Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicum (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum), Latinitate communi pomum aureum[1] seu amoris[2] est planta florens familiae Solanacearum, affinis tabaci, capsicorum, patatarum, et melongenarum. Quae planta e regione Andina Americae Australis orta est, ubi silvestres species cognatae fere duodecim hodie florent. Ibidem primum, iterum in Mexico aevo satis recenti domesticata est. Nostro tempore per orbem terrarum sub climatibus tropico, subtropico, temperato colitur.
Origo et praehistoria
[recensere | fontem recensere]Proponitur species S. lycopersicum, sub forma varietatum quae hodie cerasiformes appellantur, primum abhinc annos fere 78 000 media regione Andina divisam esse a specie cognata S. pimpinellifolio. E qua divisione S. pimpinellifolium silvestre, fructibus minimis, terris siccis prope oram maritimam eiusdem regionis hodie usque floret interdumque in hortis colitur; species S. lycopersicum autem, vallibus humidioribus Aequatoriensibus crescens, fructibus paulo maioribus et sucosioribus, abhinc annorum fere 12 000 domesticata est, praesertim in Peruvia, formam habens varietatis hodie var. cerasiforme appellatae, cui semina fructuum abiectorum faciliter germinant. Per admixturam genorum S. pimpinellifolii in cultivarietates nonnullas divisa est hodie a Chilia usque in Columbiam aevo nostro virentes.[3] Quarum duae ad minimum mox ab hominibus septentrioni versus per Americam mediam usque in Mexicum advectae sunt ibique non per cultum, potius modo sylvestri florere incipiebant. Paulo tardius in Mexico orientali varietas cerasiforme iterum domesticata est. E qua ibidem abhinc annis fere 7 000 varietas lycopersicum, fructibus generosioribus, seminibus fructuum abiectorum aegre germinantibus, per cultum evoluta est.[4] Ambarum varietatum botanicarum, scilicet cerasiformium et generosiorum, cultivarietates plurimae, colore forma gustu differentes, per mundum hodiernum propagantur.
Lycopersica saeculo XVI in Mexico et Europa
[recensere | fontem recensere]Adiutores indigenae, qui ante annum 1569 ad Historiam generalem Bernardini de Sahagun collaborabant, sic arte rhetorica Navatlaca varietates lycopersicorum, in nundinis Aztecorum a quodam tomanamacac ("lycopersicario") venundatas, enumeraverunt:
- Quinamaca in xitomatl, in miltomatl, in izoatomatl,
- in tomapitzaoac, in tzopelic,
- in coaxitomatl, in chichioalxitomatl, in coatomatl.
- No quinamaca in coiotomatl, in xaltotomatl, in xaltomatl,
- coztic, cozpatic, cozpiltic, chichiltic, chilpatic,
- tlammilectic, tlatlacpatic, chichilpatic, tlappatic, tlauixcaltic
("Venditat lycopersica magna, cerasiformia, foliata, lenia, dulcia, magna serpentina, mamillata, cerasiformia serpentina. Insuper venditat lycopersica coyote, arenaria, flava, flaviora, flavissima, rubra, rubriora, russissima, russa, rubella, rubelliora, rosea"). Consuetudine talium enumerationum insequitur tlaueliloc tomanamacac ("pessimus lycopersicarius") qui fructus "maculatos, laesos, laxativos, acerbos, acerbissimos ... virides, duros" etc. venditat.[5] Lycopersica ab Aztecis ad comedendum sed etiam ad condituras faciendum adhibebantur, sicut et Bernardus Díaz conquisitator proelii alicuius narratione monstravit: "Nos voluerunt trucidare carnemque comedere, iamque ollas cum sale allioque et lycopersicis paraverant!"[6] Talis conditurae, capsicis additis, usum breviter descripsit Franciscus Hernandez rerum naturalium Mexicanarum inquisitor: "Europaei rhizotomi," ait, "quos ex iis norunt fructus, poma amoris vocare consueverunt, fortassis ob veneream et lascivientem quam diximus formam ... Ex iis intritis, ac permixtis chilli, intinctus gratissimus paratur, et qui omnium fere ferculorum et nutrimentorum saporem commendet et emortuam orexim exuscitet."[7]
