (2007). „Bibliographic Essay: The Social Construction of History”. I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. University of California Press. стр. 413—442. ISBN 978-0-520-25176-2.
- Robinson, Armstead L.; Sullivan, Patricia, ур. (1991). New Directions in Civil Rights Studies. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1319-3.
- Sandage, Scott A. (jun 1993). „A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963” (PDF). The Journal of American History. 80 (1): 135—167. JSTOR 2079700. doi:10.2307/2079700. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 4. 2015. г.
- Strickland, Arvarh E.; Weems, Robert E., ур. (2001). The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29838-7.
- Zamalin, Alex (2015). African American Political Thought and American Culture: The Nation's Struggle for Racial Justice. Springer. стр. xii, 192. ISBN 978-1-137-52810-0.
- Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill; Polsgrove, Carol, eds. Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1941–1963 and Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973. New York: Library of America, 2003. ISBN 1-931082-28-6 and ISBN 1-931082-29-4.
- Dann, Jim. Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers, Memories of Mississippi 1964–65. Baraka Books, 2013. ISBN 978-1-926824-87-1.
- Holsaert, Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC. University of Illinois Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-252-03557-9.
- Malcolm X (with the assistance of Alex Haley). The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Random House, 1965. Paperback ISBN 0-345-35068-5. Hardcover ISBN 0-345-37975-6.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- Civil Rights Digital Library Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. јун 2009) – Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia.
- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history, personal stories, documents, and photos. Hosted by Tougaloo College.
- Civil Rights in America – Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom.
- Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970 – Provided by the University of Virginia.
- The Civil Rights Era – Part of The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation.
- Voices of Civil Rights – A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).
- We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement – Provided by the National Park Service.
- "Teaching the Movement: The State Standards We Deserve" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on September 19, 2011.
- "Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on March 26, 2014.
- "Teaching the Movement 2014: The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published in 2014.
- Civil Rights Teaching – Provided by Teaching for Change, a 501(c)(3) organization.
- SNCC Digital Gateway