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{{Japans historie}}
{{Japans historie}}
'''Heian-perioden''' ([[kanji]]: 平安時代; [[kana (skrift)|kana]]: へいあんじだい; ''Heian jidai''; ''Heian'' betyr "fred, ro") var en periode i [[Japans historie]], den siste perioden av klassisk japansk historie, som regnes fra 794 til 1185. Perioden har fått sitt navn etter hovedstaden [[Heian-kyō]], som i dag heter [[Kyōto]]. Dette var den perioden i japansk historie hvor [[buddhisme]], [[daoisme]] og andre innflytelser fra [[kinesisk kultur]] nådde sitt høydepunkt. Heian-perioden regnes også som høydepunktet for [[keiser av Japan|det japanske keiserlige hoffet]], og har blitt kjent for sin kunst, særlig for poesi og litteratur. Selv om keiserne på overflaten hadde makta, lå den reelle makta i hendene til den mektige, aristokratiske [[Fujiwara-klanen]], som hadde giftet seg inn i keiserfamilien, og mange keisere hadde mødre fra Fujiwara-klanen.
'''Heian-perioden''' ([[kanji]]: 平安時代; [[kana (skrift)|kana]]: へいあんじだい; ''Heian jidai''; ''Heian'' betyr «fred, ro») var en periode i [[Japans historie]], den siste perioden av klassisk japansk historie, som regnes fra 794 til 1185, mellom [[Nara-perioden]] og [[Kamakuraperioden]]. Perioden har fått sitt navn etter hovedstaden [[Heian-kyō]], som i dag heter [[Kyōto]]. Dette var den perioden i japansk historie hvor [[buddhisme]], [[daoisme]] og andre innflytelser fra [[kinesisk kultur]] nådde sitt høydepunkt. Heian-perioden regnes også som høydepunktet for [[keiser av Japan|det japanske keiserlige hoffet]], og har blitt kjent for sin kunst, særlig for poesi og litteratur. Selv om keiserne på overflaten hadde makta, lå den reelle makta i hendene til den mektige, aristokratiske [[Fujiwara-klanen]], som hadde giftet seg inn i keiserfamilien, og mange keisere hadde mødre fra Fujiwara-klanen.


