Utente:Baldavide/Pagina di Prova
Frozen - Il regno di ghiaccio (Frozen) è un film musical-fantasy-commedia del 2013 realizzato in computer grafica 3D, prodotto dai Walt Disney Animation Studios e distribuito dalla Walt Disney Pictures.[1] È il 53° lungometra della serie dei classici Disney. Il film trae ispirazione dalla fiaba di Hans Christian Andersen La regina delle nevi raccontando la storia di una principessa coraggiosa che parte per un viaggio a fianco di un venditore di ghiaccio, la sua fedele renna domestica e un simpatico pupazzo di neve per trovare sua sorella, i cui poteri hanno inavvertitamente fatto calare un eterno inverno su tutto il regno.
Frozen ha avuto numerosi trattamenti nel corso degli anni prima di venire ufficialmente commissionato nel 2011, con la sceneggiatura scritta da Jennifer Lee che avrebbe poi diretto il film assieme a Chris Buck. Nel cast di doppiatori originali figurano Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, Josh Gad, e Santino Fontana. Christophe Beck, dopo aver lavorato per la Disney al corto Paperman, è stato assunto per comporre la colonna sonora del film mentre la coppia marito/moglie Robert Lopez e Kristen Anderson-Lopez hanno scritto le canzoni.
La premiere mondiale di Frozen è avvenuta presso El Capitan Theatre il 19 Novembre 2013,[2] per essere poi distribuito nei cinema negli Stati Uniti il 27 novembre 2013, mentre in Italia il 19 dicembre. Il film è stato ben accolto sia da pubblico che da critici, alcuni dei quali considerano Frozen il miglior lungometraggio musicale Disney dal era del rinascimento Disney.[3][4] Il film è stato anche un successo commerciale: ha accumulato oltre $ 1,2 miliardi di incassi al botteghino in tutto il mondo, 400 milioni di dollari solo negli Stati Uniti e in Canada. Si posiziona come il film d'animazione con maggior incasso di tutti i tempi, il quinto film di maggior incasso di tutti i tempi e il film di maggior incasso del 2013. Frozen ha vinto due premi Oscar per miglior film d'animazione e miglior canzone originale ("Let It Go"),[5] il Golden Globe per il miglior film d'animazione,[6], il BAFTA per il miglior film d'animazione,[7] cinque Annie Awards (tra cui Miglior Lungometraggio animato),[8] e due Critics' Choice Awards per il miglior film d'animazione e miglior canzone originale ("Let It Go").[9]
Trama
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Elsa, princess of Arendelle, possesses cryokinetic powers, with which she is able to produce ice, frost, and snow at will. One night while playing, she accidentally injures her younger sister, Anna. The king and queen seek help from the troll king, who heals Anna and removes her memories of Elsa's magic. The royal couple isolates the children in their castle until Elsa learns to control her powers. Afraid of hurting Anna again, Elsa spends most of her time alone in her room, causing a rift between the girls as they grow up. When the girls are teenagers, their parents die at sea during a storm.
When Elsa comes of age, the kingdom prepares for her coronation. Among the guests is the Duke of Weselton, who seeks to exploit Arendelle for profit. Excited to be allowed out of the castle again, Anna explores the town and meets Prince Hans of the Southern Isles, and the two quickly develop a mutual attraction. Despite Elsa's fear, her coronation goes off without incident. During the reception, Hans proposes and Anna hastily accepts. However, Elsa refuses to grant her blessing and forbids their sudden marriage. The sisters argue, culminating in the exposure of Elsa's abilities during an emotional outburst.
Panicking, Elsa flees the castle, while inadvertently unleashing an eternal winter on the kingdom. High in the nearby mountains, she casts off restraint, building herself a solitary ice palace, and unknowingly brings her and Anna's childhood snowman, Olaf, to life. Meanwhile, Anna sets out in search of her sister, determined to return her to Arendelle, end the winter, and mend their relationship. When obtaining supplies, she meets an iceman named Kristoff and his reindeer, Sven, and convinces Kristoff to guide her up the North Mountain. On their journey, the group encounter Olaf, who leads them to Elsa's hideaway.
Anna and Elsa reunite, but Elsa still fears hurting her sister. When Anna persists in persuading her sister to return, Elsa becomes agitated and her powers lash out, accidentally striking Anna in the heart. Horrified, Elsa creates a giant snow creature to drive Anna, Kristoff, and Olaf away from her palace. As they flee, Kristoff notices Anna's hair turning white, and deduces that something is very wrong. He seeks help from the trolls, his adoptive family, who explain that Anna's heart has been frozen by Elsa. Unless it is thawed by an "act of true love," she will become frozen solid forever. Believing that only Hans can save her with a true love's kiss, Kristoff races back with her to Arendelle.
Meanwhile, Hans, leading a search for Anna, reaches Elsa's palace. In the ensuing battle against the Duke's men, Elsa is knocked unconscious and imprisoned in Arendelle. There, Hans pleads with her to undo the winter, but Elsa confesses that she does not know how. When Anna reunites with Hans and begs him to kiss her to break the curse, Hans refuses and reveals that his true intention in marrying her is to seize control of Arendelle's throne. Leaving Anna to die, he charges Elsa with treason for her younger sister's apparent death.
Elsa escapes and heads out into the blizzard on the fjord. Olaf finds Anna and reveals Kristoff is in love with her; they then escape onto the fjord to find him. Hans confronts Elsa, telling her Anna is dead because of her. In Elsa's despair, the storm suddenly ceases, giving Kristoff and Anna the chance to find each other. However, Anna, seeing that Hans is about to kill Elsa, throws herself between the two just as she freezes solid, blocking Hans' attack.
As Elsa grieves for her sister, Anna begins to thaw, since her decision to sacrifice herself to save her sister constitutes an "act of true love." Realizing love is the key to controlling her powers, Elsa thaws the kingdom and helps Olaf survive in summer. Hans is sent back to the Southern Isles to face punishment for his crimes against the royal family of Arendelle, while Elsa cuts off trade with Weselton. Anna and Kristoff share a kiss, and the two sisters reconcile. Elsa promises never to shut the castle gates again.
Cast Originale
[modifica | modifica wikitesto] 
| ||
 |
 |
|
| Prima riga: Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel Seconda riga: Jonathan Groff, Josh Gad and Santino Fontana | ||
- Kristen Bell è Anna, la 18-enne[10] principessa di Arendelle e sorella minore di Elsa[11]
- Idina Menzel è Elsa, 21-enne[10] regina delle nevi di Arendelle e sorella maggiore di Anna[11][15]
- Jonathan Groff è Kristoff, un venditore di ghiaccio accompagnato da una renna domestica di nome Sven[18][19]
- Josh Gad è Olaf, un comico pupazzo di neve che sogna l'estate[11][20][21]
- Santino Fontana è Hans, un principe dalle Isole del Sud[18]
- Alan Tudyk è il Duca di Weselton[21]
- Ciarán Hinds è Grand Pabbie il re dei Troll[22]
- Chris Williams è Oaken, proprietario di Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna[23]
- Maia Wilson è Bulda, una troll[24]
- Maurice LaMarche è il Re di Arendelle, padre di Anna ed Elsa[24]
- Jennifer Lee è la Regina di Arendelle, madre di Anna ed Elsa[25]
Sviluppo
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Origini
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]La Disney iniziò a pensare ad un possibile film live action / animazione biografico dell'autore e poeta Hans Christian Andersen alla fine del 1937 prima della premiere nel dicembre dello stesso anno del film Biancaneve e i sette nani, il primo film di animazione lungometraggio mai realizzato.[26] Nel marzo del 1940, Walt Disney suggerì una co-produzione con il produttore Samuel Goldwyn in cui i Goldwyn's studio avrebbero girato le sequenze live-action della vita di Andersen e la Disney si sarebbe occupata dell'animazione delle fiabe di Andersen.[26] Le sequenze animate si sarebbero basate su alcune delle opere più note di Andersen, come La sirenetta, La piccola fiammiferaia, Il soldatino di stagno, La regina delle nevi, Pollicina, Il brutto anatroccolo, Le scarpette rosse e I vestiti nuovi dell'imperatore. Tuttavia, lo studio ha riscontrato difficoltà con La regina delle nevi, in quanto non riusciva a trovare il modo di adattare e di raccontare il personaggio della Regina per un pubblico moderno. Anche negli anni 30 e 40 era chiaro che il materiale di origine conteneva grandi possibilità cinematografiche ma il personaggio della regina risultava sempre essere troppo problematico. Dopo che gli Stati Uniti entrarono nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale, lo studio Disney ha dovuto concentrarsi sul fare propaganda di guerra, che ha causato un arresto nello sviluppo del progetto Disney-Goldwyn nel 1942.[26] Goldwyn ha continuato a produrre il suo film live-action nel 1952, dal titolo Il favoloso Andersen, con Danny Kaye come Andersen, Charles Vidor alla regia, sceneggiature di Moss Hart e canzoni scritte da Frank Loesser. Tutte le fiabe di Andersen sono state, invece, raccontate nelle canzoni e nei balletti in live-action, come il resto del film. Ha ricevuto sei nomination agli Oscar l'anno successivo. Tornando alla Disney, La regina delle nevi, insieme ad altri progetti basati sulle fiabe di Andersen (tra cui La sirenetta), è stata accantonata.[27]
Sforzi successivi
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Alla fine degli anni 90 la Walt Disney Feature Animation iniziò a sviluppare un nuovo adattamento di La regina delle nevi a seguito dell'enorme successo dei loro ultimi film durante l'epoca del Rinascimento Disney, ma il progetto è stato demolito completamente alla fine del 2002, quando Glen Keane dichiarò chiuso il progetto[28] per lavorare su un altro progetto che è diventato Rapunzel - L'intreccio della torre (2010). Anche prima di questi fatti, Harvey Fierstein propose la sua versione della storia ai dirigenti della Disney ma venne rifiutato.[27] Paul e Gaëtan Brizzi, Dick Zondag e Dave Goetz hanno tutti fatto una proposta sulla trasposizione della storia ma nessuno è riuscito a ottenere un via libera.[27] Dopo un numero significativo di tentativi falliti tra gli anni 2000-2002 la Disney ha accantonato nuovamente il progetto.[26] Durante uno di questi tentativi, Michael Eisner, l'allora presidente e chief executive officer della The Walt Disney Company, ha offerto il suo sostegno al progetto e ha suggerito di realizzarlo con il regista premio Oscar John Lasseter alla Pixar Animation Studios, dopo il previsto rinnovo del contratto di Pixar con la Disney.[27] Ma i negoziati tra Pixar e Disney crollarono nel gennaio 2004 così che il contratto non è mai stato rinnovato.[29] Il successore di Eisner, Bob Iger ha negoziato l'acquisto da parte della Disney della Pixar nel gennaio 2006 per 7,4 miliardi di dollari e Lasseter è stato promosso a direttore creativo sia di Pixar che di Disney Animation.[30][31]
Il tentativo successivo è iniziato nel 2008 quando Lasseter è riuscito a convincere Chris Buck (che aveva co-diretto Tarzan (1999)) a tornare alla Disney Animation dalla Sony Pictures Animation (dove aveva recentemente co-diretto il candidato all'Oscar Surf's Up - I re delle onde (2007)), e quel settembre Buck propose diverse idee a Lasseter, una delle quali fu proprio La regina delle nevi[26]. Buck ha poi rivelato che la sua ispirazione iniziale per La regina delle nevi non era la favola di Andersen ma voleva "fare qualcosa di diverso sulla definizione di vero amore." "Disney aveva già fatto il 'bacio da un principe', quindi ho pensato che era giunto il momento di qualcosa di nuovo".[32] Lo sviluppo è iniziato sotto il titolo Anna e la regina della neve, che è stato progettato per essere in animazione tradizionale,[33] secondo Josh Gad, che fu coinvolto nel film nella fase iniziale, quando la trama era ancora molto vicina alla fiaba di Andersen e Megan Mullally avrebbe interpreato Elsa.[34] Nei primi mesi del 2010, il progetto è entrato ancora una volta in un development hell quando lo studio fallì ancora nel far funzionare sia la storia che il personaggio della regina delle nevi.[35][36]
Rivitalizzazione
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Il 22 dicembre 2011, dopo il successo di Rapunzel - L'intreccio della torre, la Disney ha annunciato un nuovo titolo per il film, Frozen, e la data di uscita del 27 novembre 2013 negli USA.[37] Un mese più tardi, è stato confermato che il film sarebbe stato in computer grafica in 3D stereoscopico, invece che in animazione disegnata a mano come originariamente previsto.[28] Il 5 Marzo 2012, è stato annunciato che Buck sarebbe stato il regista del film, con Lasseter e Peter del Vecho produttori.[38]
Dopo la Disney ha deciso di avanzare The Snow Queen nello sviluppo di nuovo, una delle sfide principali Buck e Del Vecho affrontato è stato il personaggio della regina della neve, che allora era un cattivo nei loro progetti. [31] Lo studio ha una tradizione di proiezione animata film in sviluppo, ogni dodici settimane, quindi si tiene lungo ", osserva sessioni", in cui i suoi registi e sceneggiatori provenienti da diversi progetti prevedono ampie "Note" sul lavoro degli altri. [43] [44] [45]
After Disney decided to advance The Snow Queen into development again, one of the main challenges Buck and Del Vecho faced was the character of the Snow Queen, who was then a villain in their drafts.[27] The studio has a tradition of screening animated films in development every twelve weeks, then holding lengthy "notes sessions" in which its directors and screenwriters from different projects provide extensive "notes" on each other's work.[39][40][41]
Buck e Del Vecho hanno presentato i loro storyboard per Lasseter, e l'intero team di produzione è sospesa a una conferenza per ascoltare i suoi pensieri sul progetto [31] direttore artistico Michael Giaimo successivamente riconosciuto Lasseter come il "cambio di gioco" del film:. "Mi ricordo John dice che l'ultima versione della storia Snow Queen che Chris Buck e la sua squadra erano venuti su con era divertente, molto leggero., ma i personaggi non risuonano. non sono molteplici. Ecco perché John sentì che il pubblico non sarebbe davvero in grado di connettersi con loro ". [31]
Buck and Del Vecho presented their storyboards to Lasseter, and the entire production team adjourned to a conference to hear his thoughts on the project.[27] Art director Michael Giaimo later acknowledged Lasseter as the "game changer" of the film: "I remember John saying that the latest version of The Snow Queen story that Chris Buck and his team had come up with was fun, very light-hearted. But the characters didn't resonate. They aren't multi-faceted. Which is why John felt that audiences wouldn't really be able to connect with them."[27]
Il team di produzione ha poi affrontato i problemi del film, la redazione di diverse varianti sulla storia regina della neve fino a quando i personaggi e la storia feltro rilevante. In quella fase, il primo importante passo avanti è stata la decisione di riscrivere il protagonista del film, Anna (che era basato sul personaggio Gerda da The Snow Queen), il fratello minore di Elsa, in tal modo stabilire efficacemente una famiglia dinamica tra i personaggi. [31] [46] Questo era insolito che le relazioni tra le sorelle sono usate di rado come un elemento grafico importante nel film d'animazione americani, con la notevole eccezione di Disney Lilo & Stitch (2002) [30]: 13. Per esplorare a fondo le dinamiche uniche di tali rapporti, Disney Animation ha convocato un "vertice Sorella", in cui le donne di tutto lo studio che è cresciuto con le sorelle sono stati invitati a discutere i loro rapporti con le sorelle [30]: 14.
