Urdu
Urdu | |
---|---|
ur Lashkari (لشکری) | |
Pronunciation | Hindustani: [ˈʊrd̪u] |
Native tae | Pakistan, Indie, Bangladesh ("Bihari"), Nepal[1] |
Native speakers | 66 million (2007)[2] Tot (only Urdu): 104 million (2010)[3] Tot (includin Hindi): 490 million (2010)[4] |
Arabic (Urdu alphabet [Nastaʿlīq) Devanagari Urdu Braille | |
Offeecial status | |
Offeecial leid in | ![]() ![]() Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi) |
Regulatit bi | Naitional Leid Authority (Pakistan); Naitional Cooncil for Promotion o Urdu Leid[8] (Indie) |
Leid codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ur |
ISO 639-2 | urd |
ISO 639-3 | urd |
Linguasphere | 59-AAF-q (wi Hindi, |
![]() Auries where Urdu is offeecial or cooffeecial
(Ither) auries where Hindi is offeecial |
Urdu ˈ (Urdu: اُردُو, Urdū, pronounced [ʊrˈd̪u] ( listen)), forby said Lashkari (لشکری ˈləʃkəri)[9], is the heidmaist leid that is spak in Pakistan. It is in mony weys seemilar tae Hindi whan spak (the twa is mutually intelligable) it haes a different writin seestem that's taen frae the Arabic. There's 60-80 million native speakers, an 160 million tot.
Letter Names and Phonemes
[eedit | eedit soorce]Isolated Letter [N] |
Phoneme | Urdu Letter Name [10][11] | Unicode [12][13] |
Nummer in Urdu alphabet | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Scots Letter | closest Phoneme in Scots | closest Phoneme in Inglis | Nastaliq [footnote 1] |
diacritics [11] |
Romanizations [11][14] | [11] | ||||
ا | /ɑː/ /ā/ /ʔ/ /–/ [citation needit] |
(example needed) | الف | الِف | alif[11] / alef[13] | U+0627 | 1 | 1 | |||
ب | /b/ | (example needed) | B in "bat" | بے | بے | bē[11] / beh[13] | U+0628 | 2 | 2 | ||
پ | /p/ | (example needed) | پے | پے | pē[11] / peh[12] | U+067E | 3 | 3 | |||
ت | /t̪/ | (example needed) | تے | تے | tē[11] / teh[13] | U+062A | 4 | 4 | |||
ٹ | /ʈ/ | (example needed) | ٹے | ٹے | ṭē[11] / tteh[12] | U+0679 | 5 | 5 | |||
ث | /s/ | (example needed) | ثے | ثے | sē[11] / s̱ē | U+062B | 6 | 6 | |||
ج | /d͡ʒ/ | (example needed) | جيم | جِيم | jīm[11] / jeem[13] | U+062C | 7 | 7 | |||
چ | /t͡ʃ/ | (example needed) | چے | چے | čē[11] / cē[11] / tcheh[12] | U+0686 | 8 | 8 | |||
ح | /ɦ/ | (example needed) | بڑی حے | بَڑی حے | baṛī ħē[11] / baṛī ḥē | U+062D | 9 | 9 | |||
خ | /x/ | "guttural" Kh [15] | ch in "loch" [15] | خے | خے | xē[11] / khē[11] / khah[13] / k͟hē | U+062E | 10 | 10 | ||
د | /d/ | (example needed) | دال | دال | dāl[11] / dal[13] | U+062F | 11 | 11 | |||
ڈ | /ɖ/ | (example needed) | ڈال | ڈال | ḍāl[11] / ddal[12] | U+0688 | 12 | 12 | |||
ذ | /z/ | (example needed) | ذال | ذال | zāl[11] / ẕāl | U+0630 | 13 | 13 | |||
ر | /r/ | (example needed) | رے | رے | rē[11] / reh[13] | U+0631 | 14 | 14 | |||
ڑ | /ɽ/ | (example needed) | ڑے | ڑے | ṛē[11] / rreh[12] | U+0691 | 15 | 15 | |||
ز | /z/ | (example needed) | زے | زے | zē[11] / zey | U+0632 | 16 | 16 | |||
ژ | /ʒ/ | (example needed) | ژے | ژے | žē[11] / zhē[11] | U+0698 | 17 | 17 | |||
س | /s/ | (example needed) | سین | سِين | sīn[11] / seen[13] | U+0633 | 18 | 18 | |||
ش | /ʃ/ | (example needed) | شین | شِين | šīn[11] / shīn[11] / sheen[13] | U+0634 | 19 | 19 | |||
ص | /s/ | (example needed) | صاد | صْواد | swād[11] / sad[13] / ṣwād | U+0635 | 20 | 20 | |||
ض | /z/ | (example needed) | ضاد | ضْواد | żwād[11] / ẓwād | U+0636 | 21 | 21 | |||
ط | /t/ | (example needed) | طوے | طوئے | tō’ē[11] / tah[13] / tōē / t̤o'ē / toy | U+0637 | 22 | 22 | |||
ظ | /z/ | (example needed) | ظوے | ظوئے | zō’ē[11] / zōē / z̤o'ē | U+0638 | 23 | 23 | |||
ع | /ɑː/ /oː/ /eː/ /ʔ/ /ʕ/ /∅/ (footnote) |
(example needed) | عین | عَيْن | ‘ain[11] / ain[13] ayn | U+0639 | 24 | 24 | |||
غ | /ɣ/ | (example needed) | غین | غَيْن | ğain[11] / ghain[13] / g͟hain | U+063A | 25 | 25 | |||
ف | /f/ | (example needed) | فے | فے | fē[11] / feh[13] | U+0641 | 26 | 26 | |||
ق | /q/ | (example needed) | قاف | قاف | qāf[11] / qaf[13] | U+0642 | 27 | 27 | |||