==Hendelser==
== Hendelser ==
[[Fil:Byodo-in Uji02pbs3400.jpg|thumb|Fønikshallen i [[Byōdō-in]]-tempelet ble bygget på 1000-tallet, under Heian-perioden.]]
[[Fil:Byodo-in Uji02pbs3400.jpg|thumb|Fønikshallen i [[Byōdō-in]]-tempelet ble bygget på 1000-tallet, i Heian-perioden.]]
[[FIl:Daidairi of Heiankyo.jpg|thumb|[[Heian-kyō]] (modell).]]
[[Fil:Daidairi of Heiankyo.jpg|thumb|[[Heian-kyō]] (modell).]]
[[Fil:Heiji no ran,yoshitomo&yoritomo.jpg|thumb|[[Heiji-krigen]].]]
[[Fil:Heiji no ran,yoshitomo&yoritomo.jpg|thumb|[[Heiji-krigen]].]]
[[Fil:Illustration Genji Monogatari Musée Saint-Remi 928 4.jpg|thumb|Illustrasjon til ''[[Fortellingen om Genji]]''.]]
[[Fil:Illustration Genji Monogatari Musée Saint-Remi 928 4.jpg|thumb|Illustrasjon til ''[[Fortellingen om Genji]]''.]]
[[Fil:Yamaguchi Shrine.jpg|thumb|[[Yamaguchi-tempelet]].]]
[[Fil:Yamaguchi Shrine.jpg|thumb|[[Yamaguchi-tempelet]].]]
[[Fil:Shaka Nyorai.jpg|thumb|Maleri av Røde Shakyamuni, 12. århundre.]]
[[Fil:Shaka Nyorai.jpg|thumb|Maleri av Røde Shakyamuni, 12. århundre.]]
[[FIl:Enryaku Kōtaishiki.jpg|thumb|''Enryaku Kōtaishiki'', japansk kaligrafi.]]
[[Fil:Enryaku Kōtaishiki.jpg|thumb|''Enryaku Kōtaishiki'', japansk kaligrafi.]]
[[Fil:Fujiwara Michinaga.jpg|thumb|[[Fujiwara no Michinaga]], tegnet av [[Kikuchi Yōsai]].]]
[[Fil:Fujiwara Michinaga.jpg|thumb|[[Fujiwara no Michinaga]], tegnet av [[Kikuchi Yōsai]].]]
[[Fil:DaigojiPagodaClearView.jpg|thumb|[[Pagode]]n i [[Daijogi]], Kyōto.]]
[[Fil:DaigojiPagodaClearView.jpg|thumb|[[Pagode]]n i [[Daijogi]], Kyōto.]]
Linje 22: Linje 22:
* 819: [[Kūkai]] grunnlegger klostret [[Kōya-san]] i den nordvestlige delen av dagens [[Wakayama (prefektur)|Wakayama]].
* 819: [[Kūkai]] grunnlegger klostret [[Kōya-san]] i den nordvestlige delen av dagens [[Wakayama (prefektur)|Wakayama]].
* 858: Keiser [[Seiwa]] starter regentperioden til [[Fujiwara-klanen]].
* 858: Keiser [[Seiwa]] starter regentperioden til [[Fujiwara-klanen]].
* 895: [[Sugawara Michizane]] stoppet de keiserlige ambasadene til [[Tang-dynastiet]]s [[Kina]].
* 895: [[Sugawara Michizane]] stoppet de keiserlige ambassadene til [[Tang-dynastiet]]s [[Kina]].
* 990: [[Sei Shōnagon]] skriver essayene i ''[[Puteboka]]''.
* 990: [[Sei Shōnagon]] skriver essayene i ''[[Puteboka]]''.
*1000-1008: [[Murasaki Shikibu]] skriver romanen ''[[Fortellingen om Genji]]''.
* 1000-08: [[Murasaki Shikibu]] skriver romanen ''[[Fortellingen om Genji]]''.
* 1050: Den militære [[samurai]]-klassa blir mektigere.
* 1050: Den militære [[samurai]]-klassa blir mektigere.
* 1053: [[Byōdō-in]]-tempelet nær Kyōto opprettes av [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]].
* 1053: [[Byōdō-in]]-tempelet nær Kyōto opprettes av [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]].
* 1068: Keiser [[Go-Sanjo]] styrter Fujiwara-klanen.
* 1068: Keiser [[Go-Sanjo]] styrter Fujiwara-klanen.
* 1087: Keiser [[Shirakawa]] abdiserer og blir buddistmunk, den første av de såkalte "klosterkeiserne" (insei).
* 1087: Keiser [[Shirakawa]] abdiserer og blir buddhistmunk, den første av de såkalte «klosterkeiserne» (insei).
* 1156: [[Taira Kiyomori]] beseirer [[Minamoto-klanen]] og overtar makta, og ender dermed "insei"-perioden.
* 1156: [[Taira Kiyomori]] beseirer [[Minamoto-klanen]] og overtar makta, og ender dermed «insei»-perioden.
* 1180 (juni): Keiser [[Antoku]] flytter hovedstaden til [[Fukuhara-kyō]] ([[Kobe]]).
* 1180 (juni): Keiser [[Antoku]] flytter hovedstaden til [[Fukuhara-kyō]] ([[Kobe]]).
* 1180 (november): Keiser [[Antoku]] flytter hovedstaden til Heian-kyō (Kyōto).
* 1180 (november): Keiser [[Antoku]] flytter hovedstaden til Heian-kyō (Kyōto).
* 1185: Taira beseiret i [[Gempei-krigen]]; [[Minamoto Yoritomo]], støttet av [[Hōjō-klanen]] overtar makta, og blir Japans første [[shogun|shōgun]], mens keiseren blir en marionetthersker.
* 1180-85: Taira beseiret i [[Gempei-krigen]]; [[Minamoto Yoritomo]], støttet av [[Hōjō-klanen]] overtar makta, og blir Japans første [[shogun|shōgun]], mens keiseren blir en marionetthersker.
* 1191: [[Rinzai Zen]]-buddhismen introduseres til Japan av munken [[Eisai]] fra [[Kamakura]], og blir populær blant samuraiene, nå den ledende klassa i det japanske samfunnet.
* 1191: [[Rinzai Zen]]-buddhismen introduseres til Japan av munken [[Eisai]] fra [[Kamakura]], og blir populær blant samuraiene, nå den ledende klassa i det japanske samfunnet.