The production team then addressed the film's problems, drafting several different variations on The Snow Queen story until the characters and story felt relevant. At that stage, the first major breakthrough was the decision to rewrite the film's protagonist, Anna (who was based on the Gerda character from The Snow Queen), as the younger sibling of Elsa, thereby effectively establishing a family dynamic between the characters.[27][42] This was unusual in that relationships between sisters are rarely used as a major plot element in American animated films, with the notable exception of Disney's Lilo & Stitch (2002).[26]13 To fully explore the unique dynamics of such relationships, Disney Animation convened a "Sister Summit," at which women from all over the studio who grew up with sisters were asked to discuss their relationships with their sisters.[26]14
Writing
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]In March 2012, Jennifer Lee, one of the screenwriters of Wreck-It Ralph, was brought in as the film's screenwriter by Del Vecho.[43][44] Lee later explained that as Wreck-It Ralph was wrapping up, she was giving notes on other projects, and "we kind of really connected with what we were thinking."[45]
According to Lee, several core concepts were already in place from Buck and Del Vecho's early work, such as the film's "frozen heart" hook: "That was a concept and the phrase ... an act of true love will thaw a frozen heart."[45] They already knew the ending involved true love in the sense of the emotional bond between siblings, not romance, in that "Anna was going to save Elsa. We didn’t know how or why."[45] Lee said Edwin Catmull, president of Disney Animation, told her early on about the film's ending: "First and foremost, no matter what you have to do to the story, do it. But you have to earn that ending. If you do[,] it will be great. If you don't, it will suck."[39] Lee revealed how the original plot differed sharply from the final version: in the first act, Elsa, the villainous Snow Queen, deliberately struck Anna in the heart with her freezing powers; then "the whole second act was about Anna trying to get to Hans and to kiss him and then Elsa trying to stop her."[45] Buck revealed that the original plot attempted to make Anna sympathetic by focusing on her frustration as being perceived as the "spare" in relation to the "heir," Elsa.[46] The original plot also had different pacing, in that it was "much more of an action adventure" than a musical or a comedy.[43]
One major breakthrough was the composition of the song "Let It Go" by songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, which forced the production team to reconceptualize and rewrite Elsa as a far more complex, vulnerable, and sympathetic character.[42] In The Daily Telegraph's words, instead of the villain envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift."[47] Lee recalled: "Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]. Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact [sic] that the last moment is she's alone. It’s not a perfect thing, but it's powerful."[45] Del Vecho explained that "Let It Go" changed Elsa into a person "ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive," which in turn caused Lee to "rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie. So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were."[41]
Another major breakthrough was developing the plot twist that Prince Hans would be revealed as the film's true villain only near the end.[41] Hans was not even in the earliest drafts, then at first was not a villain, and after becoming one, was revealed to be evil much earlier in the plot.[41] Del Vecho said, "We realized [what] was most important [was] if we were going to make the ending so surprising[,] you had to believe at one point that Hans was the answer ... [when] he's not the answer, it's Kristoff .... [I]f you can get the audience to leap ahead and think they have figured it out[,] you can surprise them by turning it the other way."[41] Lee acknowledged that Hans was written as "sociopathic" and "twisted" throughout the final version.[45] For example, Hans mirrors the behavior of the other characters: "He mirrors [Anna] and he’s goofy with her ... [T]he Duke [of Weselton] is a jerk, so he’s a jerk back. And with Elsa he's a hero."[45] It was difficult to lay the foundation for Anna's belated turn to Kristoff without also making Hans' betrayal of Anna too predictable, in that the audience had to "feel ... her feeling something but not quite understanding it ... Because the minute it is [understood,] it deflated."[45]
Lee had to work through the issue of how to write Anna's personality, in that some of her colleagues felt Anna should be more dysfunctional and co-dependent, like Vanellope von Schweetz in Wreck-It Ralph.[43] Lee disagreed with that position, but it took her almost a year to figure out how to convincingly articulate "this is what Anna’s journey is. No more than that. No less than that."[45] In the end, Lee successfully argued Anna's journey should be presented as a simple coming-of-age story, "where she goes from having a naive view of life and love—because she’s lonely—to the most sophisticated and mature view of love, where she’s capable of the ultimate love, which is sacrifice."[43] Lee also had to let go of some ideas that she liked, such as a scene portraying Anna and Elsa's relationship as teenagers, which did not work because they needed to maintain the separation between Anna and Elsa.[43]
To construct Anna and Elsa's relationship as sisters, Lee found inspiration in her own relationship with her older sister.[45][48] Lee said her older sister was "a big inspiration for Elsa,"[45] called her "my Elsa" in an op-ed in the Los Angeles Times, and walked the red carpet with her at the 86th Academy Awards.[40] Lee explained, "[h]aving to ... lose each other and then rediscover each other as adults, that was a big part of my life."[45]
The production team also turned Olaf from Elsa's obnoxious sidekick into Anna's comically innocent sidekick.[45] Lee's initial response to the original "mean" version of Olaf had been, "Kill the f-ing snowman," and she found Olaf by far "the hardest character to deal with."[45]
The problem of how exactly Anna would save Elsa at the film's climax was solved by storyboard artist John Ripa. At the story meeting where Ripa pitched his take on the story, the response was silence until Lasseter said, "I've never seen anything like that before," which was followed by a standing ovation.[26]31
Along the way, the production team went through drafts where the first act included far more detail than what ended up in the final version, such as a troll with a Brooklyn accent who would have explained the backstory behind Elsa's magical powers, and a regent for whom Lee was hoping to cast comedian Louis C.K.[45] After all those details were thoroughly "over-analyzed", they were excised because they amounted to a "much more complex story than really we felt like we could fit in this 90-minute film."[45] As Del Vecho put it, "the more we tried to explain things at the beginning, the more complicated it got."[49]
Production
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Actress Kristen Bell was cast as the voice of Anna on March 5, 2012.[18][38] Lee admitted that Bell's casting selection was influenced after the filmmakers listened to a series of vocal tracks Bell had recorded when she was young, where the actress performed several songs from The Little Mermaid, including "Part of Your World".[50] Bell completed her recording sessions while she was pregnant, and subsequently re-recorded some of her character's lines after her pregnancy, as her voice had deepened.[51] Bell was called in to re-record dialogue for the film "probably 20 times," which is normal for lead roles in Disney animated films whose scripts are still evolving.[52] As for her approach to the role of Anna, Bell enthused that she had "dreamed of being in a Disney animated film" since she was four years old,[18] saying, "I always loved Disney animation, but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me. Their posture was too good and they were too well-spoken, and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward. I'm really proud of that."[53]
Template:Quote box Idina Menzel, a Broadway veteran, was cast as Elsa. Menzel had formerly auditioned for Tangled, but didn't get the part. However, Tangled's casting director, Jamie Sparer Roberts, preserved a recording of Menzel's performance on her iPhone, and on the basis of that, asked her to audition along with Bell for Frozen.[54] Before they were officially cast, Menzel and Bell deeply impressed the directors at an early table read; after reading the entire script out loud, they sang "Wind Beneath My Wings" together as a duet, since no music had been composed yet.[15][42][54] Bell had suggested that idea when she visited Menzel at her California home to prepare together for the table read.[54][55] Lee later said, "They sung it like sisters and what you mean to me[,] [a]nd there wasn't a dry eye in the house after they sang."[41] Between December 2012 and June 2013, the casting of additional roles was announced, including Jonathan Groff as Kristoff,[19] Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton, Santino Fontana as Prince Hans, and Josh Gad as Olaf.[21]
Following Lee's extensive involvement in Frozen's development process and her close work with director Buck and songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez,[56] studio heads Lasseter and Catmull promoted her to co-director of the film alongside Buck in August 2012.[39][57] Her promotion was officially announced on November 29, 2012,[58] making Lee the first woman to direct a full-length animated motion picture produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios.[42] She primarily worked on story while Buck focused on animation.[56][41] Lee later stated that she was "really moved by a lot of what Chris had done" and that they "shared a vision" of the story, having "very similar sensibilities".[39]
By November 2012, the production team thought they had finally "cracked" the puzzle of how to make the film's story work,[26]155 but according to Del Vecho, in late February 2013, it was realized that the film still "wasn't working", which necessitated even more rewriting of scenes and songs from February through June 2013.[49][59][60] He explained, "we rewrote songs, we took out characters and changed everything, and suddenly the movie gelled. But that was close. In hindsight, piece of cake, but during, it was a big struggle."[49] Anderson-Lopez remembered that "we were really writing up until the last minute."[61] In June 2013, Disney conducted test screenings of the half-completed film with two audiences (one made up of families and the other made up of adults)[59] in Phoenix, Arizona,[48] at which Lasseter and Catmull were personally present.[45][62] Lee recalled that it was the moment when they realized they "had something, because the reaction was huge."[62] Catmull, who had instructed Lee at the outset to "earn that ending," told her afterwards, "you did it".[45]
Animation
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Similar to Tangled, Frozen employed a unique artistic style by blending features of both computer-generated imagery (CGI) and traditional hand-drawn animation together.[63] From the beginning, Buck knew Giaimo was the best candidate to develop the style he had in mind, which would draw from the best Disney hand-drawn classics of the 1950s, and persuaded him to come back to Disney to serve as the art director for Frozen.[26]33 Buck, Lasseter, and Giaimo were all old friends who had first met at CalArts,[26]33 and Giaimo had previously served as the art director for Disney's Pocahontas (1995), which Buck had worked on as a supervising animator.[64]
To create the look of Frozen, Giaimo began pre-production research by reading extensively about the entire region of Scandinavia and visiting the Danish-themed city of Solvang near Los Angeles, but eventually zeroed in on Norway in particular because "80 percent" of the visuals that appealed to him were from Norway.[65] Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips.[66] Animators and special effects specialists were dispatched to Jackson Hole, Wyoming to experience walking, running, and falling in deep snow in a variety of types of attire, including long skirts (which both female and male personnel tried on);[56][65][66][67] while lighting and arts teams visited an Ice Hotel in Quebec City, Quebec to study how light reflects and refracts on snow and ice.[49] Finally, Giaimo and several artists traveled to Norway to draw inspiration from its mountains, fjords, architecture, and culture.[66][68] "We had a very short time schedule for this film, so our main focus was really to get the story right but we knew that John Lasseter is keen on truth in the material and creating a believable world, and again that doesn't mean it's a realistic world – but a believable one. It was important to see the scope and scale of Norway, and important for our animators to know what it's like," Del Vecho said.[69] "There is a real feeling of Lawrence of Arabia scope and scale to this," he finished.[69]
During 2012, while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film's overall look, the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script, as explained above. That problem was not adequately solved until November 2012,[26]155 and the script would later require even more significant revisions after that point.[49][59] As a result, the single "most daunting" challenge facing the animation team was a short schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee's still-evolving shooting script into an actual film.[26]155 Of course, other films like Toy Story 2 had been successfully completed on even shorter schedules, but a short schedule necessarily meant "late nights, overtime, and stress."[26]155 Lee estimated the total size of the entire team on Frozen to be around 600 to 650 people, "including around 70 lighting people[,] 70-plus animators," and 15 to 20 storyboard artists.[70]
Del Vecho explained how the film's animation team was organized: "On this movie we do have character leads, supervising animators on specific characters. The animators themselves may work on multiple characters but it's always under one lead. I think it was different on Tangled, for example, but we chose to do it this way as we wanted one person to fully understand and develop their own character and then be able to impart that to the crew. Hyrum Osmond, the animator on Olaf, is quiet but he has a funny, wacky personality so we knew he'd bring a lot of comedy to it; Anna's animator, Becky Bresee, it's her first time leading a character and we wanted her to lead Anna."[56][42][71] Acting coach Warner Loughlin was brought in to help the film's animators understand the characters they were creating.[67] In order to get the general feeling of each scene, some animators did their own acting. "I actually film myself acting the scene out, which I find very helpful," said animation supervisor Rebecca Wilson Bresee. This helped her discover elements that made the scene feel real and believable.[72] Elsa's supervising animator was Wayne Unten, who asked for that role because he was fascinated by the complexity of the character.[73] Unten carefully developed Elsa's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna's fearlessness.[73] He also studied videos from Menzel's recording sessions and animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's breathing.[67]
Regarding the look and nature of the film's cinematography, Giaimo was greatly influenced by Jack Cardiff's work in Black Narcissus. According to him, it lent a hyper-reality to the film: "Because this is a movie with such scale and we have the Norwegian fjords to draw from, I really wanted to explore the depth. From a design perspective, since I was stressing the horizontal and vertical aspects, and what the fjords provide, it was perfect. We encased the sibling story in scale." Ted D. McCord's work in The Sound of Music was another major influence for Giaimo. It was also Giaimo's idea that Frozen should be filmed in the CinemaScope aspect ratio, which was approved by Lasseter.[71] Giaimo also wanted to ensure that Norway's fjords, architecture and rosemaling folk art, were critical factors in designing the environment of Arendelle. Giaimo, whose background is in traditional animation, said that the art design environment represents a unity of character and environment and that he originally wanted to incorporate saturated colors, which is typically ill-advised in computer animation.[71] For further authenticity, a live reindeer named Sage was brought into the studio for animators to study its movements and mannerisms for the character Sven.[74][75]
Another important issue Giaimo insisted on addressing was costumes, in that he "knew from the start" it would be a "costume film."[26]77 To realize that vision, he brought in character designer Jean Gillmore to act as a dedicated "costume designer".[76] While traditional animation simply integrates costume design with character design and treats clothing as merely part of the characters, computer-generated animation regards costume as almost a separate entity with its own properties and behaviors[76]—and Frozen required a level of as-yet untried detail, down to minutia like fabrics, buttons, trim, and stitching.[26]76 Gillmore explained that her "general approach was to meld the historic silhouettes of 1840 Western Europe (give or take), with the shapes and garment relationships and details of folk costume in early Norway, circa 19th century."[76] This meant using primarily wool fabric with accents of velvet, linen, and silk.[26]75 During production, Giaimo and Gillmore "ran around" supplying various departments with real-world samples to use as references; they were able to draw upon both the studio's own in-house library of fabric samples as well as the resources of Disney Parks' costume division in Fullerton, California.[76] The film's "look development artists" (the Disney job title for texture artists[77]58–59) created the digitally painted simulation of the appearance of surfaces, while other departments dealt with movement, rigging and weight, thickness and lighting of textile animation.[76]
During production, the film's English title was changed from The Snow Queen to Frozen, a decision that drew comparisons to another Disney film, Tangled. Peter Del Vecho explained that "the title Frozen came up independently of the title Tangled. It's because, to us, it represents the movie. Frozen plays on the level of ice and snow but also the frozen relationship, the frozen heart that has to be thawed. We don't think of comparisons between Tangled and Frozen, though." He also mentioned that the film will still retain its original title, The Snow Queen, in some countries: "because that just resonated stronger in some countries than Frozen. Maybe there's a richness to The Snow Queen in the country's heritage and they just wanted to emphasize that."[56]
Technology development
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The studio also developed several new tools to generate realistic and believable shots, particularly the heavy and deep snow and its interactions with the characters. Disney wanted an "all-encompassing" and organic tool to provide snow effects but not require switching between different methods.[78] As noted above, several Disney artists and special effects personnel traveled to Wyoming to experience walking through deep snow.[65] Dr. Kenneth Libbrecht, a professor from the California Institute of Technology, was invited to give lectures to the effects group on how snow and ice form, and why snowflakes are unique.[65] Using this knowledge, the effects group created a snowflake generator that allowed them to randomly create 2,000 unique snowflake shapes for the film.[72]