ک | /k/ | (example needed) | کاف | کاف | kāf[11] / kāf | U+06A9 | 28 | 28 | |||
گ | /ɡ/ | (example needed) | گاف | گاف | gāf[11] / gaf[12] | U+06AF | 29 | 29 | |||
ل | /l/ | (example needed) | لام | لام | lām[11] / lam[13] | U+0644 | 30 | 30 | |||
م | /m/ | (example needed) | میم | مِيم | mīm[11] / meem[13] | U+0645 | 31 | 31 | |||
ن | /n/ /ɲ/ /ɳ/ /ŋ/ |
(example needed) | نون | نُون | nūn[11] / noon[13] | U+0646 | 32 | 32 | |||
ں | / ◌̃ / | (example needed) | نون غنہ | نُونِ غُنّہ | nūn-e ğunnah[11] / noon ghunna[12] / nūn g͟hunnah | U+06BA | 33 | ||||
◌٘ ٘ ــ٘ـ | U+0658 | ||||||||||
و | /ʋ/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /oː/ /ɔː/ [V/W] |
(example needed) | واؤ | واؤ | vāō[11] / wāō[11] / waw[13] / wā'o | U+0648 | 34 | 33 | |||
ہ | /ɦ/ /ɑː/ /e:/ | (example needed) | گول ہے | گول ہے | gōl hē[11] / heh goal[12] / gol hē | U+06C1 | 35 | 34 | |||
ه | چهوٹی هے | چهوٹی هے | čhōṭī hē [11] | U+0647 [11] |
Arabic [footnote] | ||||||
ھ | /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ | (example needed) | دو چشمی ہے | دوچَشْمی ہے | dō-čašmī hē[11] / heh doachashmee[12] / do-cashmī hē |
U+06BE | 36 | ||||
ی | /j/ /iː/ /ɑː/ | (example needed) | چھوٹی يے | چھوٹی يے | čhōṭī yē[11] / choṭī yē | U+06CC | 38 | 35 | |||
ے | /ɛː/ /eː/ | (example needed) | بڑی يے | بَڑی يے | baṛī yē[11] / yeh barree[12] | U+06D2 | 39 | ||||
ء | ء | /ʔ/ /∅/ | (footnote) | (example needed) | ہمزہ | ہَمْزه | hamzah[11] / hamza[13] | U+0621 | 37 | 0 or 35 | |
ئ | ئ | U+0626 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/270px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png)
^Nastaliq: See Inglis Wikipedia: "Nastaliq".
^Hamza: In the Urdu, hamza ء is silent in aw its forms apairt fae whan it is uised as hamza-e-izafat. The main hamza ء uiss in the Urdu is fur tae indicate a vowel cluster. In Urdu words, Hamza ء is aye attatcht ئ tae a form resemmlin the Arabic ى alef maksura [citation needit].
^Ayn: Ayn ع in its initial عـ an final ـع poseition is uisually silent and is replaced by the forerinnin or follaein vowel soun.
References
[eedit | eedit soorce]- ↑ "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 Mairch 2013.
- ↑ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
- ↑ Katsiavriades, Qureshi, Kryss, Talaat. "The 30 Most Spoken Languages of the World". Retrieved 5 Mairch 2013.
- ↑ "A Guide to Urdu". BBC. Archived frae the original on 25 Mey 2012. Retrieved 31 Januar 2012.
- ↑ Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedie o Leid an Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ↑ Bailey, T. Grahame. "Urdu: the Name and the Language." The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1930): 391-400.
- ↑ Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."
- ↑ "National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language". Urducouncil.nic.in. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ↑ http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Kanwal%20Khalid-90-3-2015.pdf
- ↑ Delacy 2003, p. XV–XVI.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax "Urdu Alphabet". www.user.uni-hannover.de. Archived frae the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 29 Februar 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k "Extended Arabic Letter". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. Check date values in:
|accessdate=
(help) - ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Based on ISO 8859-6". unicode.org. Retrieved 7 May 1920. Check date values in:
|accessdate=
(help) - ↑ Project Fluency (7 October 2016). Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners: Start Speaking Basic Urdu Immediately (Kindle ed.). p. Kindle Locations 66–67. ISBN 978-1539047803.
- ↑ a b Kashani, Aabid (2019). Urdu: The Ultimate Beginners Learning Guide: Master The Fundamentals Of The Urdu Language (Kindle ed.). Dirk Alan Llorens?.
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae Urdu. |