Panenteizam

Panenteizam (sa značenjem „sve-u-Bogu”, od grčkog πᾶν pân, „sve”, ἐν en, „u” i Θεός Theós, „Bog”)^[1] je verovanje da božanstvo prožima i interpenetrira svaki deo univerzuma, a takođe se proteže izvan prostora i vremena. Ovaj termin je skovao nemački filozof Karl Kraus 1828. godine, kako bi razlikovao ideje Georga Vilhelma Fridriha Hegela (1770–1831) i Fridriha Vilhelma Jozefa Šelinga (1775–1854) o pogledu Boga i univerzuma od pretpostavljenog panteizma Baruha Spinoze.^[1] Za razliku od panteizma, koji smatra da su božansko i univerzum identični,^[2] panenteizam održava ontološku razliku između božanskog i nebožanskog i značaja oba.

U panenteizmu se Bog posmatra kao duša univerzuma, univerzalni duh prisutan svuda, koji istovremeno „nadilazi” sve stvoreno.
Dok panteizam tvrdi da je „sve Bog”, panenteizam tvrdi da je Bog veći od univerzuma. Neke verzije panenteizma sugerišu da univerzum nije ništa drugo do manifestacija Boga. Pored toga, neki oblici ukazuju na to da je univerzum sadržan u Bogu,^[2] kao u kabalskom konceptu cimcuma. Takođe je hinduistička misao u znatnoj meri okarakterisana panenteizmom i panteizmom.^[3]^[4] Međutim, osnovna tradicija na kojoj je izgrađen Krausov koncept je neoplatonska filozofija i njeni naslednici zapadna filozofija i pravoslavna teologija.

U filozofiji

Drevna grčka filozofija

Religijska uverenja neoplatonizma mogu se smatrati panenteističkim. Plotin je podučavao da postoji neizrecivi transcendentni Bog („Jedini”, τὸ Ἕν) od kojeg su naknadne stvarnosti bile emanacije. Od „Jednog” potiče božanski um (nus, Νοῦς) i kosmička duša (psiha, Ψυχή). U neoplatonizmu sam svet je Bog (prema Platonovom Timaju 37). Ovaj koncept božanstva povezan je sa konceptom logosa (Λόγος), koji je nastao vekovima ranije sa Heraklitom (oko 535–475. pne). Logos prožima kosmos, odakle sve misli i sve stvari potiču, ili kao što je Heraklit rekao: „Onaj koji me ne čuje, već Logosa reći će: Sve je jedno”. Neoplatonisti poput Jambliha pokušali su da pomire ovu perspektivu dodajući još jednu hipostazu iznad prvobitne monade sile ili dunamisa (Δύναμις). Ova nova sveprožimajuća monada obuhvatila je svu kreaciju i njene prvobitne nestvorene emanacije.

Moderna filozofija

Baruh Spinoza je kasnije tvrdio da „Što god bilo, to je u Bogu, a bez Boga ništa ne može biti, ni začeti.”^[5] „Pojedinačne stvari nisu ništa drugo nego modifikacije atributa Boga ili načina na koji se atributi Božji izražavaju na fiksni i određeni način.”^[6] Iako su Spinozu nazivali „prorokom”^[7] i „princom”^[8] panteizma, u pismu Henriju Oldenburgu Spinoza kaže da: „što se tiče stanovišta izvesnih ljudi da ja poistovećujem boga s prirodom (uzetom kao svojevrsna masa ili telesna materija), oni greše”.^[9] Za Spinozu je univerzum (kosmos) mod sa dva atributa mišljenje i proširenje. Bog ima beskonačno mnogo drugih svojstava koja nisu prisutna u našem svetu.

Prema nemačkom filozofu Karlu Jaspersu, kada je Spinoza napisao „Deus sive Natura” (Bog ili priroda) Spinoza nije nameravao da kaže da su Bog i priroda međusobno zamenljivi pojmovi, već da je Božja transcendencija potvrđena njegovim beskonačno mnogobrojnim atributima, i da su dve osobine poznate ljudima, naime misao i proširenje, označavali Božju imanentnost.^[10] Nadalje, Marselj Geri je predložio termin „panenteizam”, a ne „panteizam” kako bi opisao Spinozin pogled na odnos između Boga i sveta. Svet nije Bog, ali jeste, u snažnom smislu, „u” Bogu. Ipak, američki filozof i samoproglašeni panenteista Čarls Hartšorn je Spinozinu filozofiju nazvao „klasičnim panteizmom” i razlikovao Spinozinu filozofiju od panenteizma.^[11]

Godine 1828, nemački filozof Karl Kraus (1781–1832) želeći da izmiri monoteizam i panteizam, skovao je termin panenteizam (od starogrčkog izraza πᾶν ἐν θεῷ, pān en theṓ, doslovno „sve u bogu”). Ovo shvatanje Boga uticalo je na transcendentaliste Nove Engleske, poput Ralfa Volda Emersona. Izraz je popularisao Čarls Hartšorne u svom razvoju teologije procesa, a takođe je bio blisko povezan sa Novom mišlju.^[12] Formalizacija ovog termina na Zapadu u 19. veku nije bila nova; o njemu su hiljadama godina pisani filozofski traktati u kontekstu hinduizma.^[13]