Another challenge that the studio had to face was to deliver shots of heavy and deep snow that both interacted believably with characters and had a realistic sticky quality.[78] According to principal software engineer Andrew Selle, "[Snow]'s not really a fluid. It’s not really a solid. It breaks apart. It can be compressed into snowballs. All of these different effects are very difficult to capture simultaneously."[65] In order to achieve this, software engineers used advanced mathematics (the Material Point Method) and physics, with assistance from mathematics researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles[79][80] to create a snow simulator software application called Matterhorn. The tool was capable of depicting realistic snow in a virtual environment and was used in at least 43 scenes in the film, including several key sequences.[42][78][79][81] Software engineer Alexey Stomakhin referred to snow as "an important character in the film,"[79] therefore it attracted special attention from the filmmakers.[65] "When you stretch it, snow will break into chunks. Since snow doesn't have any connections, it doesn't have a mesh, it can break very easily. So that was an important property we took advantage of," explained Selle. "There you see [Kristoff] walking through and see his footprints breaking the snow into little pieces and chunk up and you see [Anna] being pulled out and the snow having packed together and broken into pieces. It's very organic how that happens. You don't see that they're pieces already – you see the snow as one thing and then breaking up."[78] The tool also proved to be particularly useful in scenes involving characters walking through deep snow, as it ensured that the snow reacted naturally to each step.[65]
Other tools designed to help artists complete complicated effects included Spaces, which allowed Olaf's deconstructible parts to be moved around and rebuilt, Flourish, which aided extra movement such as leaves and twigs to be art-directed; Snow Batcher, which helped preview the final look of the snow, especially when characters were interacting with an area of snow by walking through a volume, and Tonic, which enabled artists to sculpt their characters' hair as procedural volumes.[78] Tonic also aided in animating fur and hair elements such as Elsa's hair, which contains 420,000 computer-generated strands, while the average number for a real human being is only 100,000.[65] The number of character rigs in Frozen is 312 and the number of simulated costumes also reached 245 cloth rigs, which were far beyond all other Disney films to date.[14][72] Fifty effects artists and lighting artists worked together on the technology to create "one single shot" in which Elsa builds her ice palace. Its complexity required 30 hours to render each frame, with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time.[82][83]
Besides 3D effects, the filmmakers also used 2D artwork and drawings for specific elements and sequences in the film, including Elsa's magic and snow sculptures, as well as freezing fountains and floors.[78][81] The effects group created a "capture stage" where the entire world of Frozen gets displayed on monitors, which can be "filmed" on special cameras to operate a three-dimensional scene. "We can take this virtual set that's mimicking all of my actions and put it into any one of our scenes in the film," said technology manager Evan Goldberg.[72]
Scandinavian and Sámi inspiration
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The setting was principally based on Norway, and the cultural influences in the film come from Scandinavian culture.[84] Several landmarks in Norway appear in the film, including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo, the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, and Bryggen in Bergen. Numerous other typical cultural Scandinavian elements are also included in the film, such as stave churches,[84] trolls,[85]6 Viking ships, Fjord horses,[86] clothes,[65] and food such as lutefisk.[85]43[87] A maypole is also present in the film, as well as the brief appearance of runes in a book that the King opens to figure out where the trolls live.[85]6 The perennial Norwegian debate over how to stack firewood properly (bark up or bark down)[88] is briefly shown in the film.[85]59 The film also contains several elements specifically drawn from Sámi culture, such as the usage of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control these, clothing styles (the outfits of the ice cutters), and parts of the musical score.[89][90] Decorations, such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff's sled, are also in styles inspired by Sámi duodji decorations. During their field work in Norway, Disney's team, for inspiration, visited Rørosrein, a Sámi family-owned company in the village Plassje that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events.[91] Arendelle was inspired by Nærøyfjord, a branch of Norway's longest fjord Sognefjorden, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site;[92] while a castle in Oslo with beautiful hand-painted patterns on all four walls served as the inspiration for the kingdom's royal castle interior.[93]
The filmmakers' trip to Norway provided essential knowledge for the animators to come up with the design aesthetic for the film in terms of color, light, and atmosphere. According to Giaimo, there were three important factors that they had acquired from the Norway research trip: the fjords, which are the massive vertical rock formations, and serve as the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle; the medieval stave churches, whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound; and the rosemaling folk art, whose distinctive paneling and grid patterns informed the architecture, decor, and costumes.[71]
Music and sound design
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
.jpg)
The songs for Frozen were written and composed by the husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, both of whom had previously worked with Disney Animation on Winnie the Pooh (2011) (also produced by Del Vecho, who then hired them for Frozen[59]) and before that, with Disney Parks on Finding Nemo-The Musical (2007).[15][94][95] About 23 minutes of the film are dedicated to their musical numbers.[96] Because they live in New York City, collaborating closely with the production team in Burbank required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.[68][95][97][98] For each song they composed, they recorded a demo in their home studio (with both of them singing the lyrics and Lopez accompanying on piano), then emailed it to Burbank for discussion at the next videoconference.[99] Lopez and Anderson-Lopez were aware of the fact that their work would be compared to that of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman from the Disney Renaissance era, and whenever they felt lost, they asked "What would Ashman do?"[100] In the end, they wrote 25 songs for the film, of which eight made it into the final version.[100] One song ("For the First Time In Forever") had a reprise and the other ("Let It Go") was covered by Demi Lovato over the final credits, for a total of ten songs. Seven of the 17 that did not make it were later released on the deluxe edition soundtrack.
In February 2013, Christophe Beck was hired to score the film, following his work on Paperman, a Disney animated short film released the year prior to Frozen.[101] It was revealed on September 14, 2013, that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim's Eatnemen Vuelie would be the film's opening song, as it contains elements of the traditional Sámi singing style joik.[102] The music producers recruited a Norwegian linguist to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa's coronation,[103] and also traveled to Trondheim, Norway[100] to record the all-female choir Cantus, for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music.[103]
Under the supervision of sound engineer David Boucher, the lead cast members began recording the film's vocal tracks in October 2012 at the Sunset Sound recording studio in Hollywood before the songs had been orchestrated, meaning they heard only Lopez's demo piano track in their headphones as they sang.[104] Most of the dialogue was recorded at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank under the supervision of original dialogue mixer Gabriel Guy, who also mixed the film's sound effects.[52] Some dialogue was recorded after recording songs at both Sunset Sound and Capitol Studios; for scenes involving Anna and Elsa, both studios offered vocal isolation booths where Menzel and Bell could read dialogue with line-of-sight with one another, while avoiding "bleedthrough" between their respective tracks.[52] Additional dialogue was recorded at an ADR facility on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank (across the street from the Disney Animation building) and at the Soundtrack Group's New York studio,[52] since the production team had to work around the busy schedules of the film's New York-based cast members like Fontana.[105]
Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's piano-vocal scores for the songs along with the vocal tracks were sent to Salem, Oregon-based Dave Metzger for arrangement and orchestration;[104][106] Metzger also orchestrated a significant portion of Beck's score.[95]
For the orchestral film score, Beck paid homage to the Norway- and Sápmi-inspired setting by employing regional instruments, such as the bukkehorn, and traditional vocal techniques, such as kulning.[103] Beck worked with Lopez and Anderson-Lopez on incorporating their songs into arrangements in the score. The trio's goal "was to create a cohesive musical journey from beginning to end."[103] The final orchestration of Beck's score and Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's songs was recorded at the Eastwood Scoring Stage[104][107] on the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank by an 80-piece orchestra, featuring 32 vocalists, including native Norwegian Christine Hals.[103] Scoring mixer Casey Stone mixed the film's score at Beck's personal studio in Santa Monica, California.[52]
Regarding the sound of Frozen, director Jennifer Lee stated that sound played a huge part in making the film "visceral" and "transported"; she explained, "[i]n letting it tell the story emotionally, the sound of the ice when it's at its most dangerous just makes you shudder."[108] The complete silence at the climax of the film right after Anna freezes was Lasseter's idea, one he "really wanted".[108] In that scene, even the ambient sound that would normally be there was taken out in order to make it feel unusual.[108] Lee explained "that was a moment where we wanted everything to feel suspended."[108]
To obtain certain snow and ice sound effects, sound designer Odin Benitez traveled to Mammoth Mountain, California to record them at a frozen lake.[68] However, the foley work for the film was recorded on the foley stage on the Warner Bros. lot by a Warner Bros. crew.[52][107] The foley artists received daily deliveries of 50 pounds (22.6 kg) of snow ice while working, to help them record all the necessary snow and ice sounds for the film.[52] Because the film's visuals were finalized so late, five separate versions of nearly every footstep on snow were recorded (corresponding to five different types of snow), then one was later selected during mixing to match the snow as rendered in the final version of each scene.[52] One issue that the production team was "particular" about was the sound of Elsa's footsteps in the ice palace, which required eight attempts, including wine glasses on ice and metal knives on ice; they ended up using a mix of three sounds.[52]
Although the vocals, music, sound effects, and almost all the dialogue were all recorded elsewhere, the final re-recording mix to Dolby Atmos format was performed at the Disney lot by Casey E. Fluhr of Disney Digital Studio Services.[52][107]
Localization
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Like other Disney media products which are often localized through Disney Character Voices International, Frozen was translated and dubbed into 41 languages (compared with only 15 for The Lion King).[109] A major challenge was to find sopranos capable of matching Menzel's warm vocal tone and three-octave vocal range in their native languages.[109][110] Rick Dempsey, the unit's senior executive, regarded the process of translating the film as "exceptionally challenging"; he explained, "It's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! [It]...requires a lot of patience and precision."[111] Lopez explained that they were told by Disney to remove complex wordplay and puns from their songs, to ensure the film was easily translatable and had globally appealing lyrics.[112] For the casting of dubbed versions, Disney required native speakers in order to "ensure that the film feels 'local'."[111] They used Bell and Menzel's voices as their "blueprint" in casting, and tried to match the voices "as much as possible," meaning that they auditioned approximately 200 singers to fill the 41 slots.[111] For nearly 15 dubbed versions, they cast Elsa's singing and speaking parts separately, since not all vocalists could act the part they were singing.[111]
Release
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Frozen was released theatrically in the United States on November 27, 2013, and it was accompanied by the new Mickey Mouse animated short film, Get a Horse![113] The film's premiere was at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on November 19, 2013,[114] and had a five-day limited release there, starting from November 22, before going into wide release.[115][116]
Prior to the film's release, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's "Let It Go" and "In Summer" were previewed at the 2013 D23 Expo; Idina Menzel performed the former.[117] A teaser trailer was released on June 18, 2013,[118][119] followed by the release of the official trailer on September 26, 2013.[120][121][122] Frozen was also promoted heavily at several Disney theme parks including Disneyland's Fantasyland, Disney California Adventure's World of Color, Epcot's Norway pavilion, and Disneyland Paris' Disney Dreams! show,[123][124][125] with meet-and-greet sessions involving the film's two main characters, Anna and Elsa.[126] On November 6, 2013, Disney Consumer Products began releasing a line of toys and other merchandise relating to the film in Disney Store and other retailers.[127]
On January 31, 2014, a sing-along version of Frozen was released in 2,057 theaters in the United States. It featured on-screen lyrics, and viewers were invited to follow the bouncing snowflake and sing along with the songs from the film.[128][129][130] After its wide release in Japan on March 14, 2014, a similar sing-along version of Frozen was released in the country in select theaters on April 26. In Japanese-dubbed versions, Japanese lyrics of the songs appeared on screen for audiences to sing along with the characters.[131]
Home media
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Frozen was released for digital download on February 25, 2014, on Google Play, iTunes, and Amazon.[132] It was subsequently released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on March 18, 2014.[133] Bonus features for the Blu-ray release include[134][135] "The Making of Frozen", a three-minute musical production about how the film was made,[136] "D'frosted", an inside look at how Disney tried to adapt the original fairy tale into an animated feature, four deleted scenes with introduction by the directors, the original theatrical short Get a Horse!, the film's teaser trailer, and "Let It Go" (End Credit Version) music videos by Demi Lovato, Martina Stoessel, and Marsha Milan Londoh;[137][138] while the DVD release only include "Get A Horse" theatrical short, "Let It Go" musical videos and the film's teaser trailer.[134]
On its first day of release on Blu-ray and DVD, Frozen sold 3.2 million units, becoming one of the biggest home video sellers in the last decade, as well as Amazon's best-selling children's disc of all time.[139] The digital download release of the film also set a record as the fastest-selling digital release of all time.[140][141] Frozen finished its first week at No. 1 in unit sales in the United States, selling more than three times as many units as other 19 titles in the charts combined, according to the Nielsen's sales chart.[142] The film sold 3,969,270 Blu-ray units (the equivalent of $79,266,322) during its first week,[143] which accounted for 50 percent of its opening home media sales.[142] It topped the U.S. home video sales charts for six non-consecutive weeks out of seven weeks of release, as of May 4, 2014.[144] In the United Kingdom, Frozen debuted at No. 1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart.[145] According to Official Charts Company, more than 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two-day opening (March 31 – April 1, 2014).[146] During its three first weeks of release in the United Kingdom, Frozen sold more than 1.45 million units, becoming the biggest selling video title of 2014 so far in the country.[147]
Video games
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]A video game titled Frozen: Olaf's Quest was released on November 19, 2013, for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS.[148] Developed by 1st Playable Productions and published by GameMill Entertainment,[149] it takes place after the events of the film. In the game, Olaf must use his unique snowman abilities to try and stay in one piece throughout 60 levels.[148] Anna and Elsa were released as figurines in the Frozen toy box pack for the toy-based video game Disney Infinity on November 26, 2013,[150][151] and both figures were released separately on March 11, 2014.[152][153] Additionally, Disney Mobile released a match-three game titled Frozen: Free Fall for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone platforms. It takes place in the kingdom of Arendelle and closely follows the original story of the film, in which players can team up with Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, Hans, Olaf, Pabbie and Sven to match puzzles with the help of each character's special power-ups.[154][155] Six mini-games can be played on the Disney website.[156] Sony released a limited-edition Frozen-themed Playstation 4 console in Japan at the time the film was released into the Japanese home video market.[157]
Reception
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Box office
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Frozen earned $400,738,009 in North America, and an estimated $867,100,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1,267,838,009.[158] It is the fifth highest-grossing film,[159] the highest-grossing animated film,[160][161] the highest-grossing 2013 film,[162] the highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the second highest-grossing film distributed by Disney.[163] The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend.[164] On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film,[165] the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after Iron Man 3), and the first animated film since Toy Story 3 to do so.[166]
Bloomberg Businessweek magazine reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film's total cost at somewhere around $323 million to $350 million for production, marketing, and distribution, and had also projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box office ticket sales, digital downloads, discs, and television rights.[167]
North America
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Frozen became Fandango's top advance ticket seller among original animated films, ahead of previous record-holder Brave,[168] and became the top-selling animated film in the company's history in late January 2014.[130] The sing-along version of the film later topped the best-selling list of the movie ticketing service again for three days.[130] Frozen opened on Friday, November 22, 2013, exclusively at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five-day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on Wednesday, November 27, 2013.[169] During the three-day weekend it earned $243,390, scoring the seventh largest per-theater average.[170] On the opening day of its wide release, the film earned $15.2 million[171] and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, ahead of Tangled ($11.9 million).[172] It was also the second largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday among all films, behind Catching Fire ($20.8 million). The film finished in second place over the traditional three-day weekend (Friday-to-Sunday) with $67.4 million, setting an opening weekend record among Walt Disney Animation Studios films.[173] It also scored the second largest opening weekend among films that did not debut at #1.[174][175] Female audiences accounted for 57% of Frozen's total audiences on the first weekend, while family audiences held a proportion of 81%.[175][176] Among films that opened during Thanksgiving, it set new records; three-day ($67.4 million from Friday to Sunday)[177] and five-day ($93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday).[178] It also achieved the second largest three-day[179] and five-day[180] Thanksgiving gross among all films, behind Catching Fire.[181]