==Herskere==
== Herskere ==

===Keisere===
=== Keisere ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! width="3%" | #
! width="3%" | #
! width="13%" | Regjeringsperiode
! width="13%" | Regjeringsperiode
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! width="33%" | Notater
! width="33%" | Notater
|-
|-
| {{sort|0500|50}}
| {{Sort|0500|50}}
| 781–806
| 781–806
| [[File:Emperor Kammu large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Kammu large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kammu]]
| [[Kammu]]
| Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto)
| Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto)
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref> Titsingh, pp. 86</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Titsingh, pp. 86</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0510|51}}
| {{Sort|0510|51}}
| 806–809
| 806–809
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Heizei]]
| [[Heizei]]
| Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto)
| Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto)
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA96,M1 Titsingh, pp. 96]–97.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA96,M1 Titsingh, pp. 96]–97.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0520|52}}
| {{Sort|0520|52}}
| 809–823
| 809–823
| [[File:Emperor Saga large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Saga large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Saga (keiser)|Saga]]
| [[Saga (keiser)|Saga]]
| Kamino
| Kamino
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA97,M1 Titsingh, pp. 97]–102.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA97,M1 Titsingh, pp. 97]–102.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0530|53}}
| {{Sort|0530|53}}
| 823–833
| 823–833
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Junna]]
| [[Junna]]
| Ōtomo
| Ōtomo
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA103,M1 Titsingh, pp. 103]–106.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA103,M1 Titsingh, pp. 103]–106.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0540|54}}
| {{Sort|0540|54}}
| 833–850
| 833–850
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Ninmyō]]
| [[Ninmyō]]
| Masara
| Masara
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA106,M1 Titsingh, pp. 106]–112.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA106,M1 Titsingh, pp. 106]–112.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0550|55}}
| {{Sort|0550|55}}
| 850–858
| 850–858
| [[File:Emperor Montoku.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Montoku.jpg|60px]]
| [[Montoku]]
| [[Montoku]]
| Michiyasu
| Michiyasu
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA112,M1 Titsingh, pp. 112]–115.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA112,M1 Titsingh, pp. 112]–115.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0560|56}}
| {{Sort|0560|56}}
| \858–876
| \858–876
| [[File:Emperor Seiwa.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Seiwa.jpg|60px]]
| [[Seiwa]]
| [[Seiwa]]
| Korehito
| Korehito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA115,M1 Titsingh, pp. 115]–121.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA115,M1 Titsingh, pp. 115]–121.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0570|57}}
| {{Sort|0570|57}}
| 876–884
| 876–884
| [[File:Hyakuninisshu 013.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Hyakuninisshu 013.jpg|60px]]
| [[Yōzei]]
| [[Yōzei]]
| Sadaakira
| Sadaakira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA121,M1 Titsingh, pp. 121]–124.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA121,M1 Titsingh, pp. 121]–124.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0580|58}}
| {{Sort|0580|58}}
| 884–887
| 884–887
| [[File:Tennō Kōkō.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Tennō Kōkō.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kōkō]]
| [[Kōkō]]
| Tokiyasu
| Tokiyasu
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA124,M1 Titsingh, pp. 124]–125.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA124,M1 Titsingh, pp. 124]–125.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0590|59}}
| {{Sort|0590|59}}
| 887–897
| 887–897
| [[File:Emperor Uda large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Uda large.jpg|60px]]
| [[Uda (keiser)|Uda]]
| [[Uda (keiser)|Uda]]
| Sadami
| Sadami
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA125,M1 Titsingh, pp. 125]–129.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA125,M1 Titsingh, pp. 125]–129.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0600|60}}
| {{Sort|0600|60}}
| 897–930
| 897–930
| [[File:Emperor Daigo.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Daigo.jpg|60px]]
| [[Daigo]]
| [[Daigo]]
| Atsuhito
| Atsuhito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA129,M1 Titsingh, pp. 129]–134.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA129,M1 Titsingh, pp. 129]–134.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0610|61}}
| {{Sort|0610|61}}
| 930–946
| 930–946
| [[File:Tennō Suzaku detail.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Taira no Masakado detail.jpg|60px]]
| [[Suzaku (keiser)|Suzaku]]
| [[Suzaku (keiser)|Suzaku]]
| Yutaakira
| Yutaakira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 Titsingh, pp. 134]–138.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 Titsingh, pp. 134]–138.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0620|62}}
| {{Sort|0620|62}}
| 946–967
| 946–967
| [[File:Emperor Murakami.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Murakami.jpg|60px]]
| [[Murakami (keiser)|Murakami]]
| [[Murakami (keiser)|Murakami]]
| Nariakira
| Nariakira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA139,M1 Titsingh, pp. 139]–142.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA139,M1 Titsingh, pp. 139]–142.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0630|63}}
| {{Sort|0630|63}}
| 967–969
| 967–969
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Reizei]]
| [[Reizei]]
| Norihira
| Norihira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190–191; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA142,M1 Titsingh, pp. 142]–143.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190–191; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA142,M1 Titsingh, pp. 142]–143.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0640|64}}
| {{Sort|0640|64}}
| 969–984
| 969–984
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[En'yū]]
| [[En'yū]]
| Morihira
| Morihira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA144,M1 Titsingh, pp. 144]–148.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA144,M1 Titsingh, pp. 144]–148.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0650|65}}
