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Shoftim, Shof'tim, o Shofetim (ebraico: שֹׁפְטִים — tradotto in italiano: "giudici", incipit di questa parashah) 48ª porzione settimanale della Torah (ebr. פָּרָשָׁה – parashah o anche parsha/parscià) nel ciclo annuale ebraico di letture bibliche dal Pentateuco, quinta nel Libro del Deuteronomio. Rappresenta il passo Deuteronomio 16:18-21:9^[1], che gli ebrei leggono generalmente in agosto o settembre.

La parashah espone una costituzione — una struttura sociale basilare — per gli Israeliti. La parashah inoltre illustra le regole per i magistrati, re, Leviti, profeti, città-asilo, testimoni, guerra, e un cadavere disperso.

Il Sinedrio (illustrazione da *People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge*, 1883)

Comandamenti

Secondo lo Sefer ha-Chinuch ci sono 14 comandamenti positivi e 27 negativi in questa parashah.^[2]

Nominare giudici^[3]
Non piantare un albero nel santuario^[4]
Non erigere una colonna in un posto pubblico di culto^[5]
Non offrire un animale temporaneamente difettoso^[6]
Agire secondo le normative del Sinedrio^[7]
Non deviare dalla parola del Sinedrio^[7]
Nominare un re da Israele^[8]
Non nominare un convertito^[8]
Il re non deve possedere troppi cavalli.^[9]
Non dimorare permanentemente in Egitto^[9]
Il re non deve avere troppe mogli.^[10]
Il re non deve possedere troppo argento e oro.^[10]
Il re deve avere una Torah separata per se stesso.^[11]
Alla Tribù di Levi non si deve dare una porzione di terra in Israel; invece si deve dar loro città in cui risiedere.^[12]
I Leviti non devono prendere una parte del bottino di guerra.^[12]
Dare la spalla, due guance e lo stomaco degli animali macellati a un Kohen^[13]
Mettere da parte la decima del Kohen (Terumah Gedolah)^[14]
Dare la prima tosatura della pecora ad un Kohen^[14]
I turni di lavoro dei sacerdoti deve essere uguale durante le festività.^[15]
Non andare in trance per prevedere gli eventi^[16]
Non eseguire atti di magia^[16]
Non pronunciare incantesimi^[17]
Non consultare un medium (ov)^[17]
Non consultare un mago (yidoni)^[17]
Non cercare di contattare i morti^[17]
Ascoltare il profeta che parla in Nome di Dio^[18]
Non profetizzare falsamente nel Nome di Dio^[19]
Non profetizzare nel nome di un idolo^[19]
Non aver paura di mettere a morte il falso profeta^[20]
Designare città di rifugio e preparare i percorsi per raggiungerle^[21]
Un giudice non deve aver pietà dell'omicida o dell'assalitore durante un processo.^[22]
Non spostare i limiti di confine per rubare la proprietà di qualcuno^[23]
Non accettare la testimonianza di un solo testimone^[24]
Punire i falsi testimoni come loro stessi cercavano di punire l'imputato^[25]
Non spaventarsi e ritirarsi durante la battaglia^[26]
Nominare un sacerdote per parlare ai soldati durante la guerra^[27]
Offrire termini di pace agli abitanti di una città mentre la si tiene in assedio e trattarli secondo la Torah se accettano i termini^[28]
Non lasciar sopravvivere nessuna delle sette nazioni canaanite^[29]
Non distruggere gli alberi da frutto anche durante un assedio^[30]
Spezzare il collo di un vitello vicino alla valle del fiume dopo un omicidio irrisolto^[31]
Non lavorare né piantare in quella valle del fiume^[31]

Isaia (dipinto di Michelangelo)

Haftarah

La haftarah della parashah è Isaia 51:12-52:12^[32]. La haftarah è la quarta nel ciclo di sette haftarot di consolazione dopo Tisha b'Av, che precede Rosh Hashanah.

Riferimenti

La parashah ha paralleli o viene discussa nelle seguenti fonti:

Antichi

Hammurabi

Codice di Hammurabi 23–24. Babilonia, circa 1780 p.e.v. Rist. int. al James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, pp. 163, 167. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).
Leggi ittite, 6. Impero Ittita, circa 1600–1100 p.e.v.. Rist. int. al. James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, pp. 188, 189. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).