Lycopersica anno 1544 a Petro Andrea Matthiolo, primus Europaeorum, Italice brevissime descripta sunt, verbis ab eodem Latine anno 1558 redditis. Fructuum quos ad melongenas adsimilavit Matthiolus iam colores "aureum" et "rubeum" (sicut auctores Azteci) distinxit: "Iam et aliud horum [scil. malorum insanorum] genus importari coepit, pressum, orbiculatorum malorum modo, melopeponum more sectum, colore primum viridi, deinde ubi maturitatem senserit, in quibusdam plantis aureum, in quibusdam vero rubeum visitur ... Eduntur et haec,"[8] asseveravit; quibus verbis mox admonuerit "sed nauseam et vomitum saepe movent."[9] Sed iam antea Constantius Felici admodum longius de varietatibus lycopersicorum in manuscriptis suis locutus erat:
- Pomo d'oro, così detto volgarmente dal suo intenso colore, ovvero pomo del Perù, quale o è giallo intenso ovvero è rosso gagliardamente – e questo o è tondo equalmente ovvero è distinto in fette come il melone – ancora lui da ghiotti et avidi de cose nove è desiderato nel medemo modo et ancora fritto nella padella como l'altro, accompagnato con succo de agresto, ma al mio gusto è più presto bello che buono
("Malum aureum, sic propter colorem splendidum vulgo nuncupatum, seu malum Peruanum, aut splendide flavum aut superbe rubrum, idemque aut perfecte rotundum aut sicut cucurbita segmentatum, istud a ganeonibus novorumque luxuum avidis sicut melongena requiritur eodemque modo in patina frigitur et ex agresta infertur, sed mea mente formosum potius quam bonum").[10] Usus lycopersicorum coquinarius mox a Carolo Clusio Latine descriptus erit: "Facultate tamen haec mala aurea, cum universa ipsa planta, refrigerant, aliquanto tamen minus quam mandragoras. Poma a nonnullis cum pipere, sale et oleo praeparata ac cocta eduntur. Praebent autem corpori alimenti quidem perquam exiguum, et hoc ipsum pravum ac vitiosum".[11] Post tres annos Ioachim Camerarius lycopersica iam oleo condita soleque siccata rettulit, sicut et hodie in Italia alibique fit: "Poma [aurea] ... innoxie in Italia eduntur. Eadem oleo macerantur et insolantur".[12] Plurimi, qui saeculo XVI exeunte in Anglia, Germania, Hungaria lycopersica colebant, fructus in hortis suis splendentes admirabant; pauci gustaverunt.
Lycopersica saeculis XVII, XVIII, XIX
[recensere | fontem recensere]Saeculo XVII et XVIII lycopersica, quamquam bene cognita et crebriter in hortis culta, a fere omnibus in America media meridianaque, nonnumquam in Africa et Asia australi, rarius in Europa boreali orientalique comedebantur. Ioannes Gerardus horti cultor "poma pulchra et nobilia" evocavit "exarata irregularia multis locis extrusa, colore rubro splendido relucente, magnitudine ovi anserini seu magni mali orbiculati". Aliam speciem se in manibus habuisse fructibus colore flavis. Quae poma amoris in Hispania Italiaque talibusque regionibus calidis unde ipse semina ad hortum suum recepisse: sub isto climate poma comedi elixa, pipere sale oleo sparsa, etiam in ius ad condituram ferculorum ex oleo, aceto, pipere accommodata "sicut nos regiones frigidas colentes mustarda utimur".[13] Quem secutus Ioannes Parkinsonus "duas species nominibus minorem et maiorem distinctas" fuisse adseveravit, quarum minor (nobis S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme agnita) nonnullis annis sponte in horto nascebatur.[14][15]
Qui eo aevo de usu lycopersicorum in climatibus calidioribus scriberint cum Iacobo Bontio consonant. Is enim de insulis Asiae austro-orientalis haec scripsit:
- "'Persaepe miratus sum Malaios ac Iavanos tum Chinenses quoque ... fructu quam Lusitani [sic] pomo d'oro vocant tam avide vesci, cum in summo gradu sunt frigida' ... 'An nescis eos addere fructum ... quod lada chili Malaii vocant ... ita alterius frigiditatem, alterius excessivo calore temperant, aceto et oleo superinfuso, non male cum carnibus aut piscibus assis comedunt'"[16]