| {{Sort|0650|65}}
| 984–986
| 984–986
| [[File:Tennō Kazan detail.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Tennō Kazan detail.jpg|60px]]
| [[Kazan (keiser)|Kazan]]
| [[Kazan (keiser)|Kazan]]
| Morosada
| Morosada
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA148,M1 Titsingh, pp. 148]–149.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA148,M1 Titsingh, pp. 148]–149.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0660|66}}
| {{Sort|0660|66}}
| 986–1011
| 986–1011
| [[File:Emperor Ichijō.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Ichijō.jpg|60px]]
| [[Ichijō]]
| [[Ichijō]]
| Yasuhito/Kanehito
| Yasuhito/Kanehito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA150,M1 Titsingh, pp. 150]–154.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA150,M1 Titsingh, pp. 150]–154.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0670|67}}
| {{Sort|0670|67}}
| 1011–1016
| 1011–1016
| [[File:Hyakuninisshu 068.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Hyakuninisshu 068.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sanjō]]
| [[Sanjō]]
| Okisada/Iyasada
| Okisada/Iyasada
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA154,M1 Titsingh, pp. 154]–155.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA154,M1 Titsingh, pp. 154]–155.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0680|68}}
| {{Sort|0680|68}}
| 1016–1036
| 1016–1036
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Go-Ichijō]]
| [[Go-Ichijō]]
| Atsuhira
| Atsuhira
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA156,M1 Titsingh, pp. 156]–160.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA156,M1 Titsingh, pp. 156]–160.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0690|69}}
| {{Sort|0690|69}}
| 1036–1045
| 1036–1045
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Go-Suzaku]]
| [[Go-Suzaku]]
| Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi
| Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA160,M1 Titsingh, pp. 160]–162.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA160,M1 Titsingh, pp. 160]–162.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0700|70}}
| {{Sort|0700|70}}
| 1045–1068
| 1045–1068
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Go-Reizei]]
| [[Go-Reizei]]
| Chikahito
| Chikahito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA162,M1 Titsingh, pp. 162]–166.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA162,M1 Titsingh, pp. 162]–166.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0710|71}}
| {{Sort|0710|71}}
| 1068–1073
| 1068–1073
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Go-Sanjō]]
| [[Go-Sanjō]]
| Takahito
| Takahito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA166,M1 Titsingh, pp. 166]–168.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA166,M1 Titsingh, pp. 166]–168.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0720|72}}
| {{Sort|0720|72}}
| 1073–1086
| 1073–1086
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Shirakawa]]
| [[Shirakawa]]
| Sadahito
| Sadahito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA169,M1 Titsingh, pp. 169]–171.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA169,M1 Titsingh, pp. 169]–171.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0730|73}}
| {{Sort|0730|73}}
| 1087–1107
| 1087–1107
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Horikawa]]
| [[Horikawa]]
| Taruhito
| Taruhito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA172,M1 Titsingh, pp. 172]–178.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA172,M1 Titsingh, pp. 172]–178.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0740|74}}
| {{Sort|0740|74}}
| 1107–1123
| 1107–1123
| [[File:Emperor Toba.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Toba.jpg|60px]]
| [[Toba]]
| [[Toba (keiser)|Toba]]
| Munehito
| Munehito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA178,M1 Titsingh, pp. 178]–181.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA178,M1 Titsingh, pp. 178]–181.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0750|75}}
| {{Sort|0750|75}}
| 1123–1142
| 1123–1142
| [[File:Emperor Sutoku2.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Sutoku2.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sutoku]]
| [[Sutoku]]
| Akihito
| Akihito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA181,M1 Titsingh, pp. 181]–185.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA181,M1 Titsingh, pp. 181]–185.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0760|76}}
| {{Sort|0760|76}}
| 1142–1155
| 1142–1155
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Konoe]]
| [[Konoe]]
| Narihito
| Narihito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA186,M1 Titsingh, pp. 186]–188.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA186,M1 Titsingh, pp. 186]–188.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0770|77}}
| {{Sort|0770|77}}
| 1155–1158
| 1155–1158
| [[File:Emperor Go-Shirakawa2.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Go-Shirakawa2.jpg|60px]]
| [[Go-Shirakawa]]
| [[Go-Shirakawa]]
| Masahito
| Masahito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA188,M1 Titsingh, pp. 188]–190.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, p. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA188,M1 Titsingh, pp. 188]–190.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0780|78}}
| {{Sort|0780|78}}
| 1158–1165
| 1158–1165
| [[File:Nijotenno.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Nijotenno.jpg|60px]]
| [[Nijō]]
| [[Nijō]]
| Morihito
| Morihito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 191]–194.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref>Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 191]–194.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0790|79}}
| {{Sort|0790|79}}
| 1165–1168
| 1165–1168
| [[File:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Fil:Noimage.png|60px]]
| [[Rokujō]]
| [[Rokujō]]
| Yorihito
| Yorihito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194">Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 194]–195.</ref>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194">Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 194]–195.</ref>
|-
|-
| {{sort|0800|80}}
| {{Sort|0800|80}}
| 1168–1180
| 1168–1180
| [[File:Emperor Takakura.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Takakura.jpg|60px]]
| [[Takakura]]
| [[Takakura]]
| Norihito
| Norihito
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194"/>
| Tradisjonelle datoer.<ref name="Titsingh, pp. 194" />
|-
|-
| {{sort|0810|81}}
| {{Sort|0810|81}}
| 1180–1185
| 1180–1185
| [[File:Emperor Antoku.jpg|60px]]
| [[Fil:Emperor Antoku.jpg|60px]]
| [[Antoku]]
| [[Antoku]]
| Tokihito
| Tokihito
Linje 271: Linje 272:
|}
|}