During its second weekend of wide release, Frozen declined 53% to $31.6 million, but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of Toy Story 2 ($27.8 million).[182] Frozen became the first film since Avatar to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release.[183] It remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends[184][185] (the longest run by any film since 2002[161]) and achieved large weekend grosses from its fifth[186] to its twelfth weekend (of wide release), compared to other films in their respective weekends.[187] On April 25, 2014, Frozen became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release.[188]
In North America, Frozen is the nineteenth highest-grossing film,[189] the third highest-grossing 2013 film,[190] the fourth highest-grossing animated film,[191] the highest-grossing 2013 animated film, the fifth highest-grossing 3-D film,[192] and the second highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film.[193] Excluding re-releases, it has the highest-grossing initial run among non-sequel animated films (a record previously held by Finding Nemo)[194][195] and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (a record previously held by The Lion King).[196]
Outside North America
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Frozen is the fifth highest-grossing film,[197] the highest-grossing animated film,[197][198] and the highest-grossing 2013 film.[199] It is the highest-grossing animated film in South Korea, Denmark, and Venezuela.[200][201][202] It is also the highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories,[195] including the Latin America region (specifically in Mexico and Brazil), the UK, Ireland, and Malta, Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and China.[203][204][205][206]
The film made its debut outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets.[175] It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014; January 10–12 ($27.8 million)[207] and February 7–9 ($24 million).[208] Overall, its largest opening weekends occurred in China (five-day opening of $14.3 million),[209] Russia and the CIS ($11.9 million, including previews from previous weekend), where the film set an opening weekend record among Disney animated films (ahead of Tangled),[210] and Japan (three-day opening of $9.73 million).[211][212] It set an opening weekend record among animated films in Sweden.[213] In total earnings, the film's top market after North America is Japan ($240.8 million), followed by South Korea ($76.6 million) and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($65.7 million).[214][215] In South Korea, Frozen is the second largest foreign film both in terms of attendance and gross,[216] the largest Disney release[161] and the first animated film to earn more than ten million admissions.[217] In Japan, it is the third highest-grossing film of all time, the second highest grossing imported film (behind Titanic) and the highest-grossing Disney film.[218] It topped the country's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends[214] until being surpassed by another Disney release, Maleficent.[219]
Commercial analysis
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Ray Subers, writing for Box Office Mojo, compared Frozen with Disney's 2010 animated feature, Tangled, saying that its story was not as "immediately interesting" and its marketing also aimed at boys, similar to that of Tangled. Noting that the 2013 holiday season (Thanksgiving and Christmas) lacked compelling content for families, Subers predicted that the film would "play well all the way through Christmas" and end up grossing $185 million in North America (similar to Wreck-It Ralph).[220] Boxoffice.com noted the success of previous Disney's animated films released during the holiday season (Tangled and Wreck-It Ralph), but argued that the cast might not attract audiences due to the lack of major stars. They issued a $170,000,000 North America box office forecast for the film.[221] Chris Agar from ScreenRant shared the same opinion, citing a string of recent box office successes of the studio, and added that Frozen would fill a void of kid-friendly films in the marketplace, but did not expect it to surpass Catching Fire in terms of box office gross.[222]
Clayton Dillard of Slant Magazine commented that while trailers made the film seem "pallid," positive critical reviews could attract interest from both "core demographics" and adult audiences, therefore Frozen stood good chances of surpassing Tangled's Thanksgiving three-day opening record.[223] Brad Brevet of Ropeofsilicon.com described the film's marketing as a "severely hit and miss" campaign, which could affect its box office performance.[224] After Frozen finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving, most box-office watchers predicted that it would end up grossing between $250 and $300 million in North America.[225] Breitbart.com suggested that with "strong buzz" and "huge family audience support," Frozen would "easily break the $130 million" mark in North America.[226] Box Office Mojo reissued a $250-million box office prediction in North America for the film, citing that it would be "the exclusive choice for family audiences" and attributed its successful opening to strong word-of-mouth, the studio's marketing, which highlighted the connection between Frozen and Disney's previous successful releases like Tangled and Wreck-It Ralph, as well as the elements of humor.[175] In an interview conducted in early December 2013, Dave Hollis, Disney's distribution executive, praised the efforts of the filmmakers and the studio's marketing team: "For a company whose foundation is built on animation, an opening like this is really great."[176] He further commented that audiences could be "very targeted with a message", and that Frozen aimed at general audience instead of any one particular audience segment.[176]
When Frozen became a tremendous and unexpected success, Bilge Ebiri of Vulture analyzed the film's elements and pointed out eight factors that led to its success. He explained that Frozen managed to capture the classic Disney spirit of the Disney Renaissance's films and even early classics like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs or Cinderella.[225] He also wrote that the film has Olaf, a "wisecracking, irreverent" sidekick with mild humor which is "a requirement of modern animated kids' movies," and its "witty, catchy" songs were "pretty good."[225] Furthermore, Ebiri noted that Frozen was a "revisionist" film that didn't "have a typical villain;" Elsa, the person who should be the villain didn't turn out to be a villain, but "a girl who's having trouble." She was the one who "[created] most of the challenges [for] the film's more typical heroes — Princess Anna."[225] The story of two sisters who went separated when they grew up were real-life overtones with many audiences who had siblings, and the struggle of Elsa to overcome the shame and fear of her powers was also relatable.[225] Finally, he commented that the fact that Frozen had two strong female characters and a twist to usual romantic subplot, when the traditional "Prince Charming" — Hans — turned out to be a gold-digging villain, and "an act of true love" that Anna needed turned out to come from her sister Elsa, were among factors which attracted female audiences.[225] Scott Davis of Forbes commented that the film's marketing aiming at both sexes and the success of its soundtrack drove Frozen ahead in terms of commercial achievements.[227]
The commercial success of Frozen in Japan was considered as a "phenomenon"[228] and was reported by a number of media outlets. Released in the market as Anna and the Snow Queen,[229][230] the film had increased its gross each week in three first weeks of release, and only started to drop in the fourth; while other films usually peak in the opening week and decline in the latter ones.[231] Frozen has received over 7 million admissions in Japan as of April 16,[229] and nearly 18.7 million admissions as of June 23.[232] Many cinemagoers were reported to have watched both the original and the Japanese-dubbed version.[230] Japan Today also reported that the local dubbed version was "particularly popular" in the country.[229] Gavin J. Blair of The Hollywood Reporter commented on the film's earnings in Japan that "Even after its $9.6 million (￥986.4 million) three-day opening, a record bow for a Disney animation in Japan, few would have predicted the kind of numbers Frozen has now racked up."[232] Disney's head of distribution Dave Hollis said in an interview that "It's become very clear that the themes and emotions of Frozen transcend geography, but what's going on in Japan is extraordinary."[233][234] "Frozen's success doesn't benefit from a general appetite for American films in Japan" (as reported by International Business Times),[235] but according Akira Lippit of USC School of Cinematic Arts, there were several factors that constituted this phenomenon: besides the fact that animated films "are held in great regard in Japan, and the Disney brand name with all of its heritage is extremely valuable", "the biggest reason is the primary audience for the Frozen — 13- to 17-year-old teenage girls."[233] He further explained that audiences of this age range had a vital role in shaping Japanese pop culture and "Frozen has so many elements that appeal to them, with its story of a young girl with power and mystique, who finds her own sort of good in herself."[233] He compared the current situation of the film with a similar phenomenon with Titanic in 1997, "when millions of Japanese teen girls turned out to watch Leonard DiCaprio go under — several times," and that Frozen would repeat the same business.[233] Another reason that contributed to the film's success in the market was that Disney took great care in choosing "high quality"[235] voice actors for the Japanese-dubbed version, since Japan's pop music scene had an important role particularly with teenage audiences.[233] Orika Hiromura, marketing project leader for Frozen of Disney Japan, said in an interview with the Wall Street Journal that "We really put effort into finding actors who could not only play the role but also belt out the tunes as well. We found the perfect match in Takako Matsu and Sayaka Kanda, and they really added a whole new dimension to the storytelling."[131]
When asked about the phenomenal success of Frozen, director Chris Buck stated: "We never expected anything like this. We just hoped to make a movie that did as well as Tangled! I hoped the audience would embrace it and respond to it, but there's no way we could have predicted this."[228] He named a number of reasons that lead to the film's popularity: "There are characters that people relate to; the songs are so strong and memorable. We also have some flawed characters, which is what Jen[nifer Lee] and I like to do – we essentially create two imperfect princesses."[228] He also said that what people could infer from the film had "blow[n] me away."[228]
Critical response
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Frozen received widespread critical acclaim,[236] with several critics comparing it favorably to the films of the Disney Renaissance, particularly The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King.[22][237][238][239] Some journalists thought the film's success marked a second Disney Renaissance.[240][241] The film was praised for its visuals, themes, musical numbers, screenplay, and voice acting, especially that of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, and Josh Gad.[242] The "Let It Go" musical sequence was repeatedly singled out for praise; some critics called it one of the best film sequences of the year.[243][244][245] The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 187 reviews, with an average score of 7.7/10, making it the highest-rated family film in 2013. The site's consensus reads: "Beautifully animated, smartly written, and stocked with singalong songs, Frozen adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon."[246] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 43 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[247] CinemaScore gave Frozen an "A+" on an A+ to F scale, based on polls conducted during the opening weekend.[176][248] Surveys conducted by Fandango among 1,000 ticket buyers revealed that 75% of purchasers had seen the film at least once, and 52% had seen it twice. It was also pointed out that 55% of audiences identified "Let It Go" as their favorite song, while "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" and "For the First Time in Forever" held proportions of 21% and 9%, respectively.[130] Frozen was named the seventh best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of Time[249] and Kyle Smith of the New York Post.[250]
Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote that the film is "the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman, whose work on The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast helped build the studio's modern animated division into what it is today." He also said that "while it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion, the script... really delivers; it offers characters to care about, along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way."[22] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter observed Frozen as a true musical and wrote, "You can practically see the Broadway musical Frozen is destined to become while watching Disney's 3D animated princess tale." McCarthy described the film as "energetic, humorous and not too cloying, as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming, this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and, beginning with its Thanksgiving opening, should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio's hoped-for holiday-spanning blockbusters."[251] Kyle Smith of the New York Post awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the film as "a great big snowy pleasure with an emotionally gripping core, brilliant Broadway-style songs and a crafty plot. Its first and third acts are better than the jokey middle, but this is the rare example of a Walt Disney Animation Studios effort that reaches as deep as a Pixar film."[252] Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Frozen is both a declaration of Disney's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity. It's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment."[253]
The Los Angeles Times extolled the film's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical sequences, and declared Frozen was "a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios."[237] Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a "B+" grade and labeled it as a "squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what's fresh in animation can shift."[238] Richard Corliss of Time stated that, "It's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew: creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present."[254] Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an "absolute delight from start to finish."[255] Both Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune and Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the film's characters and musical sequences, which also drew comparisons to the theatrics found in Wicked.[256][257] Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy awarded the film five out of five stars and called the film "a new Disney classic" and "an exhilarating, joyous, human story that's as frequently laugh-out-loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant. Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary, it's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best."[258] Frozen was also praised in Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture (which historically has faced attempted eradication by the Norwegian state) to a broad audience in a good way. Composer Frode Fjellheim was lauded by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film, during the President's 2014 New Year's speech.[259][260]
Scott Foundas of Variety was less impressed with the film, but nevertheless commended its voice acting and technical artistry: "The tactile, snow-capped Arendelle landscape, including Elsa's ice-castle retreat is Frozen's other true marvel, enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen – a nod to the CinemaScope richness of Sleeping Beauty and Lady and the Tramp."[261] The Seattle Times gave the film two out of four stars, stating that "While it is an often gorgeous film with computer-generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors, the important thing that glues all this stuff together – story – is sadly lacking."[262] Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch also criticized the story as the film's weakest point.[263] Writing on Roger Ebert's website, Christy Lemire gave a mixed review in which she awarded two-and-a-half stars out of four.[264] Lemire praised the visuals and the performance of "Let It Go," as well as the positive messages Frozen sends.[264] However, she referred to the film as "cynical" and criticized it as an "attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much."[264] She also noted the similarity between Elsa and another well-known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated, Carrie.[264]
Portrayal of emotions and perceived LGBT parallels
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Allegations of sexism occurred following a statement by Lino DiSalvo, the film's head of animation, who said to Fan Voice‘s Jenna Busch: "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty."[265][266][267] However, a Disney spokesperson later told Time that DiSalvo's quote was widely misinterpreted, stating that he was "describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters."[265][267] Director Lee also said that DiSalvo's words were recklessly taken out of context, and that he was talking in very technical terms about CG animation. "It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him," she said.[268]
Several viewers outside the film industry, such as evangelical pastors[269][270][271] and commentators,[272] argued that Frozen promotes normalization of homosexuality, while others believed that the main character, Elsa, represents a positive image of LGBT youth, viewing the film and the song "Let It Go" as a metaphor for coming out.[273][274] These claims were met with mixed reactions from both audiences and the LGBT community.[273] When asked about perceptions of a homosexual undertone in the film, Lee said, "We know what we made. But at the same time I feel like once we hand the film over, it belongs to the world, so I don't like to say anything, and let the fans talk. I think it's up to them." She also mentioned that Disney films were made in different eras and were all celebrated for different reasons, but a 2013 film would have a "2013 point of view."[274][275]
Accolades
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Frozen was nominated for various awards and won a number of them, including several for Best Animated Feature. The song "Let It Go" was particularly praised. The film was nominated for two Golden Globes at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and won for Best Animated Feature, becoming the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category.[276] It also won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"),[277] the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA),[278] five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature),[279][280] and two Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go").[281] It received other similar nominations at the Satellite Awards,[282] and various critics' groups and circles.