A Georgio Eberhardo Rumphio earundem insularum incola, lycopersicum mox "satis copiose" cultum dicitur "ob fructus, qui ad cibum adhibentur"; qui fructus aut in "quatuor scinduntur fragmenta ac pingui incoquuntur iusculo et instar cucumerum eduntur" aut "si toti sub cineribus torreantur et cum aceto et oleo lactuca ex eis praeparetur, prius in segmenta conscissi".[17]
Inter auctores de Indiis occidentalibus Ioannes Sloane saeculo XVIII ineunte "lycopersicon fructu cerasi" in Iamaica, eandem scilicet varietatem cerasiformem quam olim Parkinsonus, ille autem incertus an silvatice nascentem observaverit, atque "ab Hispanis aut elixam aut in iure comesam".[18] De his rebus Henricum Barham insuper citavit, cuius opus manu scriptum non iam divulgatum legerat:
- Poma amoris, sic ab Hispanis nuncupata, qui in iuribus et iusculis adhibentur quia sucus (ita dicunt) tam bonus est quam iusculum omne et generositate sua sanguinem calefacit. Fructus speciei silvaticae ad cerasum aequant, sed ei quos in hortis colunt magnitudinem mali modici habent ... Quinque vel sex semel comedere soleo: sucum pulposum continent seminaque quae cum suco sumis; gustum quoquo modo uvarum habent.[19]
Talibus itineribus usus lycopersicorum e "climatibus calidioribus" in Europam transmittebatur, iam saeculo XVII ad Hispanis (vide iam supra) et Italis sed non ad Anglos: "Italis nonnullis esitantur poma" i.e. lycopersica, ait Ioannes Ray, "cum pipere, sale et oleo praeparata, non secus atque cucumeres; sed eduntur et cocta, nescio quo commodo, nam teter quam halat tota planta spiritus ea parum tuto in cibos venire satis prodit. Succo aqueo abundant nobis gustantibus parum grato".[20] Hortolanus quidam Francicus saeculi XVIII exeunte lycopersica in provinciis septentrionalibus parum cognita nisi oleo condita, sed in Provincia Francica Occitaniaque sicut in Italia et Hispania a multis requisita rettulit.[21] Primi qui usum lycopersicorum in Anglia descripserint, Ioannes Hill ad sorbitionem "gratam" allusit cuius "valorem" Iudaei Portugallenses in Britanniam migrati confitebantur,[22] sed Anna Glasse ius e "pomis amoris" oleoque acetoque et allio ad aeglefinos modo Hispanico accommodandos (To dress haddocks after the Spanish way ... a quarter of a point of oil ... two cloves of garlic, some love apples when in season, a little vinegar) lectoribus omnibus commendavit.[23]
Aut eodem tempore, aut paulo tardius, hortorum cultores coquinarumque adepti Parisienses lycopersica denuo accipiebantur. Grimod de la Reynière lycopersicorum adventum effectum esse rerum novarum Franciae fuisse adseverat, "Lutetiae abhinc quindecim annis fere omnino incognitorum", causa "inundationis hominum meridianorum qui fere omnes ibi prosperabantur" hosque fructus hortis suis acclimaverint (ille primus fortasse praeceptum lycopersicorum fartorum divulgari iussit).[24] Botanista ergo Francicus Michael Stephanus Descourtilz lycopersica non in Portugallia Hispaniaque et Francia meridiana tantum, sed etiam "circum Lutetiam in omnibus hortis" crescentia, "mille modis ad menses nostras" in iuribus inlata descripsit (quibus iuribus capsica non in Francia, sed in coloniis Francicis, addebantur).[25] Ius vel liquamen lycopersici (tomata catsup variis orthographiis scriptum) his annis primum in Anglia praecipitur;[26] Angli insuper acetum e capsicis in illo liquamine iniicere non haesitabant.[27]
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ "Pomi d'oro, hoc est, Mala aurea": Matthiolus (1558) p. 537, cf. López-Terrada (sine anno) nota 24; "Pomum aureum vel amoris . . . vel de altero mundo": Gesnerus (1561).
- ↑ "Poma amoris": Camerarius (1586), Hernandez (1628); "solanum pomiferum": Gesnerus (1561) (nomen deprecatum), Matthiolus (1574), Bauhinus (1623).
- ↑ Blanca et al. (2015); Razifard et al. (2020).
- ↑ Razifard et al. (2020).