===Regenter===
=== Regenter ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
![[Sesshō]]
![[Sesshō]]
Linje 278: Linje 279:
!Keiser
!Keiser
|-
|-
|[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]].<ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the "Gukanshō,"'' p. 286.</ref>
|[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]].<ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the «Gukanshō,»'' p. 286.</ref>
|
|
|858 &ndash; 872
|858 &ndash; 872
Linje 375: Linje 376:
|
|
|Fujiwara no Yorimichi.<!-- Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=; n.b., this may be an irrelevant cite in the middle of the serial appointments as ''kampaku'' during the reign of 3 emperors -- not yet sure how best to handle it in this context? -->
|Fujiwara no Yorimichi.<!-- Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=; n.b., this may be an irrelevant cite in the middle of the serial appointments as ''kampaku'' during the reign of 3 emperors -- not yet sure how best to handle it in this context? -->
|1020 &ndash; 1068
|Go-Ichijō, [[Go-Suzaku]], [[Go-Reizei]]
|Go-Ichijō, [[Go-Suzaku]], [[Go-Reizei]]
|-
|-
Linje 384: Linje 386:
|
|
|Fujiwara no Morozane
|Fujiwara no Morozane
|1075 &ndash; 1086
|1075 &ndash; 1086
|Shirakawa
|Shirakawa
|-
|-
Linje 482: Linje 484:
|Antoku, [[Go-Toba]]
|Antoku, [[Go-Toba]]
|}
|}