Franchise potential
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Musical adaptation
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Bob Iger, chairman and chief executive officer of The Walt Disney Company, stated in a January 2014 interview with Fortune that Disney Theatrical Productions is in early development of a Broadway stage musical adaptation of Frozen.[283][284][285] No specific date has yet been set for this adaptation. "We're not demanding speed," Iger said. "We're demanding excellence."[285][286] A microsite for the stage adaptation has been launched by Disney, where users can sign up to receive email updates on the musical.[287]
During The Walt Disney Company's 2014 first-quarter earnings conference call on February 5, 2014, Iger congratulated "all those involved with Frozen" and reiterated that it would "be going to Broadway."[288]4 He also noted that Frozen "has real franchise potential" and predicted that "You will see Frozen in more places than you've certainly seen today."[288]8,13
Merchandise
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]In the same earnings call, Iger alluded to "high demand for Frozen merchandise," which was expanded upon by Disney senior executive vice president and chief financial officer Jay Rasulo: "Over the most recent quarter...if I had to pick out a single item, I would say Frozen items were the single most demanded items at Disney Stores."[288]4,22 In March 2014, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Disney had sold almost 500,000 Anna and Elsa dolls, with a 5,000 limited-edition run selling out online in only 45 minutes in January.[167] Demand only increased further after the mid-March home video release; toy industry expert Jim Silver explained home video enabled children to "watch it over and over again" and "fall in love" with the film's characters.[289] Chris Buck mentioned in an April 2014 interview that the directors had not bought anything for themselves "thinking it wouldn't be a problem, and now everything's sold out!"[108]
By mid-April, U.S. consumer demand for Frozen merchandise was so high that resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition Frozen dolls and costumes had skyrocketed past $1,000 on eBay, both Disney and its licensees had arranged for air freight to rush fresh inventory to retailers besieged by desperate parents, and some of those parents had begun publicly venting their frustration through social media outlets such as the Disney Store's Facebook page.[289][290][291][292][293] Needham & Co. analyst Sean McGowan compared the situation to the 1980s Cabbage Patch Kids craze, where "the demand is ... driven by the scarcity because of the social status attached to being able to find it."[294] Fed up with the shortage, some parents took a "do it yourself" approach, and others went for custom-made replicas on crafts sites like Etsy.[291][293] Similar shortages of Frozen merchandise were reported during spring 2014 in the United Kingdom,[295][296] Canada,[297] Australia,[298][299] New Zealand,[300] France,[301] and Singapore.[302]
In a mid-April interview, Disney Store Vice President Jonathan Storey admitted that although Disney had high expectations for the film, "demand went even higher than they thought it ever would."[303] He also promised that more Frozen merchandise would be delivered to Disney Store locations immediately through regular shipments, and that new products were being developed for release throughout the year.[303] By the end of April, Disney Parks had imposed a five-item limit at its stores, while Disney Store had imposed a two-item limit, restricted the release of the most popular items to store opening on Saturday mornings, and required guests to enter into a lottery on those mornings just for the chance to purchase the very popular Elsa costumes.[304][305]
During the Walt Disney Company's 2014 second-quarter earnings call on May 6, 2014, Iger said Frozen "is definitely up there in terms of, probably, our top five franchises,"[306] and that the company will "take full advantage of that over the next at least five years."[307] He also explained Disney was still working on the musical, as well as publishing, interactive, and theme park projects.[306] Rasulo disclosed that nine of the ten best-selling items at Disney Store in the second quarter were Frozen-related.[306]
In response to demand from private art collectors for official Frozen-inspired fine art, the first batch of 10 artworks approved by Disney Fine Art went on sale on May 8, 2014 at an art gallery in Sacramento, California.[308]
Earlier, on May 1, 2014, it had been reported that Disney Consumer Products was developing a comprehensive program of new Frozen merchandise for 2014 and 2015, which would include additional role play and plush items as well as "home décor, bath, textile, footwear," sporting goods, consumer electronics, and pool and summer toys (the last two to come in summer 2015).[309] On June 25, 2014, DCP presented a "holiday fair" to journalists in New York City for the 2014 Christmas and holiday season, which included numerous Frozen-related items.[310] MTV News warned parents to prepare to "'[l]et it go,' and by 'it' we mean 'your money.'"[310]
Theme parks
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa at Disneyland and Epcot had been initially sponsored by The Walt Disney Studios as short-term temporary attractions starting from November 2013 to promote the film, but in February 2014, Disney Parks decided to extend them indefinitely in response to unprecedented demand.[126] By the beginning of March, wait time was reportedly as long as four or five hours to see Anna and Elsa, which fueled outside speculation about whether Disney Parks would respond with additional Frozen-specific attractions.[311] After wait times at Norway Pavilion in Walt Disney World's Epcot reportedly reached six hours,[312] in mid-April the Anna and Elsa meet-and-greets were finally moved to Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom, where park guests could use the new FastPass+ reservation system (part of Disney's MyMagic+ project) to bypass the lengthy wait time.[313][314] Jezebel.com commented on the phenomenon, "Word has it that those characters are like the Beatles now, attracting large crowds of screaming females."[290] However, as of April 2014, there have not been any plans for Anna and Elsa to join the Disney Princess line-up, though Disney Store confirmed that it was still possible the characters would be added to that franchise in the future.[303]
On July 5, 2014, Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World launched a "Frozen Summer Fun" program to run through September 1, which included a daily parade, sing-along show, dance party, and fireworks show; an indoor ice skating rink and a merchandise shop; and Frozen décor throughout the theme park.[315]
Possible sequel
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]At the end of March 2014, Del Vecho confirmed that there had been "discussions on how we can support the [film's] characters at other locations [and] [w]e are also discussing making a theatrical [musical] version of Frozen, but these things take time."[316]
As for the possibility of future sequels, Del Vecho explained that Buck, Lee and him "work very, very well together, so I believe we will be developing a new project. But I don't know what that is right now."[316] In late April, Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn said that "we haven't really talked about a sequel" because the studio's current priority is the planned Broadway musical, which will require "four or five" additional songs to be written by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez.[317][318] When asked in May about a sequel, Iger said that Disney would not "mandate a sequel" or "force storytelling", because to do that would risk creating something not as good as the first film.[319] In June, Lee confirmed that Lasseter had expressly granted her and Buck the freedom to explore whatever they were "passionate about": "We don't know what it is yet ... We’re actually going to start from scratch. It’ll be something completely brand new."[320]
Television
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The film will play a factor in the fourth season of a television series produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios, Once Upon a Time. On May 11, 2014, the conclusion of the show's third season finale revealed a new storyline that will incorporate elements from Frozen, centering around the arrival of Elsa, the Snow Queen, after her urn was accidentally thrust into the time-traveling portal from the Enchanted Forest back to present-day Storybrooke. The show's executive producers later explained that Disney had not asked them to do a crossover.[321][322] Rather, they fell in love with Frozen when it premiered in November, saw it three more times, then developed a story idea in February and successfully pitched it to ABC Studios, the ABC network, and then Disney brand management.[321][322][323] The producers shared that "their writers' room was "basically a 'Frozen' appreciation room" and they would be "completely honored" if the original movie stars wanted to reprise their roles.[324][325] Producer Adam Horowitz said that they were not going to "redo" the film: "We're very aware of what we think makes this character from 'Frozen' so special and we want to honor that and make sure that what we do is in the universe of [what] everyone fell in love with this past year."[324]
On June 7, 2014, TVLine reported that Anna and Kristoff would also appear in the show alongside Elsa, casting had begun for all three characters, and that Elsa would appear in approximately nine episodes.[326][327] By the first week of July, it had been confirmed that the show's producers had cast Georgina Haig as Elsa, Elizabeth Lail as Anna, and Scott Michael Foster as Kristoff.[328][329] Later on July 22, TVLine announced the appearance of Hans in the third episode of this series' Season 4.[330]
Miscellaneous
[modifica | modifica wikitesto].jpg)
During spring and summer of 2014, several journalists observed that Frozen was unusually catchy in comparison to the vast majority of films, in that many children in both the U.S.[331][332][333][334][335][336] and the UK[337][338][339][340] were watching Frozen so many times that they now knew all the songs by heart and kept singing them again and again at every opportunity to the distress of their hapless parents, teachers, and classmates. Columnist Joel Stein of Time magazine wrote about his young son Laszlo's frustration with the inescapable "cultural assault" of Frozen at preschool and all social and extracurricular activities, and how he had arranged for a Skype call with lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film was made.[341] When Laszlo asked whether Bell knew when she made Frozen that it would take over kids' lives, she replied: "I did not know that people would not let it go. No pun intended."[341] When Terry Gross raised a similar point with songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez in an April interview on NPR, they explained there was simply no way they could have known how popular their work on Frozen would become.[342] They were just trying to "tell a story that resonated" and "that didn't suck."[342]
In a 2014 mid-year report of the top 100 commonly used baby names conducted by Babycentre.co.uk, Elsa was ranked 88; it was the first time ever that the name had appeared on their chart.[343] Sarah Barrett, managing director of the site, explained that while the film's popular heroine is called Anna, "Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model."[344] Many parents revealed that their choices of name were "heavily influenced" by the siblings. Vice president of Disney UK Anna Hill later commented that "We're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it's lovely to hear that for many families, it is actually their siblings who have chosen it," and that "Elsa's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond" were relatable to many families.[344]
On May 20, 2014, it was reported that Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice was planning an ice skating show based on Frozen with assistance from the film's producers and directors, and that the show would start touring in September 2014 starting in Orlando, Florida with a cast of 39.[345][346]
By June 2014, the film's reliance on Norway for visual inspiration had resulted in a significant increase in tourism in that country, with a 37% increase in tourists from the United States in the first quarter of 2014 (in comparison to the previous year's first quarter).[347][348] Tour operators (including Adventures by Disney) responded by adding more Norway tours.[347]
References
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- ^ Disneyland Resort Debuts "World of Color – Winter Dreams," a Merry New Spectacular for 2013 Holiday Season, in PR Newswire, July 27, 2013. URL consultato il July 27, 2013.«from the upcoming Walt Disney Pictures animated feature "Frozen"»
- ^ Meng Liu, Disney's "Frozen" Premiere Turns L.A. Into a Winter Wonderland, in The Hollywood Reporter, November 19, 2013. URL consultato il November 20, 2013.
- ^ Brooks Barnes, Boys Don't Run Away From These Princesses, in The New York Times, December 1, 2013. URL consultato il December 2, 2013.
- ^ Esther Zuckerman, Is "Frozen" a New, Bona Fide Disney Classic?, in The Atlantic Wire, November 4, 2013. URL consultato il November 4, 2013.
- ^ Staff, 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category, in Box Office Mojo.
- ^ Golden Globes 2014: And the winners are..., in USA Today, January 12, 2014. URL consultato il January 16, 2014.
- ^ Film in 2014, in British Academy Film Awards, 8 Gennaio 2014.
- ^ Times staff writers, Annie Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees, in Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2014. URL consultato il February 5, 2014.
- ^ Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners, in Prometheus Global Media, The Hollywood Reporter, January 17, 2014. URL consultato il January 17, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Jennifer Lee, Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft (PDF), su waltdisneystudiosawards.com, Walt Disney Animation Studios, September 23, 2013. URL consultato il February 20, 2014.
- ^ a b c Brett Nachman, Disney In Depth: The Future Of Disney Animation (Frozen, Paperman, & Wreck-It Ralph) – A Recap Of D23's Destination D Event, in Geeks of Doom, August 16, 2012. URL consultato il August 17, 2012.
- ^ Paula Toti, Local Girl stars in Disney's "Frozen", su local12.com, WKRC-TV Local12.com, December 10, 2013. URL consultato il December 18, 2013.
- ^ ScreenSlam, Frozen: Songwriters Kristen Anderson-Lopez & Robert Lopez Official Movie Interview – YouTube (Video), su youtube.com, YouTube, October 31, 2013. URL consultato il January 5, 2014. Formato sconosciuto: Video (aiuto)
- ^ a b Susan Wloszczyna, With Frozen, Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il January 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c Anthony Breznican, Disney's "Frozen": Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel to voice animated tale, June 11, 2012. URL consultato il June 23, 2013.
- ^ Colin Covert, Disney's animated "Frozen" is pretty chill, November 29, 2013. URL consultato il January 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Frozen(2013) – Cast & Crew. URL consultato il January 2, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Bryan Alexander, "Frozen" defrosts Kristen Bell's Disney dreams, June 17, 2013. URL consultato il June 18, 2013.
- ^ a b Jonathan Groff joins Disney's Frozen Voice Cast, December 19, 2012. URL consultato il December 19, 2012.
- ^ Dan Sarto, Oscar® Tour SoCal Day 2 Continues at Disney Feature Animation, February 21, 2013. URL consultato il February 28, 2013.
- ^ a b c Marc Snetiker, Santino Fontana and Josh Gad Join Disney's Frozen, Starring Jonathan Groff & Idina Menzel, June 18, 2013. URL consultato il June 18, 2013.
- ^ a b c Alonso Duralde, "Frozen" Review: Disney's Best Animated Musical Since "Beauty and the Beast", The Wrap, November 3, 2013. URL consultato il November 3, 2013.
- ^ "Frozen" Movie Stills – Oaken (voiced by Chris Williams), July 11, 2013. URL consultato il July 11, 2013.
- ^ a b Frozen, su explore.bfi.org.uk, British Film Institute. URL consultato il November 30, 2013.
- ^ How Well Do You Know... Frozen?, su blogs.disney.com, Disney Insider, January 29, 2014. URL consultato il January 30, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Charles Solomon, The Art of Frozen, San Francisco, Chronicle Books, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4521-1716-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jim Hill, Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the "Snow Queen"'s decades-long story problems, in Jim Hill Media, October 18, 2013. URL consultato il October 22, 2013.
- ^ a b Russ Fischer, Disney's "Frozen", Formerly "The Snow Queen", Will Be CG Rather Than Hand-Drawn, in Slash Film, January 11, 2012. URL consultato il January 12, 2012.
- ^ Steve Jobs, 1st paperback, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2011, pp. 435-436, ISBN 9781451648546.
- ^ Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration, New York, Random House, 2014, pp. 248-252, ISBN 978-0812993011.
- ^ David Price, The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company, Random House, 2009, pp. 252-254, ISBN 9780307278296.
- ^ Mike P. Williams, Chris Buck reveals true inspiration behind Disney's Frozen (exclusive), in Yahoo! Inc., April 8, 2014. URL consultato il April 8, 2014.
- ^ Steve Weintraub, Josh Gad Talks FROZEN, His History with the Project, the Songs, the Status of TRIPLETS, Playing Sam Kinison, and More, November 25, 2013. URL consultato il November 25, 2013.
- ^ Interview: Frozen's Josh Gad, in MSN Canada Entertainment, Microsoft Corporation, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il June 20, 2014.
- ^ Disney restyles "Rapunzel" to appeal to boys, in Los Angeles Times, March 9, 2010. URL consultato il April 6, 2010.
- ^ Nick de Semlyen, Exclusive: The Lion King To Go 3D, June 22, 2010. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Peter Sciretta, Walt Disney Animation Gives "The Snow Queen" New Life, Retitled "Frozen" – But Will It Be Hand Drawn?, December 22, 2011. URL consultato il December 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Todd Gilchrist, Kristen Bell Set to Star in Stage Adaptation "Some Girls", Animated Feature "Frozen" (Exclusive), in The Hollywood Reporter, March 5, 2012. URL consultato il March 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Dan Sarto, Directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee Talk 'Frozen', in Animation World Network, AWN, Inc., November 7, 2013. URL consultato il March 27, 2014.
- ^ a b Jennifer Lee, Oscars 2014: 'Frozen's' Jennifer Lee on being a female director, March 1, 2014. URL consultato il April 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jordan Achilles, Michael, Peter, Chris and Jennifer Talk Frozen and It's Success, March 17, 2014. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Rob Lowman, Unfreezing "Frozen": The making of the newest fairy tale in 3D by Disney, November 19, 2013. URL consultato il November 21, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Nicole Laporte, How "Frozen" Director Jennifer Lee Reinvented The Story Of The Snow Queen, February 28, 2014. URL consultato il March 27, 2014.