Biblici

Genesi 26:2^[33] (non andare in Egitto); Genesi 28:18^[34] (colonna).
Esodo 24:4^[35] (colonne).
Levitico 18:21^[36] (Molech); Levitico 20:1-5^[37] (Molech).
Deuteronomio 4:19^[38] (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle).
Giosuè 24:26^[39] (colonna di pietra).
1 Samuele 8:4-22^[40] (re).
1 Re 11:3^[41] (mogli di Salomone); 1 Re 11:4-8^[42], 33 (Molech); 1 Re 22:6-38^[43] (profeti veri e falsi).
2 Re 16:3^[44] (figlio passa sul fuoco); 2 Re 17:17^[45] (figli passano sul fuoco); 2 Re 21:6^[46] (figlio passa sul fuoco); 2 Re 23:10-14^[47] (Molech).
Isaia 28:7-13^[48] (falsi profeti); Isaia 57:9^[49] (Molech o re).
Geremia 7:31^[50] (sacrificio di infanti); Geremia 8:1-2^[51] (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle); Geremia 22:1-5^[52] (doveri dei re); Geremia 23:9-40^[53] (vagliare i profeti); Geremia 28:7-9^[54] (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); Geremia 32:35^[55] (Molech); Geremia 37:19^[56] (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); Geremia 42:13-22^[57] (non andare in Egitto); Geremia 49:1-3^[58] (Molech o Malcam).
Ezechiele 8:16-18^[59] (adorazione del sole); Ezechiele 12:21-14:11^[60] (profeti veri e falsi); Ezechiele 16:20-21^[61] (sacrificio di infanti); Ezechiele 17:15^[62] (re cerca cavalli in Egitto); Ezechiele 23:37^[63] (sacrificio di figli).
Osea 3:4^[64] (colonna).
Amos 5:25-27^[65] (Molech o re).
Michea 3:5-7^[66] (falsi profeti).
Sofonia 1:4-6^[67] (Molech).
Salmi 9:13^[68] (Dio vendica il sangue); Salmi 19:13^[69] (purificarsi di vizi nascosti), Salmi 20:8^[70] (fiducia nei cavalli); Salmi 23:4^[71] (Dio è con me); Salmi 27:12^[72] (presenza di falsi testimoni); Salmi 30:1^[73] (dedica della casa); Salmi 106:34-41^[74] (comandamento di distruggere i canaaniti); Salmi 119:97^[75] (meditazione sulla legge); Salmi 122:1-5^[76] (giudizio da Gerusalemme).
Giobbe 31:26-28^[77] (adorazione del sole, luna).
2 Cronache 19:4-11^[78] (giudici e leviti); 2 Cronache 33:6^[79] (figli passano sul fuoco).

Flavio Giuseppe

Non rabbinici

Flavio Giuseppe, Antichità giudaiche 4:8:14–17, 33, 41. Archiviato il 1º aprile 2014 in Internet Archive. Circa 93–94 e.v.. Rist. int. al. su The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Trad. (EN) di William Whiston, pp. 117–18, 122–23. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
Vangelo di Matteo 7:15-23^[80] (falsi profeti).
Atti degli Apostoli 7:42-43^[81] (Molech).

Rabbinici classici

Mishnah: Peah 8:9; Demai 4:10; Sheviit 10:8; Challah 4:9; Bikkurim 2:10; Beitzah 1:6; Yevamot 15:3; Sotah 6:3; 7:2, 8; 8:1–9:9; Bava Batra 3:4; Sanhedrin 1:3, 5; 2:4–5; 6:4; 7:7; 10:6; 11:2, 4–6; Makkot 1:1–9; 2:5, 8; Chullin 10:1; 11:1–2; Parah 1:1. Terra d'Israele, circa 200 e.v. Rist. su The Mishnah: A New Translation. Trad. (EN) di Jacob Neusner, pp. 35, 79, 92, 157, 172, 292, 373, 457, 459–64, 564, 583–84, 586–87, 594, 598, 607–12, 614, 616, 784–86. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
Sifre al Deuteronomio 144:1–210:3. Terra d'Israele, circa 250–350 e.v. Rist. su Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation. Trad. di Jacob Neusner, 2:3–108. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.
Talmud gerosolimitano: Berakhot 12a, 94b; Peah 54a, 73a; Sheviit 45b, 85a; Terumot 37a, 39a, 64a, 72a; Maasrot 2a; Maaser Sheni 57b; Challah 46b; Yoma 13b, 41b; Sukkah 28b; Makkot ch. 2. Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Curato da Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, e Mordechai Marcus, voll. 1–3, 6b–11, 21–22. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2011.