==Kilder==
== Referanser ==
<references/>
<references />

== Eksterne lenker ==
* {{Offisielle lenker}}

{{Autoritetsdata}}

[[Kategori:Japans historie]]
[[Kategori:Japans historie]]
{{Commons|Category:Heian period|Heian-perioden}}
[[ar:فترة هييآن]]
[[ca:Període Heian]]
[[cs:Období Heian]]
[[de:Heian-Zeit]]
[[en:Heian period]]
[[es:Período Heian]]
[[eo:Heian-epoko]]
[[fa:دوره هی‌آن]]
[[fr:Époque de Heian]]
[[ko:헤이안 시대]]
[[id:Zaman Heian]]
[[it:Periodo Heian]]
[[he:תקופת הייאן]]
[[ka:ჰეიანის პერიოდი]]
[[lt:Heian laikotarpis]]
[[hu:Heian-kor]]
[[ms:Zaman Heian]]
[[nl:Heianperiode]]
[[ja:平安時代]]
[[pl:Heian]]
[[pt:Período Heian]]
[[ru:Период Хэйан]]
[[simple:Heian period]]
[[sk:Obdobie Heian]]
[[sr:Хејан период]]
[[sh:Heianski period]]
[[fi:Heian-kausi]]
[[sv:Heian]]
[[tl:Heian]]
[[ta:ஹையன் காலகட்டம்]]
[[th:ยุคเฮอัง]]
[[tr:Heian dönemi]]
[[uk:Період Хейан]]
[[vi:Thời kỳ Heian]]
[[zh-yue:平安時代]]
[[zh:平安时代]]

Siste sideversjon per 9. nov. 2018 kl. 09:12

Heian-perioden (kanji: 平安時代; kana: へいあんじだい; Heian jidai; Heian betyr «fred, ro») var en periode i Japans historie, den siste perioden av klassisk japansk historie, som regnes fra 794 til 1185, mellom Nara-perioden og Kamakuraperioden. Perioden har fått sitt navn etter hovedstaden Heian-kyō, som i dag heter Kyōto. Dette var den perioden i japansk historie hvor buddhisme, daoisme og andre innflytelser fra kinesisk kultur nådde sitt høydepunkt. Heian-perioden regnes også som høydepunktet for det japanske keiserlige hoffet, og har blitt kjent for sin kunst, særlig for poesi og litteratur. Selv om keiserne på overflaten hadde makta, lå den reelle makta i hendene til den mektige, aristokratiske Fujiwara-klanen, som hadde giftet seg inn i keiserfamilien, og mange keisere hadde mødre fra Fujiwara-klanen.