- ↑ In quinamaca tomapalaxtli, tomapitzictli, in apitzaltic, in xocoiac, in xocopatic. No quinamaca in xoxoctetl, in chalchiuhtexoxoctli ... Sahagún (ante 1569)
- ↑ Nos querían matar e comer nuestras carnes, que ya tenían aparejadas las ollas, con sal e ají e tomates! Bernal Díaz del Castillo, La historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (manuscriptum, ante 1584) cap. 83 p. 254 editionis interretialis Serés, cf. Sarah H. Beckjord, "‘Con sal y ají y tomates’: las redes textuales de Bernal Díaz en el caso de Cholula" in Revista Iberoamericana vol. 61 no. 170–171 (1995) pp. 147–160
- ↑ Hernandez (1628) p. 296
- ↑ Matthiolus (1558) p. 537
- ↑ Matthiolus (1574) p. 760
- ↑ Felici (ante 1572) apud Birkestad (sine anno) p. 9
- ↑ Clusius (1583) p. 455
- ↑ Camerarius (1586) p. 821
- ↑ Faire and goodly apples, chamfered, uneeven, and bunched out in many places; of a bright shining redde colour and the bignes of a goose egge or a large pepin. . . . There hath happened unto my handes another sort . . . the fruite heereof was yellow in colour . . . Apples of love do growe in Spaine, Italie, and such hot countries, from whence my selfe have received seedes for my garden ... In Spaine and those hot regions they use to eate the apples prepared and boiled with pepper, salt, and oile ... Likewise they do eate the apples with oile, vineger, and pepper mixed together for sauce to their meate, even as we in these cold countries do mustarde: Gerard (1597)
- ↑ There are two especial sortes ... we ... distinguish them by maius and minus ... some yeares I have known them rise of their own sowing in my garden ... In the hot countries where they naturally growe they are much eaten of the people to coole and quench the heate and thirst of their hot stomaches: Parkinsonus (1629)
- ↑ Similiter iam Gesnerus (1561); haud alio modo fortasse Laurentius Scholzius, Catalogus arborum, fruticum ac plantarum, tam indigenarum quam exoticarum, horti medici D. Laurentii Scholzii (Vratislaviae, 1594) "Poma amoris"; et Basilius Besler, Hortus Eystettensis. 2a ed. Norimbergae classis autumnalis tabb. 1-2
- ↑ Iacobus Bontius, "Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis libri sex" in Gulielmus Piso, De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica (1658) p. 10
- ↑ Rumphius (1747)
- ↑ This grows in several places about the town of St. Jago de la Vega ... but I cannot be positive that 'tis wild ... They are eaten either boil'd or in sauce by the Spaniards: Sloane (1707-1725)
- ↑ Love-apples, so called by the Spaniards, who use them in their sauces and gravies, because the juice, as they say, is as good as any gravy, and so by its richness warms the blood. The fruit of the wild sort is no bigger than a cherry, but those that grow in gardens are as big as a small apple ... some call them tomatoes ... I have eat five or six raw at a time: they are full of a pulpy juice, and of small seeds, which you swallow with the pulp, and have something of a gra[p]y taste: Barham (1794), textu e Sloane (1707-1725) vol. 2 p. 378 emendato
- ↑ Ray (1693)
- ↑ Cette plante n’est pas connue par les jardiniers dans les provinces du nord, et s’ils la cultivent, c’est plus par curiosité que par intérêt, à moins que ce ne soit pour vendre les fruits que quelques personnes laissent macérer dans l’huile d’olive; mais en Italie, en Espagne, en Provence & en Languedoc ce fruit est très-recherché ... quelques-uns la regardent comme un poison décidé ... s’ils avoient mieux examiné le fruit, seul objet qui engage à cultiver la pomme d’amour, ils auroient reconnu qu’il est sans odeur, et que sa saveur est légèrement et agréablement acide ... on les emploie dans la cuisine pour les sausses-piquantes et acides que l’on met sur toutes les viandes. Les cuisinières expriment à travers un linge le suc des fruits, et en y ajoutant du sel et, je crois, un peu de vinaigre, elles le conservent bien avant dans l’hiver. Dans les pays chauds, c’est un des apprêts le plus usité. On assaisonne encore les fruits avec de l’huile, du vinaigre et du sel, ce qui forme une nourriture légère et rafraîchissante: Rozier (1789)