- ^ Jill Stewart, Jennifer Lee: Disney's New Animation Queen, May 15, 2013. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r John August, Episode 128: Frozen with Jennifer Lee — Transcript, in Scriptnotes, johnaugust.com, February 1, 2014. URL consultato il March 27, 2014.
- ^ Simon Brew, A spoiler-y, slightly nerdy interview about Disney's Frozen, in Den of Geek!, Dennis Publishing, December 12, 2013. URL consultato il April 5, 2014.
- ^ Lucinda Everett, Frozen: inside Disney's billion-dollar social media hit, March 31, 2014. URL consultato il April 1, 2014.
- ^ a b Sean Flynn, Is it her time to shine?, February 17, 2014. URL consultato il April 3, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Andy Hunsaker, The Real-Life Ice Hotel That Inspired Disney's ‘Frozen’, in CraveOnline, CraveOnline Media, March 18, 2014. URL consultato il April 5, 2014.
- ^ Molly Chance, Kristen Bell: "Frozen" character is "awkward", "Veronica Mars" footage "looks radical", in Zap2It, August 14, 2013. URL consultato il October 22, 2013.
- ^ Low-key bride Kristen Bell, in Belfast Telegraph, August 31, 2013. URL consultato il September 13, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j April Tucker, Cinema Audio Society Awards Brings Us Together Again: Motion Picture — Animated, Frozen (PDF), in CAS Quarterly, Spring 2014, pp. 13–18. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ Amy Wilkinson, Kristen Bell: "Frozen" Is "The Kind Of Movie I Wanted To See As A Kid", in MTV News, August 28, 2013. URL consultato il October 22, 2013.
- ^ a b c World Entertainment News Network, Tangled – Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role, November 1, 2013. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ Rob Vaux, Mania Interview: Idina Menzel, in Mania.com, Demand Media, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il April 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore
<ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatoreConnelly - ^ Mark Harrison, Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen, in Den of Geek!, December 6, 2013. URL consultato il March 27, 2014.
- ^ Mike Fleming, Jennifer Lee to co-direct Disney Animated Film "Frozen", November 29, 2012. URL consultato il November 29, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Amy Laskowski, Frozen Producer Heads to the Oscars, February 28, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Rebecca Keegan, Disney is reanimated with 'Frozen,' 'Big Hero 6', May 9, 2013. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Frozen Composers Assess 6 Fan-Created Homages to Their Songs, su vulture.com, New York Media LLC, January 15, 2014. URL consultato il July 14, 2014.
- ^ a b Lindsay Miller, On the Job With Jennifer Lee, Director of Frozen, in Popsugar, Popsugar Inc., February 28, 2014. URL consultato il March 28, 2014.
- ^ Sandy Schaefer, "Frozen" Review, November 29, 2013. URL consultato il January 7, 2014.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters, 3rd, Hyperion Books, 1998, p. 400, ISBN 9780786863365.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Emanuel Levy, "Frozen: Setting and Visual Look", Emanuel Levy Cinema 24/7, December 26, 2013.
- ^ a b c The story behind the story of Frozen, in Disney Insider, The Walt Disney Company, July 30, 2013. URL consultato il July 31, 2013.
- ^ a b c Kyle Burbank, Oscar Week: Frozen’s Art of Animation, in LaughingPlace.com, February 24, 2014. URL consultato il March 30, 2014.
- ^ a b c Trevor Hogg, Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen, in Flickering Myth, March 26, 2014. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Stefan Pape, Disney Present Footage from Their Forthcoming Picture Frozen – Report, in Hey U Guys, August 10, 2013. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ Michael Cousineau, UNH degree played a part in Oscar-winning movie, March 29, 2014. URL consultato il April 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Bill Desowitz, Immersed in Movies: First Look: Designing the Winter Wonderland of "Frozen", in Animation Scoop, October 7, 2013. URL consultato il October 22, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Adam Pockross, 21 "Frozen" Facts That Make Us Ready for Winter, October 8, 2013. URL consultato il January 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Angie Marcos, Animators bask in glow of 'Frozen's' box-office and Oscar success, March 26, 2014. URL consultato il March 30, 2014.
- ^ Dan Sarto, The Animation of Disney's 'Frozen': Striving to Capture the Performance, October 11, 2013. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ Caryn Bailey, 7 Things You Didn't Know About 'Frozen', November 27, 2013. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Joe Kucharski, Costume Design in Animation – Disney's Frozen, January 7, 2014. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ Don Hahn, The Alchemy of Animation: Making an Animated Film in the Modern Age, New York, Disney Editions, 2008, ISBN 9781423104766.
- ^ a b c d e f Ian Failes, The tech of Disney's Frozen and Get a Horse!, December 2, 2013. URL consultato il January 18, 2014.
- ^ a b c Letisia Marquez, UCLA's mathematicians bring snow to life for Disney's "Frozen", February 27, 2014. URL consultato il March 6, 2014.
- ^ Alexey Stomakhin, Craig Schroeder, Lawrence Chai, Joseph Teran, Andrew Selle, A material point method for snow simulation (PDF), su disney-animation.s3.amazonaws.com, Walt Disney Animation Studios, August 2013. URL consultato il March 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Jason, Making of Disney's Frozen: A Material Point Method For Snow Simulation, November 21, 2013. URL consultato il January 18, 2014.
- ^ Ramin Zahed, Disney's "Frozen" to Warm Hearts This Week, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il March 7, 2014.
- ^ Jim Hill, Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : The flaky design idea behind the look of Elsa's ice palace, October 9, 2013. URL consultato il March 7, 2014.
- ^ a b Josh Daws, 6 surprises I learned about "Frozen" fresh from filmmakers at Walt Disney Animation Studios preview event, November 4, 2013. URL consultato il March 9, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Jennifer Lee, Frozen<nowiki >'s Final Shooting Draft (PDF), su waltdisneystudiosawards.com, Walt Disney Animation Studios, September 23, 2013. URL consultato il February 20, 2014.
- ^ Lori Albrough, Disney's Frozen Movie and Sitron the Fjord Horse, November 10, 2013. URL consultato il March 9, 2014.
- ^ Casey Mullins, Female Directors are Changing the Story in Disney Animation, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il March 9, 2014.
- ^ Sarah Lyall, Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians, February 19, 2013, p. A4. URL consultato il April 14, 2014.
- ^ (Norwegian) Espen Sandmo, Nidarosdomen i ny Disney-film, September 6, 2013. URL consultato il December 11, 2013. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
- ^ (Norwegian) Ingrid Lindgaard Stranden, Vi ligner mest med lua på, December 8, 2013. URL consultato il December 11, 2013. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
- ^ (Norwegian) Jan Gunnar Furuly, Se, en samisk Disney-helt!, November 22, 2013. URL consultato il January 17, 2014. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
- ^ Catherine Dawson March, Disney's Frozen: Inspired by Norway's beauty, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il January 18, 2014.
- ^ Evil Elsa, shy Kristoff? 10 "Frozen" facts you probably didn't know, March 7, 2014. URL consultato il March 9, 2014.
- ^ Rebecca Keegan, Husband-wife songwriting team's emotions flow in "Frozen", November 1, 2013. URL consultato il November 19, 2013.
- ^ a b c Jackson Truax, Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il January 4, 2014.
- ^ Sam Adams, The Scrambled Sexuality of 'Frozen's "Let It Go", February 17, 2014. URL consultato il May 4, 2014.
- ^ Christine Ziemba, Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature, in 24700: News from California Institute of the Arts, California Institute of the Arts, March 3, 2014. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ Zorianna Kit, Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ Zorianna Kit, Awards Spotlight: Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson-Lopez Make Beautiful Music Together for Disney’s ‘Frozen’, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il April 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c Jon Burlingame, 'Frozen' Aims for Watermark notched by 'Mermaid,' 'Beauty & Beast', November 6, 2013. URL consultato il March 31, 2014.
- ^ Christophe Beck to Score Disney's "Frozen", su filmmusicreporter.com, Film Music Reporter, February 19, 2013. URL consultato il June 12, 2013.
- ^ (Norwegian) Ole Jacob Hoel, Trøndersk joik åpner Disney-film, September 14, 2013. URL consultato il September 15, 2013. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto) If necessary, view a rough translation for reference.
- ^ a b c d e Walt Disney Animation Studios' "Frozen" Lets Go With Dynamic Soundtrack, October 22, 2013. URL consultato il October 23, 2013.
- ^ a b c Paul Tingen, Inside Track: Disney's Frozen, in Sound on Sound, SOS Publications Group, April 2014. URL consultato il May 3, 2014.
- ^ David Gordon, Cinderella Star Santino Fontana Gets Frozen for Disney — and His Own Action Figure, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ David Stabler, Disney's 'Frozen': A behind-the-scenes look at the movie's music that gets its magic from an Oregon man, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c Mel Lambert, CAS Launches 'Gravity' into Oscar's Orbit, in From the Guild, The Editors Guild, March 3, 2014. URL consultato il May 3, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Simon Brew, Jennifer Lee & Chris Buck interview: Frozen, Statham, Frozen 2, in Den of Geek!, Dennis Publishing, April 4, 2014. URL consultato il April 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Rebecca Keegan, 'Frozen': Finding a diva in 41 languages, January 24, 2014. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ 'Let It Go': A Global Hit In Any Language, in All Things Considered, NPR Music, February 24, 2014. URL consultato il March 23, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Meriah Doty, How These Singers Around the Globe Pushed 'Frozen' Over the Top, in Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo!, March 31, 2014. URL consultato il April 3, 2014.
- ^ Tim Appelo, 'Frozen' Composer Robert Lopez on the Perils of Translating 'Let It Go', The Hollywood Reporter, February 25, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ Brett Nachman, D23 Expo: Mickey Mouse Short "Get A Horse" Debuts; Will Open With "Frozen", August 10, 2013. URL consultato il August 18, 2013.
- ^ Marc Graser, Disney's "Frozen" Premiere Warms Up Audience in Hollywood, November 19, 2013. URL consultato il November 20, 2013.
- ^ Disney's Frozen to Open Five Days Early at the El Capitan Theatre, October 7, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ Andrew Stewart, Disney's "Frozen" Glides Into El Capitan for Exclusive Early Release, October 7, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ Marc Graser, D23 Expo: Disney Fanfest Starts Off Strong with Animation Lineup, August 9, 2013. URL consultato il October 23, 2013.
- ^ Billy Nilles, "Frozen" teaser trailer: Disney releases first look at new animated film, June 18, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ The Teaser Trailer for Disney's Frozen, June 18, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ Disney Animation, Disney's Frozen Official Trailer (Video), su youtube.com, YouTube, September 26, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014. Formato sconosciuto: Video (aiuto)
- ^ Nikki De Graeve, Walt Disney's Frozen – Official Trailer, September 27, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ Jason, Disney's Frozen Official Trailer, September 26, 2013. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ Disneyland Resort Debuts "World of Color – Winter Dreams," a Merry New Spectacular for 2013 Holiday Season, July 27, 2013. URL consultato il July 27, 2013.
- ^ Dewayne Bevil, "Frozen" characters set to visit Epcot's Norway, be seen in Magic Kingdom show, October 7, 2013. URL consultato il November 29, 2013.
- ^ Ricky Brigante, Anna and Elsa joined by animated Olaf for "Frozen" character meet-and-greet in Royal Reception at Disneyland, November 15, 2013. URL consultato il February 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Sarah Tully, "Frozen" characters draw unprecedented lines at Disneyland, February 20, 2014. URL consultato il March 10, 2014.
- ^ Disney Consumer Products, Press release: Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now, November 6, 2013. URL consultato il January 29, 2014.
- ^ Bryan Alexander, Sing-along "Frozen" coming to theaters, in USA Today, Gannett, January 22, 2014. URL consultato il January 23, 2014.
- ^ Cinemark – Frozen Sing-a-long, su cinemark.com, Cinemark. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Pamela McClintock, Box Office: "Frozen" Sing-Along Hits High Note in Friday Matinee Sales, January 31, 2014. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ a b Q&A: Disney Executive Tells of ‘Frozen’ Success in Japan, in The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, Inc., April 17, 2014. URL consultato il April 17, 2014.
- ^ Andrew Sims, "Frozen" now available for digital download – win a copy!, su hypable.com, Hypable, February 25, 2014. URL consultato il February 25, 2014.
- ^ Noel Murray, New releases: Disney's Oscar-winning heartwarmer 'Frozen', March 15, 2014. URL consultato il March 16, 2014.
- ^ a b Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD | Frozen | Disney Movies, in Disney Movies. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ Andrew Sims, 'Frozen' DVD/Blu-ray release date, special features announced, January 10, 2014. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ Andrew Sims, Kristen Bell, Jonathan Groff, and Josh Gad sing about the making of 'Frozen' in epic new song, in Hypable, February 28, 2014. URL consultato il April 1, 2014.
- ^ Frozen Blu-ray, January 10, 2014. URL consultato il January 10, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (Two-Disc Blu-ray / DVD + Digital Copy) (2013), su amazon.com, Amazon.com. URL consultato il January 14, 2014.
- ^ Brent Lang, 'Frozen' Sells Massive 3.2 Million Discs in One Day, The Wrap, March 19, 2014. URL consultato il March 29, 2014.
- ^ Borys Kit, 'Frozen' Sells 3.2 Million Blu-ray, DVD Units in First Day, The Hollywood Reporter, March 20, 2014. URL consultato il March 20, 2014.
- ^ Thomas J. McLean, 'Frozen' Makes Huge Debut on Disc, March 19, 2014. URL consultato il March 20, 2014.
- ^ a b Thomas K. Arnold, 'Frozen' Easily Tops Home Video Sales Charts, March 26, 2014. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ Blu-ray Weekly Sales Chart – The Numbers, su the-numbers.com, Nash Information Services, LLC. URL consultato il June 5, 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il June 5, 2014).
- ^ 'Frozen' Barely Beats 'Legend of Hercules' to Stay on Top of Home Video Sales Charts, in Variety, May 7, 2014. URL consultato il June 5, 2014.
- ^ Daniel Lane, The Desolation Of Smaug knocks Frozen off Number 1, April 14, 2014. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ Daniel Lane, Disney's Frozen smashes though half-a-million DVD and Blu-ray sales, April 2, 2014. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ Daniel Lane, Frozen reclaims Official Video Chart top spot, April 22, 2014. URL consultato il May 27, 2014.
- ^ a b GameMill Publishing's "Disney Frozen: Olaf's Quest" is Available Today for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS, su gamasutra.com, Gamasutra, November 19, 2013. URL consultato il January 29, 2014.
- ^ GameMill Publishing Announces Video Game Companion to Walt Disney Animation Studios Film "Frozen" For Nintendo 3DS™ and Nintendo DS™, su gamasutra.com, Gamasutra, October 1, 2013. URL consultato il January 29, 2014.
- ^ Sam Prell, Disney Infinity to add Wreck-It Ralph, Tangled, Frozen characters, November 24, 2013. URL consultato il January 29, 2014.
- ^ Dave Tach, Frozen, Rapunzel, Wreck-It Ralph hit Disney Infinity this holiday, November 22, 2013. URL consultato il March 5, 2014.
- ^ Disney Infinity Figure (Elsa) – PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, 3DS, su bestbuy.com, Best Buy. URL consultato il March 5, 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il March 5, 2014).