Hendelser

[rediger | rediger kilde]
Fønikshallen i Byōdō-in-tempelet ble bygget på 1000-tallet, i Heian-perioden.
Heian-kyō (modell).
Heiji-krigen.
Illustrasjon til Fortellingen om Genji.
Yamaguchi-tempelet.
Maleri av Røde Shakyamuni, 12. århundre.
Enryaku Kōtaishiki, japansk kaligrafi.
Fujiwara no Michinaga, tegnet av Kikuchi Yōsai.
Pagoden i Daijogi, Kyōto.
Boddhisattva Fugen Enmei, 12. århundre.
Slaget ved Dan-no-ura 25. april 1185 under Gempei-krigen.
Fujiwara no Yorimichi.
# Regjeringsperiode Portrett Posthumt navn Personlig navn (imina) Notater
50 781–806 Kammu Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) Tradisjonelle datoer.[1]
51 806–809 Heizei Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto) Tradisjonelle datoer.[2]
52 809–823 Saga Kamino Tradisjonelle datoer.[3]
53 823–833 Junna Ōtomo Tradisjonelle datoer.[4]
54 833–850 Ninmyō Masara Tradisjonelle datoer.[5]
55 850–858 Montoku Michiyasu Tradisjonelle datoer.[6]
56 \858–876 Seiwa Korehito Tradisjonelle datoer.[7]
57 876–884 Yōzei Sadaakira Tradisjonelle datoer.[8]
58 884–887 Kōkō Tokiyasu Tradisjonelle datoer.[9]
59 887–897 Uda Sadami Tradisjonelle datoer.[10]
60 897–930 Daigo Atsuhito Tradisjonelle datoer.[11]
61 930–946 Suzaku Yutaakira Tradisjonelle datoer.[12]
62 946–967 Murakami Nariakira Tradisjonelle datoer.[13]
63 967–969 Reizei Norihira Tradisjonelle datoer.[14]
64 969–984 En'yū Morihira Tradisjonelle datoer.[15]
65 984–986 Kazan Morosada Tradisjonelle datoer.[16]
66 986–1011 Ichijō Yasuhito/Kanehito Tradisjonelle datoer.[17]
67 1011–1016 Sanjō Okisada/Iyasada Tradisjonelle datoer.[18]
68 1016–1036 Go-Ichijō Atsuhira Tradisjonelle datoer.[19]
69 1036–1045 Go-Suzaku Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi Tradisjonelle datoer.[20]
70 1045–1068 Go-Reizei Chikahito Tradisjonelle datoer.[21]
71 1068–1073 Go-Sanjō Takahito Tradisjonelle datoer.[22]
72 1073–1086 Shirakawa Sadahito Tradisjonelle datoer.[23]
73 1087–1107 Horikawa Taruhito Tradisjonelle datoer.[24]
74 1107–1123 Toba Munehito Tradisjonelle datoer.[25]
75 1123–1142 Sutoku Akihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[26]
76 1142–1155 Konoe Narihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[27]
77 1155–1158 Go-Shirakawa Masahito Tradisjonelle datoer.[28]
78 1158–1165 Nijō Morihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[29]
79 1165–1168 Rokujō Yorihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[30]
80 1168–1180 Takakura Norihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[30]
81 1180–1185 Antoku Tokihito Tradisjonelle datoer.[31]
Sesshō Kampaku Periode Keiser
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.[32] 858 – 872 Seiwa
Fujiwara no Mototsune 872 – 880 Seiwa, Yōzei
Fujiwara no Mototsune 880 – 890 Yōzei, Kōkō, Uda
Fujiwara no Tokihira 909[33] Daigo
Fujiwara no Tadahira 930 – 941 Suzaku
Fujiwara no Tadahira 941 – 949 Suzaku, Murakami
Fujiwara no Saneyori[34] 967 – 969 Reizei
Fujiwara no Saneyori 969 – 970 En'yū
Fujiwara no Koretada 970 – 972 En'yū
Fujiwara no Kanemichi[35] 972 – 977 En'yū
Fujiwara no Yoritada 977 – 986 En'yū, Kazan
Fujiwara no Kaneie 986 – 990 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Kaneie 5. mai (månekalenderen) 990 – 8. mai 990 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michitaka 8. mai, 990 – 26. mai 990 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michitaka 990 – 993 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michitaka 993 – 995 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michikane April 28, 995 – May 8, 995 Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michinaga 1016 – 1017 Go-Ichijō
Fujiwara no Yorimichi 1017 – 1019 Go-Ichijō
Fujiwara no Yorimichi. 1020 – 1068 Go-Ichijō, Go-Suzaku, Go-Reizei
Fujiwara no Norimichi 1068 – 1075 Go-Sanjō, Shirakawa
Fujiwara no Morozane 1075 – 1086 Shirakawa
Fujiwara no Morozane 1086 – 1090 Horikawa
Fujiwara no Morozane 1090 – 1094 Horikawa
Fujiwara no Moromichi 1094 – 1099 Horikawa
Fujiwara no Tadazane 1105 – 1107 Horikawa
Fujiwara no Tadazane 1107 – 1113 Toba
Fujiwara no Tadazane 1113 – 1121 Toba
Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1121 – 1123 Toba
Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1123 – 1129 Sutoku
Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1129 – 1141 Sutoku
Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1141 – 1150 Konoe
Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1150 – 1158 Konoe, Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Konoe Motozane 1158 – 1165 Nijō
Konoe Motozane 1165 – 1166 Rokujō
Fujiwara no Motofusa 1166 – 1172 Rokujō, Takakura
Fujiwara no Motofusa 1172 – 1179 Takakura
Konoe Motomichi 1179 – 1180 Takakura
Konoe Motomichi 1180 – 1183 Antoku
Matsudono Moroie 1183 – 1184 Antoku
Konoe Motomichi 1184 – 1186 Antoku, Go-Toba