- ↑ [Mense Septembri] The tomato fruit is ripe. Few eat this; but it is agreeable in soups. Those who are us'd to eat with the Portuguese Jews know the value of it: John Hill, Eden, or a compleat body of gardening (Londinii: Osborne, 1757) p. 47
- ↑ Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy. 6a ed. Londinii (p. 341 apud Google Books)
- ↑ Grimod (1803) pp. 151-153
- ↑ On cultive la tomate en Amérique et en Europe, particulièrement en Portugal, en Espagne et dans le midi de la France. Les ressources qu'elle offre à l'art culinaire ... l'ont fait admettre dans tous les potagers des environs de Paris. Sa marmelade se conserve pour l'hiver ... La sauce tomate paraît sur nos tables sous mille préparations, soit pour servir de coulis au boeuf et au mouton, soit pour être associée à la morue et à beaucoup d'autres poissons. On lui ajoute aux colonies du piment ... On confit la tomate dans le vinaigre lorsqu'elle est jeune: Descourtilz (1828)
- ↑ Tomata or love-apple sauce ... To preserve tomatas ... Mock tomata sauce: The only difference between this and the genoine love-apple sauce is the substituting the pulp of apple for the pulp of tomata, and giving the colouring with turmeric ... Tomata catsup: Gather a gallon of fine, red, and full ripe tomatas ...: Kitchiner (1817)
- ↑ Tomata sauce for hot or cold meats ... mix this with capsicum vinegar ... some white-wine vinegar and cayenne may be used instead of capsicum-vinegar: Rundell (1810)
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Solanum_lycopersicum_var._lycopersicum_-_old_tomato_herbarium_sheet_-_detail.jpg/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Solanum_lycopersicum_var._lycopersicum_-_old_tomato_herbarium_sheet_-_detail.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_Life_with_Tomatoes_a_Bowl_of_Aubergines_and_Onions.jpg/330px-Still_Life_with_Tomatoes_a_Bowl_of_Aubergines_and_Onions.jpg)
- Fontes antiquiores
- 1544 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, Di Pedacio Dioscoride libri cinque brevius editionibus 1544 (p. 327) et 1549 (lib. 4 cap. 78), longius editione 1573 (p. 689 apud Google Books); Matthioli Commentarii editione 1558 lib. 4 cap. 71; Matthioli Commentarii editione 1574 lib. 4 cap. 71
- 1557 : Rembertus Dodonaeus, Cruyde boeck (1563) p. 375; idem, interpr. Carolus Clusius, Histoire des plantes (1557) p. 298; idem, ed. Carolus Clusius, Stirpium historiae pemptades sex (1583) pp. 454-455
- c. 1560 : Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, Cronica de la Nueva España (M. Magallón, ed., Cronica de la Nueva España que escribió el Dr. D. Francisco Cervantes de Salazar [Matriti: Hispanic Society of America, 1914] pp. 16, 742 (" Los tomates son mayores que agraces; tienen su sabor, aunque no tan agrio; hay unos del tamaño que dixe, y otros grandes, mayores que limas, amarillos y colorados; échanse en las salsas y potajes para templar el calor del agí. ... Los indios taxcaltecas y cempoaleses tuvieron aquel día por muy festival, porque no dexaron cuerpo de aquellos señores que no comiesen con chile y tomate")
- 1561 : Conradus Gesnerus, "De hortis Germaniae" in Valerius Cordus, Annotationes in Dioscoridis ... [etc.] f. 273b
- ante 1569 : Bernardinus de Sahagun, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España lib. 10 f. 49rv (Charles E. Dibble, Arthur J. O. Anderson, edd., Florentine Codex: Book 10: The People [Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1961] p. 68)
- ante 1572 : Constantius Felici, libri manuscripti 1569-1572 a Guidone Arbizzoni editi vide p. 9
- ante 1581 : Didacus Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y islas de Tierra Firme (Mexicopoli, 1867-1880) vol. 1 pp. 220, 227, 382
- 1583 : Andreas Caesalpinus, De plantis libri XVI (Florentiae) (p. 211 apud Google Books) "malum aureum"
- 1585 : Castor Durante, Herbario nuovo vide p. 9
- 1586 : Ioachim Camerarius, De plantis epitome utilissima p. 821
- 1596 : Casparus Bauhinus, Phytopinax pp. 155-156
- 1597 : John Gerard, The Herball, or generall historie of plantes p. 275