- ^ Disney Infinity Figure (Anna) – PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, 3DS, su bestbuy.com, Best Buy. URL consultato il March 5, 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il March 5, 2014).
- ^ Frozen Free Fall – Disney Games, su games.disney.com, Disney.com. URL consultato il February 1, 2014.
- ^ Talor Berthelson, Frozen Free Fall Walkthrough, Cheats and Strategy Guide, December 22, 2013. URL consultato il February 1, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (2013): Games & Apps, in Disney.co.uk, Disney. URL consultato il February 15, 2014.
- ^ 'Frozen'-themed PlayStation 4 hits next week...in Japan, su indystar.com, Indianapolis Star, July 11, 2014. URL consultato il July 18, 2014.
- ^ Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore
<ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatoremojo - ^ All Time Worldwide Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il April 20, 2014.
- ^ Pamela McClintock, Box Office Milestone: 'Frozen' Becomes No. 1 Animated Film of All Time, March 30, 2014. URL consultato il March 30, 2014.
- ^ a b c GLOBAL: 'Captain America' Takes $75.2M Debut Ahead of North American Release; 'Noah' on the Verge of Hitting $100M; 'Frozen' is the Top Animated Film of All Time; 'Rio 2' Takes Record Breaking Brazilian Debut to Climb to $29.7M, March 30, 2014. URL consultato il April 3, 2014.
- ^ 2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il May 25, 2014.
- ^ Ariana Bacle, "Frozen" hits $1 billion mark at worldwide box office, March 3, 2014. URL consultato il March 4, 2014.
- ^ All Time Worldwide Opening Records, in Box Office Mojo, IMDb. URL consultato il December 18, 2013.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: Neeson Beats Jesus, "Frozen" Hits $1 Billion, Box Office Mojo, March 2, 2014. URL consultato il March 2, 2014.
- ^ Pamela McClintock, Box Office Milestone: "Frozen" Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide, March 2, 2014. URL consultato il March 4, 2014.
- ^ a b Christopher Palmeri, Disney's 'Frozen' Passing $1 Billion Cements Rebound, March 14, 2014. URL consultato il April 6, 2014.
- ^ "Catching Fire" and "Frozen" Heat Up Fandango's Fanticipation with Brisk Advance Ticket Sales for Thanksgiving Weekend, Boxoffice.com, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Weekend Report: "Catching Fire" Burns Bright, Sets November Record, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo, November 24, 2013. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Frozen (2013) – Daily Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Scott Mendelson, "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Chase Thanksgiving Box Office Records, Forbes, November 29, 2013. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Amid Amidi, "Frozen" Smashes Disney Animation Opening Weekend Records, Cartoon Brew, December 1, 2013. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at #1, su boxofficemojo.com, IMDb. URL consultato il December 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Set Thanksgiving Records, Box Office Mojo, December 1, 2013. URL consultato il December 2, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Andrew Stewart, Thanksgiving Box Office: "Catching Fire," "Frozen" Serve Up Holiday Records, December 1, 2013. URL consultato il December 2, 2013.
- ^ Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
- ^ Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
- ^ Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
- ^ Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
- ^ NORTH AMERICA: Studio Weekend Estimates: "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" Sets New Five-Day Thanksgiving Weekend Record With $110.2M; "Frozen" Ices Expectations With $93.0M Five-Day Start, Boxoffice.com, December 1, 2013. URL consultato il December 16, 2013.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Frozen" Beats "Fire," "Furnace" Melts, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo, December 8, 2013. URL consultato il December 9, 2013.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Frozen" Chills "Paranormal" Spin-Off This Weekend, Box Office Mojo, January 5, 2014. URL consultato il January 5, 2014.
- ^ Janelle Tipton, Disney's 'Frozen' and Marvel's 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' Heat Up Box Offices Around the World, The Walt Disney Company, March 31, 2014. URL consultato il March 31, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (2013) – Weekend Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo, in Box Office Mojo, IMDb. URL consultato il March 18, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Hobbit," "Frozen" Top "Wolf," "Mitty" on Final Weekend of 2013, Box Office Mojo, December 29, 2013. URL consultato il December 30, 2013.
- ^ Top Grossing Movies in their 5th to 12th Weekends at the Box Office:
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il January 5, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 6th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il January 5, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 7th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il January 23, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 8th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il January 23, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 9th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il February 20, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 10th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il February 2, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 11th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il February 20, 2014.
- Top Grossing Movies in Their 12th Weekend at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il February 20, 2014.
- ^ Friday Report: 'Other Woman' On Pace for $25 Million Debut, in Box Office Mojo, IMDb, April 26, 2014. URL consultato il April 26, 2014.
- ^ All Time Domestic Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il March 19, 2014.
- ^ 2013 Domestic Grosses, 2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo, in Box Office Mojo, IMDb. URL consultato il January 6, 2014.
- ^ Animation Movies at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il January 9, 2014.
- ^ 3D Movies at the Box Office, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il March 16, 2014.
- ^ Walt Disney Animation Studios Movies at the Box Office, in Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il March 2, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Runs Over "I, Frankenstein", Box Office Mojo, January 26, 2014. URL consultato il January 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Jeremy Kay, Frozen leads int'l BO on $24m, Screen Daily, February 9, 2014. URL consultato il February 9, 2014.
- ^ Ben Fritz, A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen', January 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 28, 2014.
- ^ a b All Time Worldwide Box Office Results (Sorted by overseas grosses), su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il May 25, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: 'Captain' Three-peats, 'Heaven' Rises Over Easter Weekend, Box Office Mojo, April 20, 2014. URL consultato il May 21, 2014.
- ^ 2013 Yearly Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il May 25, 2014.
- ^ Lee Hyo-won, "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records, March 2, 2014. URL consultato il March 7, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Avoids "Awkward Moment," Three-peats Over Super Bowl Weekend, February 2, 2014. URL consultato il February 6, 2014.
- ^ 2013 Venezuela Yearly Box Office, in Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ Jeremy Kay, Hobbit 2 soars past $500m int'l, Screen Daily, January 5, 2014. URL consultato il January 9, 2014.
- ^ UPDATED GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks "Hobbit" Streak, Crosses $700M; Big China Debut For "Despicable Me 2"; "12 Years A Slave" #1 In The UK, Boxoffice.com, January 12, 2014. URL consultato il January 15, 2014.
- ^ GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks $800M; "I, Frankenstein" Opens Strong In Russia, Boxoffice.com, January 26, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie", February 9, 2014. URL consultato il February 10, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: Audiences Flock to "Lone Survivor," Avoid "Hercules," "Her", January 12, 2014. URL consultato il January 15, 2014.
- ^ Ray Subers, Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie", Box Office Mojo, February 9, 2014. URL consultato il March 2, 2014.
- ^ Weekly box office, su english.entgroup.cn, EntGroup. URL consultato il April 15, 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il April 15, 2014).
- ^ RUSSIA: "Frozen" Off To A Hot Start, Boxoffice.com, December 18, 2013. URL consultato il December 19, 2013.
- ^ Gavin J. Blair, 'Frozen' Sets Disney Opening Weekend Record in Japan, The Hollywood Reporter, March 17, 2014. URL consultato il March 17, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il February 5, 2014.
- ^ GLOBAL: "Frozen" Continues To Dominate, Passes $500M Overseas, Boxoffice.com, February 2, 2014. URL consultato il February 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Japanese Box Office Reports:
- GLOBAL: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' Swings to $369M After North American Debut; 'Rio 2' Closes in on $400M; 'Divergent' Reaches $250M Mark, May 4, 2014. URL consultato il May 5, 2014.
- Intl Box Office: 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' Snares $54M In 1st China Week; 'Neighbors' Parties With $33.7M Open; 'Rio 2' Flies Past $300M; Auds Faithful To 'The Other Woman'; 'Spanish Affairs' Sets New Record; More, in Deadline.com, May 13, 2014. URL consultato il June 2, 2014.
- 'Frozen' Tops Japanese Box Office for 10th Consecutive Weekend, May 18, 2014. URL consultato il May 19, 2014.
- GLOBAL: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Breaks 'Avatar' Record as Fox International's Biggest Overseas Debut of All Time, May 25, 2014. URL consultato il May 26, 2014.
- GLOBAL: 'Maleficent' Edges Out X-Men for Box Office Crown with $100.6M Day-and-Date Debut Overseas, in Boxoffice.com, June 1, 2014. URL consultato il June 1, 2014.
- GLOBAL: 'Edge of Tomorrow' Leads the Overseas Box Office, Reaches $140.1M Global Cume Following North American Release, in Boxoffice.com, June 8, 2014. URL consultato il June 9, 2014.
- GLOBAL: 'Godzilla' Takes Over China, Crosses $400M Worldwide, in Boxoffice.com, June 15, 2014. URL consultato il June 15, 2014.
- GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China, in Boxoffice.com, June 22, 2014. URL consultato il June 22, 2014.
- 'Transformers: Age of Extinction' Crushes the Competition with $301.3M Global Bow, in Boxoffice.com. URL consultato il July 1, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results, su boxofficemojo.com, Box Office Mojo. URL consultato il June 29, 2014.
- ^ Lee Hyo-won, South Korea Box Office: "Frozen" Becomes Second Most Watched Foreign Film, February 19, 2014. URL consultato il February 19, 2014.
- ^ Lee Hyo-won, "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records, March 2, 2014. URL consultato il March 3, 2014.
- ^ GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China, in Boxoffice, June 22, 2014. URL consultato il June 25, 2014.
- ^ ‘Frozen’ Gives Up Top Spot in Japan to 'Maleficent' After 16 Consecutive Frames, in Boxoffice.com, BoxOffice® Media, LLC., July 6, 2014. URL consultato il July 6, 2014.
- ^ Holiday 2013 Forecast, in Box Office Mojo, IMDb, November 6, 2013. URL consultato il November 6, 2013.
- ^ Long Range Forecast: 'Black Nativity', 'Frozen', 'Homefront', & 'Oldboy', in Boxoffice.com, BoxOffice® Media, LLC., October 4, 2013. URL consultato il October 4, 2013.
- ^ Box Office Prediction: ‘Frozen’ vs. ‘The Hunger Games: Catching Fire’, in ScreenRant, Screen Rant, LLC, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Box Office Rap: Frozen and the Frost-y Showdown, in Slant Magazine, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 26, 2013.
- ^ Box Office Predictions: 'Hunger Games: Catching Fire' to Top 'Frozen' for Second Weekend Win, in Rope of Silicon, RopeofSilicon.com LLC., November 28, 2013. URL consultato il November 28, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f The Eight Reasons Frozen Is Unstoppable, in Vulture, New York Media, LLC, January 10, 2014. URL consultato il January 10, 2014.
- ^ Box Office Predictions: 'Frozen,' 'Hunger Games' Re-Team for Blockbuster Tix Sales, in Breitbart.com, Breitbart, December 6, 2013. URL consultato il December 6, 2013.
- ^ What Marketers Should Learn From Disney's 'Frozen', in Forbes, January 15, 2014. URL consultato il January 15, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Chris Buck reveals true inspiration behind Disney's Frozen (exclusive), in Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo! Inc., April 8, 2014. URL consultato il April 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c 'Frozen' tops box office in Japan for 5th consecutive week, in Japan Today, GPlusMedia Co., Ltd., April 16, 2014. URL consultato il April 16, 2014.
- ^ a b Japan Box Office: 'Frozen' Edges Toward $200 Million, Enters All-Time Top 5, in The Hollywood Reporter, May 25, 2014. URL consultato il May 25, 2014.
- ^ Frozen Remains Top Of Japanese Box Office, in Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo! Inc., April 10, 2014. URL consultato il April 10, 2014.
- ^ a b Japan Box Office: 'Frozen' Tops For 15th Week, '300' Bows in 5th, in The Hollywood Reporter, June 23, 2014. URL consultato il June 23, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e ‘Frozen’ Riding ‘Perfect Storm’ to $200 Million at Japan Box Office, in The Wrap, The Wrap News Inc., May 29, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ ‘Frozen’ Riding ‘Perfect Storm’ to $200 Million at Japan Box Office, in Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo! Inc, May 29, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ a b 'Frozen' On Track To Become Japan's Second Biggest Movie Ever Next Week, in International Business Times, IBT Media Inc., May 30, 2014. URL consultato il May 30, 2014.
- ^ Esther Zuckerman, Is "Frozen" a New, Bona Fide Disney Classic?, November 4, 2013. URL consultato il November 4, 2013.
- ^ a b Betsy Sharkey, Review: "Frozen" an icy blast of fun from the first snowflake, November 21, 2013. URL consultato il November 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Owen Gleiberman, Movie Review : Frozen (2013), November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Kevin Fallon, "Frozen" is the Best Disney Film Since "The Lion King", in The Daily Beast, November 25, 2013. URL consultato il November 30, 2013.
- ^ Jeff Peterson, ‘Frozen’ makes history two times over on Oscar weekend, March 3, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Ben Fritz, A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen', January 12, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Joe Morgenstern, Splendid Sights, Musical Might Melt "Frozen", November 28, 2013. URL consultato il January 2, 2014.
- ^ Tom Long, "Frozen" mixes music and animation to create a soaring holiday delight, su detroitnews.com, The Detroit News, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il January 13, 2014.
- ^ 17 Best Movie Moments Of 2013, Huffingtonpost.com, December 19, 2013. URL consultato il January 13, 2014.
- ^ Best Movie Moments of 2013 Included Scenes from Iron Man 3, Gravity, Fast & Furious 6, and More, su collider.com, Collider, November 20, 2013. URL consultato il January 13, 2014.
- ^ Frozen (2013), in Rotten Tomatoes, Flixster. URL consultato il May 1, 2014.
- ^ Frozen, in Metacritic, CBS Interactive. URL consultato il November 21, 2013.
- ^ Pamela McClintock, Box Office: "Frozen" Opens to Stellar $15.2 Million Wednesday; "Catching Fire" Still No. 1, The Hollywood Reporter, November 17, 2011. URL consultato il November 29, 2013.
- ^ Richard Corliss, Top 10 Best Movies, in Time, December 4, 2013. URL consultato il December 5, 2013.
- ^ Ryan Adams, Kyle Smith and Lou Lumenick's Top 10 lists, su awardsdaily.com, December 7, 2013. URL consultato il December 7, 2013.
- ^ Todd McCarthy, Frozen: Film Review, October 24, 2013. URL consultato il November 3, 2013.
- ^ Kyle Smith, Disney's "Frozen" will melt your heart. URL consultato il November 22, 2013.
- ^ Scott Mendelson, "Frozen" Is Disney's Triumphant Reaffirmation Of Its Cultural Legacy, November 19, 2013. URL consultato il November 21, 2013.
- ^ Richard Corliss, Frozen: This Disney Princess Movie Is Thaw-some, November 23, 2013. URL consultato il November 25, 2013.
- ^ Richard Roeper, Richard Roeper & the Movies: "Frozen" Review, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Michael Phillips, 'Frozen': Defying meteorology, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Stephen Holden, From the Heat of Royal Passion, Poof! It's Permafrost, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Emma Dibdin, "Frozen" review: Heartfelt fairytale musical is a new Disney classic, su digitalspy.com, Digital Spy. URL consultato il November 15, 2013.