Referanser

[rediger | rediger kilde]
  1. ^ Titsingh, pp. 86
  2. ^ Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96–97.
  3. ^ Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Titsingh, pp. 97–102.
  4. ^ Brown, p. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Titsingh, pp. 103–106.
  5. ^ Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Titsingh, pp. 106–112.
  6. ^ Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Titsingh, pp. 112–115.
  7. ^ Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Titsingh, pp. 115–121.
  8. ^ Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Titsingh, pp. 121–124.
  9. ^ Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Titsingh, pp. 124–125.
  10. ^ Brown, p. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Titsingh, pp. 125–129.
  11. ^ Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Titsingh, pp. 129–134.
  12. ^ Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183; Titsingh, pp. 134–138.
  13. ^ Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Titsingh, pp. 139–142.
  14. ^ Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190–191; Titsingh, pp. 142–143.
  15. ^ Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Titsingh, pp. 144–148.
  16. ^ Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Titsingh, pp. 148–149.
  17. ^ Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Titsingh, pp. 150–154.
  18. ^ Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Titsingh, pp. 154–155.
  19. ^ Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Titsingh, pp. 156–160.
  20. ^ Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Titsingh, pp. 160–162.
  21. ^ Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Titsingh, pp. 162–166.
  22. ^ Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Titsingh, pp. 166–168.
  23. ^ Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Titsingh, pp. 169–171.
  24. ^ Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Titsingh, pp. 172–178.
  25. ^ Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Titsingh, pp. 178–181.
  26. ^ Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Titsingh, pp. 181–185.
  27. ^ Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Titsingh, pp. 186–188.
  28. ^ Brown, p. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Titsingh, pp. 188–190.
  29. ^ Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Titsingh, pp. 191–194.
  30. ^ a b Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194–195.
  31. ^ Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Titsingh, pp. 200–207.
  32. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the «Gukanshō,» p. 286.
  33. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 132.
  34. ^ Titsingh, p. 142.
  35. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1384). p. 145.

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