- 1604 : Gregorio de los Rios, Agricultura de iardines s.v. "pomates" (Fasciculus ultimus apud Google Books)
- 1620 : Casparus Bauhinus, Prodromus Theatri botanici pp. 90-91
- 1623 : Casparus Bauhinus, Pinax Theatri botanici p. 167
- 1628 : Franciscus Hernandez, Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus lib. 8 cap. 50 pp. 295-296
- 1629 : Ioannes Parkinsonus, Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris pp. 379-380
- ante 1653 : Bernabé Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1890-1893) vol. 1 p. 375; libri manu scripti f. 230r
- 1672 : Olfert Dapper, Asia, of Naukeurige beschryving van het rijk des Grooten Mogols (Amstelodami: Jacob van Meurs) p. 67 ("Eenige Indianen eeten ook gulde appelen, in 't Latijn pomum amoris en pomum aureum, en by de Portugesen pomo d'oro genoemt: welk is een zeker slag van mandragora en in de derdegraet verkoelend ... De gulde appelen worden ook in zuiker ingeleid: en de Sinesen op het eiland Java eeten de zelve, hoewel eerst onder d'assche gebraden, met edik en peper")
- 1693 : Ioannes Ray, Historia plantarum generalis (1693) (vol. 1 p. 675 apud Google Books)
- 1707-1725 : Hans Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbadoes, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica (2 voll. Londinii) vol. 1 pp. 237-238, vol. 2 p. 378
- ante 1725 : Henry Barham, Hortus Americanus (Kingston Iamaicae, 1794) pp. 92-93
- 1747 : Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense (Amstelaedami: Chanquion, 1741-1750) vol. 5 pp. 416-417 et tab. 154; cf. E. D. Merrill, An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. Manilae: Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science, 1917 p. 465
- 1753 : Carolus Linnaeus, Species plantarum (Holmiae: impensis L. Salvii, 1753) vol. 1 p. 185 (Latine)
- 1789 : Abbé Rozier, Cours d'agriculture (12 voll. Lutetiae, 1781-1805) vol. 8 pp. 176-178 ("pomme d'amour pu tomates")
- 1803 : Grimod de la Reynière, Almanach des gourmands vol. 1 (1803) pp. 151-153 editionis 2ae; vol. 5 (1807) pp. 106-107
- 1828 : Michel Étienne Descourtilz, Flore médicale des Antilles fasc. 6 (1828) tab. 405, pp. 95-97 ("vulg. Tomate à côtes")
- De origine et domesticatione
- Yuling Bai, Pim Lindhout, "Domestication and Breeding of Tomatoes: What Have We Gained and What Can We Gain in the Future?" in Annals of Botany vol. 100 (2007) pp. 1085–1094
- Veronique Bergougnoux, "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming" in Biotechnology advances vol. 32 (2014) pp. 170-189
- José Blanca et al., "Genomic variation in tomato, from wild ancestors to contemporary breeding accessions" in BMC Genomics vol. 16 no. 257 (2015)
- Amit K. Jaiswal et al., "Tomato Domestication Attenuated Responsiveness to a Beneficial Soil Microbe for Plant Growth Promotion and Induction of Systemic Resistance to Foliar Pathogens" in Frontiers in Microbiology (18 Decembris 2020)
- Daniel Koenig et al., "Comparative transcriptomics reveals patterns of selection in domesticated and wild tomato" in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2013) pp. E2655–E2662
- Tao Lin et al., "Genomic analyses provide insights into the history of tomato breeding" in Nature Genetics vol. 46 no. 11 (2014)
- T. Clint Nesbitt, Steven D. Tanksley, "Comparative Sequencing in the Genus Lycopersicon: Implications for the Evolution of Fruit Size in the Domestication of Cultivated Tomatoes" in Genetics vol. 162 (2002) pp. 365-379
- Iris E. Peralta, David M. Spooner, Sandra Knapp, Taxonomy of Wild Tomatoes and their Relatives (Solanum sect. Lycopersicoides, sect. Juglandifolia, sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae). Ann Arbor: American Society of Plant Taxonomists, 2008. ISBN 978-0-912861-84-5
- Hamid Razifard et al., "Genomic Evidence for Complex Domestication History of the Cultivated Tomato in Latin America" in Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 37 (2020) pp. 1118–1132
- Guangtao Zhu et al., "Rewiring of the Fruit Metabolome in Tomato Breeding" in Cell vol. 172 (2018) pp. 249-261
- De historia
- Huw Beynon, Stephen Quilley, "From Andean Weed to Culinary Staple: The Assimilation of the Tomato into Anglo-American Economy and Culture" in Food & History vol. 4 (2006) pp. 169-220 alibi