Talmud

Talmud babilonese: Berakhot 18b, 19b, 22a; Shabbat 19a, 23a, 25b, 33a, 56b, 67b, 75a–b, 84b–85a, 94b, 127b, 129a, 140b; Eruvin 31b, 35b, 37b, 41b; Pesachim 12a, 26a, 33a, 35b, 53a, 55b, 113b; Yoma 22b–23a, 25a, 37a, 60a, 74a, 83a; Sukkah 3a–b, 46a, 51b, 55b–56a; Beitzah 3b, 10b, 12b, 19b; Rosh Hashanah 4b–5a, 6b, 21b, 24b, 25b; Taanit 7a, 31a; Megillah 5a, 20b–21a, 28a, 32a; Moed Katan 5a, 8a, 20a, 24b; Chagigah 2a, 8b, 16b–17a; Yevamot 31b, 45b, 63b, 90b, 94a, 99b, 100b, 101b–02a, 104a; Ketubot 15a, 16b, 17a, 19b, 25a, 28b, 32b–33b, 37b, 45b, 87b, 103b, 105a–b; Nedarim 31a, 87b–88a; Nazir 47b; Sotah 2a, 3b, 7b–8a, 17b, 23b, 31b–32a, 35b, 38a–b, 41b–47b; Gittin 2b, 59b, 71a, 90a; Kiddushin 13b, 18a, 29b, 32a–b, 37b, 56b–57a, 67b, 69a, 76b; Bava Kamma 4b–5a, 24a, 32a–33a, 44b, 66a, 70a–b, 72b, 73b, 74b, 75b, 82b, 84a, 86a–b, 88a, 89a, 90b, 91b, 105b, 109b, 110b, 114a, 115a; Bava Metzia 30a; Bava Batra 3b, 23b, 31b, 56b, 100b, 123b, 127a, 150a, 155b, 160b, 165b; Sanhedrin 2a, 6b, 7b, 8b–10a, 14a–b, 16a–b, 18b–19b, 20b–22a, 28a–b, 30a, 32b, 34b, 37b, 40b–41a, 45a–b, 47b, 49b, 50b, 51b, 52b, 56b, 60a–62a, 64b–65b, 67a, 68a, 78a, 79a, 84a, 86a–87a, 88a, 89a, 90a, 100b, 112a; Makkot 2a–13a, 22a, 24a; Shevuot 27b, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34a, 40a; Avodah Zarah 8b, 18a, 23a, 29b, 43b, 74a; Horayot 2a, 4a, 6a, 11a–12a; Zevachim 23b, 36a, 46a, 54b, 70b, 73a, 88b; Menachot 6a, 18b, 34a, 36a, 38a, 67a, 74a, 90b, 93a, 101b; Chullin 7b, 11a–b, 23b–24a, 37b, 75b, 79b, 81b–82a, 117a–b, 120b, 130a–33a, 134b–38a; Bekhorot 11b, 12b, 14b, 17b, 35b, 45b; Arakhin 11a, 30b; Keritot 3b–4a, 5b–6a, 23b–24a, 25a, 26a; Meilah 11b; Tamid 28b; Niddah 8b, 19a, 50a, 51a–b, 57a. Babilonia, VI secolo. Rist. su Talmud Bavli. Curato da Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz e Mordechai Marcus, 72 voll. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.

Rashi

Medievali

Deuteronomio Rabbah 5:1–15. Terra d'Israele, IX secolo. Rist. su Midrash Rabbah: Levitico. Trad. (EN) di H. Freedman & Maurice Simon. Londra: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
Rashi. Commentario. Deuteronomy 16–21. Troyes, Francia, tardo XI secolo. Rist. int. al in Rashi, The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Trad. (EN) e note di Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 5:181–220. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-030-7.
Yehuda Halevi. Kuzari. 3:31, 39, 41. Toledo, Spagna, 1130–1140. Rist. in Yehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introd. di Henry Slonimsky, 165, 170–71, 173. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
Maimonide. Mishneh Torah. Egitto, circa 1170–1180. Rist. in Rambam: Mishneh Torah: Yad Hacahzakah: Laws of Kings and Laws of Idol Worship. Trad. di Avraham Yaakov Finkel. Yeshivath Beth Moshe, 2001. ISBN 1-892692-07-4.

Thomas Hobbes

Moderni

Thomas Hobbes. Leviatano, "Review & Conclusion", Inghilterra, 1651. Rist. curata da C. B. Macpherson, pp. 476–77, 506, 518, 543, 548, 586–87, 724. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0-14-043195-0.
Moses Mendelssohn. Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judenthum, § 2. Berlino, (DE) 1783. Rist. (EN) in Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism. Trad. di Allan Arkush; introd. e commentario di Alexander Altmann, 129. Hanover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87451-264-6.
Thomas Mann. Giuseppe e i suoi fratelli. Trad. dal (DE) Bruno Arzeni, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2006. Originale: Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, 30–31. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-548-08000-3.
Martin Buber. On the Bible: Eighteen studies, 80–92. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
Jacob Milgrom. "Lex Talionis and the Rabbis: The Talmud reflects an uneasy rabbinic conscience toward the ancient law of talion, 'eye for eye, tooth for tooth.'" Bible Review. 12 (2) (Apr. 1996).
Jeffrey H. Tigay. The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, 160–93, 470–76. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996. ISBN 0-8276-0330-4.
Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pp. 65, 76–86. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. ISBN 0-316-73908-1.
Joseph Telushkin. The Ten Commandments of Character: Essential Advice for Living an Honorable, Ethical, Honest Life, 275–78. New York: Bell Tower, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4509-6.
Suzanne A. Brody. "A Heavenly Ruler." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, 106. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. ISBN 1-60047-112-9.
Eric M. Nelson. The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought, 26–56. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-674-05058-7.