- ^ (Norwegian) Staff, Sámi thing: President's New Year speech, Sametinget, January 1, 2014. URL consultato il January 17, 2014. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
- ^ (Norwegian) Staff, Frode pushed down Beyoncé, Sametinget, January 16, 2014. URL consultato il January 17, 2014. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
- ^ Scott Foundas, Film Review: "Frozen", November 3, 2013. URL consultato il November 3, 2013.
- ^ Tom Keogh, "Frozen": Visuals are solid, but narrative is on thin ice, November 26, 2013. URL consultato il November 30, 2013.
- ^ Joe Williams, "Frozen" is pretty but pointless, November 27, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Christy Lemire (November 27, 2013). "Frozen". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
- ^ a b Laura Stampler, Do Animated Female Characters Need to Be 'Pretty'?, in Time, October 14, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Amid Amidi, 'Frozen' Head of Animation Says Animating Women is 'Really, Really Difficult', su cartoonbrew.com, Cartoon Brew, October 8, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.«"Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty and they're very sensitive to — you can get them off a model very quickly. So, having a film with two hero female characters was really tough, and having them both in the scene and look very different if they're echoing the same expression; that Elsa looking angry looks different from Anna being angry." — Lino DiSalvo»
- ^ a b Todd Cunningham, Disney's 'Frozen' Animator Draws Heat for Female Character Comments, su thewrap.com, The Wrap, October 9, 2013. URL consultato il November 27, 2013.
- ^ Susan Wloszczyna, With Frozen, Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors, su blogs.indiewire.com, Indiewire, November 26, 2013.«"It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him. He was so proud what achieved in the movie. We never had such sophisticated rigs (the skeletal structure of the figures used to model characters on a computer) to show awkwardness and grief on a face. I'm so proud of them." — Jennifer Lee»
- ^ Andrew Pulver, Frozen lambasted as pro-gay propaganda by Christian pastor, March 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 21, 2014.
- ^ Eliana Dockterman, Pastor Claims Frozen Will Turn Your Children Gay, March 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 21, 2014.
- ^ Jess Denham, Disney's Frozen is 'very evil' gay propaganda, says Christian pastor, March 13, 2014. URL consultato il May 21, 2014.
- ^ Curtis M. Wong, Disney's 'Frozen' Slammed By Mormon Grandmother For 'Gay Agenda To Normalize Homosexuality', February 18, 2014. URL consultato il May 21, 2014.
- ^ a b Kierran Petersen, Disney's Frozen and the 'gay agenda', March 27, 2014. URL consultato il March 27, 2014.
- ^ a b Oliver Gettell, Conservative radio hosts: 'Frozen' promotes gay agenda, bestiality, March 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 5, 2014.
- ^ Steven MacKenzie, Frozen: Disney's icebreaker, March 5, 2014. URL consultato il May 5, 2014.
- ^ Golden Globes 2014: And the winners are..., January 12, 2014. URL consultato il January 16, 2014.
- ^ Staff, 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category. URL consultato il March 2, 2014.
- ^ Film in 2014. URL consultato il January 8, 2014.
- ^ Times staff writers, Annie Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees, February 1, 2014. URL consultato il February 5, 2014.
- ^ Susan King, "Frozen" wins Annie Award for best animated film, several others, February 1, 2014. URL consultato il February 5, 2014.
- ^ Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners, in The Hollywood Reporter, Prometheus Global Media, January 17, 2014. URL consultato il January 17, 2014.
- ^ International Press Academy, The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards™, December 2, 2013. URL consultato il December 3, 2013.
- ^ Gordon Cox, Disney Considering "Frozen" for Broadway, Obviously, January 13, 2014. URL consultato il January 13, 2014.
- ^ Lily Rothman, Ice, Ice, Baby: Frozen inspires a totally chilled-out cult following, in Time, vol. 183, n. 7, February 24, 2014, pp. 48–59.
- ^ a b Jennifer Reingold, Disney CEO Iger: Frozen has restored our mojo, January 13, 2014. URL consultato il January 13, 2014.
- ^ Debbie Emery, 'Frozen' Musical Is Headed to Broadway, January 13, 2014. URL consultato il May 28, 2014.
- ^ Frozen on Stage, su frozenthemusical.com, Disney.com. URL consultato il February 8, 2014. "Be among the first to receive news about the stage adaptation of FROZEN as it becomes available."
- ^ a b c The Walt Disney Company, Transcript of the Walt Disney Company Q1 FY14 Earnings Conference Call (PDF), su cdn.media.ir.thewaltdisneycompany.com, February 5, 2014. URL consultato il April 3, 2014. Formato sconosciuto: PDF (aiuto)
- ^ a b Rachel Nania, A 'Frozen' retail supply angers parents, saddens kids, su wtop.com, WTOP 103.5 FM, April 17, 2014. URL consultato il April 20, 2014.
- ^ a b Jonathan Berr, Want to buy "Frozen" merchandise? Be prepared to wait or pay up, in CBS MoneyWatch, CBS Interactive Inc., April 11, 2014. URL consultato il April 13, 2014.
- ^ a b Lisa Liddane, Most-wanted dress in the U.S.: 'Frozen's' Elsa frock, April 10, 2014. URL consultato il April 13, 2014.
- ^ Parija Kavilanz, 'Frozen' Elsa dress selling for $1,000 on eBay, April 10, 2014. URL consultato il April 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Christopher Palmeri, Elsa's Frozen Dress: The Hottest Gown in Town, April 17, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Dana Schuster, ‘Frozen’ merch is making parents do crazy things, April 14, 2014. URL consultato il April 16, 2014.
- ^ Alice Vincent, Frozen merchandise shortage spells trouble for parents, April 10, 2014. URL consultato il April 13, 2014.
- ^ Zoe Wood, Frozen: parental panic as unexpected Disney hit leads to merchandise sellout, May 17, 2014. URL consultato il May 18, 2014.
- ^ Catherine Dawson March, Frozen-out in the toy aisle: Why merch for Disney’s hit film is in short supply, April 17, 2014. URL consultato il April 20, 2014.
- ^ Lisa Mayoh, Australian supplies of Frozen dolls have dried up, May 24, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ S'no joke for parents as stocks of Frozen movie merchandise sell out, in Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, July 4, 2014. URL consultato il July 10, 2014.
- ^ Katie Kenny, Do you want to buy a snowman?, in Stuff.co.nz, Fairfax New Zealand Limited, May 16, 2014. URL consultato il May 17, 2014.
- ^ (French) Perrine Quennesson, La Reine des Neiges : un succès qui rend fou, in Premiere, Lagardère Group, April 24, 2014. URL consultato il April 26, 2014. Lingua sconosciuta: French (aiuto)
- ^ Benson Ang, 'Frozen' dress sold out in Singapore, April 20, 2014. URL consultato il April 22, 2014.
- ^ a b c Ricky Brigante, Disney Store promises more "Frozen" merchandise, mall experience to continue kid focus sending adults online, Distant Creations Group, LLC, April 22, 2014. URL consultato il April 22, 2014.
- ^ Susan Thurston, 'Frozen' frenzy creates shortage for Elsa, Anna merchandise, May 21, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ Jordan Zakarin, America's ‘Frozen’ Obsession Continues, Leading to Disney Store Lotteries and Disneyland Craziness, in The Wrap, The Wrap News Inc., May 2, 2014. URL consultato il May 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c Ben Fritz, Disney's Film Business Gets Big Boost From 'Frozen': Operating Income at Film Unit More Than Quadruples; Musical in the Works, May 6, 2014. URL consultato il May 8, 2014.
- ^ Patrick M. Sheridan, Disney plans to milk 'Frozen' success, in CNNMoney, May 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 13, 2014.«'This is definitely up there in terms of our top, probably, five franchises,' said Disney CEO Bob Iger in a conference call last week after Disney reported a 27% surge in profits. 'So you can expect us to take full advantage of that over the next at least five years.'»
- ^ Sacramento store to debut art inspired by ‘Frozen’, in The Sacramento Bee, The McClatchy Company, May 8, 2014. URL consultato il July 13, 2014.
- ^ Frozen Warms Up Audiences, Consumers and Retailers, in License! Global, Advanstar Communications Inc., May 1, 2014. URL consultato il July 13, 2014.
- ^ a b Here’s Every ‘Frozen’ Gift You’re Going To Be Forced To Buy This Christmas, in MTV News, Viacom International Inc., June 25, 2014. URL consultato il July 20, 2014.
- ^ Dewayne Bevil, Could Disney's 'Frozen' play bigger role in theme parks?, March 1, 2014. URL consultato il April 6, 2014.
- ^ Joal Ryan, Frozen Out: One Reporter's Tortured Quest to Meet Disneyland's Anna and Elsa, in Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo!, April 25, 2014. URL consultato il April 27, 2014.
- ^ Ricky Brigante, "Frozen" characters find new home at Walt Disney World as FastPass+ cuts wait to meet Anna and Elsa – when it works, April 20, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Jennifer Fickley-Baker, 'Frozen' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today, April 20, 2014. URL consultato il April 21, 2014.
- ^ Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf appear in delightful new shows, in Inside the Magic, Distant Creations Group, LLC, July 5, 2014. URL consultato il July 10, 2014.
- ^ a b Hyo-Won Lee, 'Frozen' Producer Talks Franchise Rumors, Disney Strategy, Bizarre Popularity in South Korea (Q&A), March 31, 2014. URL consultato il April 5, 2014.
- ^ Jon Erlichman, Frozen Is a 'Gigantic' Success (Video), in Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg, April 22, 2014. URL consultato il April 22, 2014. Formato sconosciuto: Video (aiuto)
- ^ Christopher Rosen, 'Frozen' Sequel Not In Development Just Yet, April 23, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ David Faber, CNBC Exclusive: CNBC Transcript: Disney Chairman & CEO Bob Iger Speaks with CNBC's David Faber on "Squawk on the Street" Today, in Squawk on the Street, CNBC, May 7, 2014. URL consultato il May 8, 2014.
- ^ ‘Frozen’s’ Jennifer Lee Melts Glass Ceilings, in Variety, Variety Media LLC, June 10, 2014. URL consultato il June 16, 2014.
- ^ a b Philiana Ng, 'Once Upon a Time' Bosses on 'Frozen' Reveal: We Want to Do It Justice (Q&A), May 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ a b Lily Rothman, Was That Elsa from Frozen on Once Upon a Time?, May 12, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ How the Producers of Once Upon a Time Kept That Frozen Shocker a Secret, in Time. URL consultato il May 12, 2014.
- ^ a b Anna and Kristoff from 'Frozen' will join Elsa on 'Once Upon a Time' TV series, in Today.com, NBC News, June 9, 2014. URL consultato il June 9, 2014.
- ^ Kristen Bell to Guest Star on Once Upon a Time?! Plus, Kristin Chenoweth Is on Board for Pushing Daisies Musical!, in E! Online, E! Entertainment Television, LLC, NBC Universal, April 17, 2014. URL consultato il June 12, 2014.
- ^ Once Upon a Time Scoop: Which Other Frozen Characters Are Being Cast?, in TVLine, TVLine Media, LLC., June 7, 2014. URL consultato il June 7, 2014.
- ^ Anna From Frozen Joining Elsa on Once Upon a Time, in IGN, IGN Entertainment, Inc., June 8, 2014. URL consultato il June 8, 2014.
- ^ 'Once Upon a Time' scoop: Elsa from 'Frozen' cast, in Entertainment Weekly, Entertainment Weekly Inc., July 3, 2014. URL consultato il July 23, 2014.
- ^ Once Upon A Time to star Australian Georgina Haig as Frozen's Elsa, in Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, July 4, 2014. URL consultato il July 10, 2014.
- ^ Once Upon a Time Casting Another Frozen Role — Who Should Fill It?, in TVLine, TVLine Media, LLC., June 22, 2014. URL consultato il June 22, 2014.
- ^ Jason Notte, Why 'Let It Go' From Disney's 'Frozen' Needs an Oscar, in The Street, The Street, Inc., February 26, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ Vikki Ortiz Healy, What to do about 'Frozen' fatigue, April 8, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ Estey Silva, 'Frozen' fatigue: Coping with kids songs on repeat, May 8, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ Joanna Cohen, Kids Are Icebound by ‘Frozen’ Fervor: Disney’s Animated Film ‘Frozen’ Has Some Children Obsessed, May 16, 2014. URL consultato il May 17, 2014.
- ^ Yvonne Abraham, Let Me Go. Please, May 25, 2014. URL consultato il May 29, 2014.
- ^ 'Let it go' from 'Frozen' has grabbed our brains and still won't let go, in Today Health, NBCUniversal, Inc., June 10, 2014. URL consultato il July 10, 2014.
- ^ Karen Kay, Frozen: How Disney's animated fairytale is conquering the world, May 3, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ Dorian Lynskey, Frozen-mania: how Elsa, Anna and Olaf conquered the world, May 13, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ The Disney film that's stolen my children's brains, in The Daily Mail, Associated Newspapers Ltd., June 19, 2014. URL consultato il June 21, 2014.
- ^ Will you Let It Go! My kids singing Frozen song gives me chills, in WalesOnline, Media Wales Ltd, June 27, 2014. URL consultato il July 10, 2014.
- ^ a b Joel Stein, Ice, Ice, Laszlo: How my son—traumatized by the Frozen soundtrack—learned to let it go, May 26, 2014, p. 62. URL consultato il May 19, 2014.
- ^ a b Terry Gross, Transcript: Songwriters Behind 'Frozen' Let Go Of The Princess Mythology, in Fresh Air, NPR, April 10, 2014. URL consultato il May 14, 2014.
- ^ Jenna Mullins, People Are Naming Their Babies After Frozen Characters Now, in E! Online, E! Entertainment Television, LLC, June 16, 2014. URL consultato il June 16, 2014.
- ^ a b Mid Year Results: BabyCentre Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names of 2014; Emily and Oliver top the chart, in Babycentre.co.uk, BabyCenter, L.L.C., June 16, 2014. URL consultato il June 16, 2014.
- ^ Brooke Barnes, 'Frozen' Will Be a Disney on Ice Show, Too, Riding a Blockbuster’s Wave, May 20, 2014. URL consultato il May 20, 2014.
- ^ Inside the Magic Staff, "Frozen" Disney On Ice touring show announced, will debut in Orlando in September featuring Anna, Elsa, other favorites, May 20, 2014. URL consultato il May 20, 2014.
- ^ a b Disney’s ‘Frozen’ is sending tourists packing for Norway, in Travel Weekly, Northstar Travel Media, LLC, July 6, 2014. URL consultato il July 20, 2014.
- ^ Disney’s ‘Frozen’ fires up Norway’s tourism, in CNBC.com, CNBC LLC, June 20, 2014. URL consultato il July 20, 2014.
Further reading
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- Charles Solomon, The Art of Frozen, San Francisco, Chronicle Books LLC, 2013, ISBN 9781452117164.
External links
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]
Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su Baldavide/Pagina di Prova
Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Baldavide/Pagina di Prova- Template:Official website
- (EN) Frozen, su IMDb, IMDb.com.
- Template:Tcmdb title
- Template:Bcdb title
- Template:AllRovi title
- Template:Mojo title
- (EN) Baldavide/Pagina di Prova, su Metacritic, Fandom, Inc.
- (EN) Frozen, su Rotten Tomatoes, Fandango Media, LLC.
- Frozen at Walt Disney Animation Studios
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
Template:S-start Template:Succession box Template:S-end Template:Disney theatrical animated features Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios Template:Frozen (2013 film) Template:The Snow Queen Template:Navboxes