Filozofi koji su prihvatili paneteizam uključuju Tomasa Hila Grina (1839–1882), Džejmsa Vorda (1843–1925), Endru Set Pringl-Patisona (1856–1931) i Samjuel Aleksandra (1859–1938).^[14] Počevši od četrdesetih godina prošlog veka, Hartšorn je ispitivao brojne Božje koncepcije. On je preispitao i odbacio panteizam, deizam i pandeizam u korist panenteizma, konstatujući da takva „doktrina sadrži sav deizam i pandeizam, osim njihovih proizvoljnih negacija”. Hartšorn je Boga formulisao kao biće koje bi moglo postati „savršenije”: On ima apsolutno savršenstvo u kategorijama za koje je apsolutno savršenstvo moguće i relativno savršenstvo (i.e. superiornost nad svim drugima) u kategorijama u kojima savršenstvo ne može biti precizno utvrđeno.^[15]

Reference

^ ^а ^б John Culp (2013): “Panentheism”, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
^ ^а ^б Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (2005). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. 4. William B. Eerdmans. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.
^ “Pantheism and Panentheism in non-Western cultures”, in: Britannica.
^ Whiting, Robert. Religions for Today. Stanley Thomes, London 1991, p. viii. ISBN 0-7487-0586-4.
^ Ethics, part I, prop. 15.
^ Ethics, part I, prop. 25S.
^ Picton, J. Allanson, "Pantheism: Its Story and Significance", 1905.
^ Fraser, Alexander Campbell, "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p. 163.
^ Correspondence of Benedict de Spinoza, Wilder Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60459-156-9, letter 73.
^ Karl Jaspers, Spinoza (Great Philosophers), Harvest Books, 1974, ISBN 978-0-15-684730-8, pp. 14 and 95.
^ Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, Philosophers Speak of God, Humanity Books, 1953, ch. 4.
^ Smith, David L. (2014). Theologies of the 21st Century: Trends in Contemporary Theology. Eugene OR: Wipf and Stock. стр. 228. ISBN 978-1625648648. Приступљено 29. 9. 2015.
^ Southgate, Christopher (2005). God, Humanity and the Cosmos: A Companion to the Science-Religion Debate. London: T&T Clark. стр. 246—47. ISBN 978-0567030160. Приступљено 29. 9. 2015.
^ John W. Cooper Panentheism, the other God of the philosophers: from Plato to the present Baker Academic, 2006, ISBN 0-8010-2724-1.
^ Charles Hartshorne, Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism (1964) ISBN 0-208-00498-X p. 348; cf. Michel Weber, Whitehead’s Pancreativism. The Basics. Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Ontos Verlag, Frankfurt am Main and Paris, 2006.

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Spoljašnje veze

Culp, John. „Panentheism”. Ур.: Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Dr. Jay McDaniel on Panentheism
Biblical Panentheism: The “Everywhere-ness” of God—God in all things, by Jon Zuck Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (19. фебруар 2008)
John Polkinghorne on Panentheism
The Bible, Spiritual authority and Inspiration – Lecture by Tom Wright at Spiritual Minded

[Stanford-1] а ^б John Culp (2013): “Panentheism”, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 18 March 2014.

[Fahlbusch,_Bromiley,_Barrett_1999-2] а ^б Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (2005). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. 4. William B. Eerdmans. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.

[3] “Pantheism and Panentheism in non-Western cultures”, in: Britannica.

[4] Whiting, Robert. Religions for Today. Stanley Thomes, London 1991, p. viii. ISBN 0-7487-0586-4.

[5] Ethics, part I, prop. 15.

[6] Ethics, part I, prop. 25S.

[7] Picton, J. Allanson, "Pantheism: Its Story and Significance", 1905.

[8] Fraser, Alexander Campbell, "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p. 163.

[9] Correspondence of Benedict de Spinoza, Wilder Publications, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60459-156-9, letter 73.

[10] Karl Jaspers, Spinoza (Great Philosophers), Harvest Books, 1974, ISBN 978-0-15-684730-8, pp. 14 and 95.

[11] Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, Philosophers Speak of God, Humanity Books, 1953, ch. 4.

[12] Smith, David L. (2014). Theologies of the 21st Century: Trends in Contemporary Theology. Eugene OR: Wipf and Stock. стр. 228. ISBN 978-1625648648. Приступљено 29. 9. 2015.

[13] Southgate, Christopher (2005). God, Humanity and the Cosmos: A Companion to the Science-Religion Debate. London: T&T Clark. стр. 246—47. ISBN 978-0567030160. Приступљено 29. 9. 2015.

[14] John W. Cooper Panentheism, the other God of the philosophers: from Plato to the present Baker Academic, 2006, ISBN 0-8010-2724-1.

[15] Charles Hartshorne, Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism (1964) ISBN 0-208-00498-X p. 348; cf. Michel Weber, Whitehead’s Pancreativism. The Basics. Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Ontos Verlag, Frankfurt am Main and Paris, 2006.

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