- Sophie D. Coe, America's First Cuisines (Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 1994) pp. 46-50
- Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography and History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the XVIIth Century', in: Jules Janick, Horticultural Reviews, vol. 34 (2007), pp. 1-112 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Laterrot, Jules Janick, "Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses" in Acta Hort. no. 745 (2007) pp. 59-88
- "Sweet Aristo" in Elizabeth David, An Omelette and a Glass of Wine (1984)
- Alan Davidson, "Europeans' Wary Encounter with Tomatoes, Potatoes and Other New World Foods" in Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) pp. 1-14 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- David Gentilcore, Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press, 2010 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- David Gentilcore, "The Impact of New World Plants, 1500–1800: The Americas in Italy" in Elizabeth Horodowich, Lia Markey, edd., The New World in Early Modern Italy, 1492–1750 (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2017) pp. 190-205 (Paginae selectae apud Google Books)
- Rudolf Grewe, "The Arrival of the Tomato in Spain and Italy: Early Recipes" in Journal of Gastronomy vol. 3 no. 2 (1987) pp. 67–81
- Clarissa Hyman, Tomato: a global history. Londinii: Reaktion Books, 2019. ISBN 978 1 78914 083 5
- Janet Long[-Solís], "De tomates y jitomates en el siglo XVI" in Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl vol. 25 (1995) pp. 239–252
- Barbara Santich, "A la recherche de la tomate perdue: The First French Tomato Recipe?" in Gastronomica vol. 2 (2002) pp. 68-71 JSTOR
- Divya Schäfer, "Exotic Tastes, Familiar Flavours. Transcultural Culinary Interactions in Early Modern India" in Rafael Klöber, Manju Ludwig, edd., HerStory: Historical Scholarship between South Asia and Europe. Festschrift in Honour of Gita Dharampal-Frick (Heidelbergae: CrossAsia eBooks, 2018. ISBN 978-3-946742-44-9) pp. 43-64
- Andrew F. Smith, The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. University of Illinois Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-252-07009-9
- De cultu et commercio
- Ep Heuvelink, ed., Tomatoes. 2a ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. ISBN 9781780641935
- Praecepta culinaria selecta
- 1694 : Antonio Latini, Lo scalco alla moderna. Neapoli (vol. 1 p. 444) (vol. 2 p. 55)
- 1740 : María Rosa Calvillo de Teruel, Libro de apuntaciones de guisos y dulces [manuscriptum] [plura fide Hyman c. 2 n. 15]
- 1745 : Juan Altamiras, Nuevo arte de la cocina española [praecepta plura fide Hyman p. 30]
- 1747 : Ioannes de la Mata(es), Arte de reposteria [praecepta duo fide Hyman p. 29]
- 1773 : Vincenzo Corrado, Il cuoco galante. Neapoli, 1773 [praecepta plura fide Hyman p. 37]Textus 3a ed. 1786 6a ed. 1820
- 1795 : fide Santich
- 1810 : Maria Rundell, A new system of domestic cookery (Nova ed. Londinii: John Murray) p. 116
- 1817 : William Kitchiner, Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle (Londinii: Bagster) no. 292-293, no. 443
Nexus interni
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]![]() |
Situs scientifici: Tropicos • Tela Botanica • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • Plantes d'Afrique • INPN France • USDA Plants Database |
- Stéphanie Arnoux, Comparative analyses of the molecular footprint of domestication in three Solanaceae species : eggplant, pepper and tomato (dissertatio 2019 universitatis Avennionensis)
- Helewyse de Birkestad, "A time for change: new world foods in old world menus"
- Dave Bliss, Adoption and Use of the Tomato and Pepper in England through the Industrial Revolution (dissertatio universitatis Leicestriensis)
- Maríaluz López-Terrada, "The History of the Arrival of the Tomato in Europe: An Initial Overview" apud Traditom
- Ewout Michels, Rutger A. Vos, Tinde van Andel, "The phylogeography and functional genomics of the En Tibi tomato specimen" (2019)