Note

^ Deuteronomio 16:18-21:9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Sefer haChinukh: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education, trad. di Charles Wengrov, 5:2–155. Gerusalemme: Feldheim Pub., 1988. ISBN 0-87306-497-6.
^ Deuteronomio 16:18, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 16:21, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 16:22, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 17:1, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 17:11, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 17:15, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 17:16, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 17:17, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 17:18, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 18:1, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 18:3, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 18:4, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 18:6-8, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 18:10, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Deuteronomio 18:11, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 18:15, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 18:20, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 18:22, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 19:3, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 19:13, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 19:14, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 19:15, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 19:19, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 20:3, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 20:5, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 20:10, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 20:16, su laparola.net.
^ Deuteronomio 20:19, su laparola.net.
^ ^a ^b Deuteronomio 21:4, su laparola.net.
^ Isaia 51:12-52:12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Genesi 26:2, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Genesi 28:18, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Esodo 24:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Levitico 18:21, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Levitico 20:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Deuteronomio 4:19, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Giosuè 24:26, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 1Samuele 8:4-22, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 1Re 11:3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 1Re 11:4-8, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 1Re 22:6-38, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Re 16:3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Re 17:17, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Re 21:6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Re 23:10-14, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Isaia 28:7-13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Isaia 57:9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 7:31, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 8:1-2, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 22:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 23:9-40, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 28:7-9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 32:35, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 37:19, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 42:13-22, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Geremia 49:1-3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Ezechiele 8:16-18, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Ezechiele 12:21-14:11, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Ezechiele 16:20-21, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Ezechiele 17:15, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Ezechiele 23:37, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Osea 3:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Amos 5:25-27, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Michea 3:5-7, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Sofonia 1:4-6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 9:13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 19:13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 20:8, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 23:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 27:12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 30:1, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 106:34-41, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 119:97, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Salmi 122:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Giobbe 31:26-28, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Cronache 19:4-11, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ 2Cronache 33:6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Matteo 7:15-23, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.
^ Atti 7:42-43, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

Collegamenti esterni

(EN, HE, IT, YI)

Testi

Testo Masoretico e traduzione JPS 1917, su mechon-mamre.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 maggio 2021).
Parashah cantata, su bible.ort.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 giugno 2011).
Parshah letta in ebraico, su mechon-mamre.org.

Commentari

Academy for Jewish Religion, New York, su ajrsem.org.
Aish.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 settembre 2011).
American Jewish University, su judaism.ajula.edu (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2012).
Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles, su anshe.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 ottobre 2007).
Bar-Ilan University, su biu.ac.il. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 agosto 2011).
Chabad.org.
eparsha.com.
G-dcast, su g-dcast.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 20 marzo 2013).
The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash, su vbm-torah.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 settembre 2011).
Jewish Agency for Israel, su jewishagency.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 settembre 2012).
Jewish Theological Seminary (XML), su jtsa.edu. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 marzo 2013).
MyJewishLearning.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 ottobre 2008).
Ohr Sameach, su ohr.edu.
Orthodox Union, su ou.org.
OzTorah, Torah from Australia, su oztorah.com.
Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom, su netivot-shalom.org.il. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 giugno 2010).
Pardes from Jerusalem, su podcasts.pardesusa.org (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 marzo 2013).
RabbiShimon.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 marzo 2012).
Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, su ohrtorahstone.org.il. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 agosto 2011).
Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld, su rabbishmuel.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 marzo 2013).
Reconstructionist Judaism, su www4.jrf.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 febbraio 2006).
Sephardic Institute, su judaicseminar.org.
Shiur.com.
613.org Jewish Torah Audio, su 613.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 settembre 2011).
Tanach Study Center, su tanach.org.
Torah from Dixie, su tfdixie.com. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 13 agosto 2007).
Torah.it, su archivio-torah.it.
Torah.org.
TorahVort.com.
Union for Reform Judaism, su urj.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 agosto 2008).
United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, su chiefrabbi.org.
What’s Bothering Rashi?, su shemayisrael.com.
Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, su yctorah.org.
Yeshiva University, su yutorah.org. URL consultato l'11 marzo 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 18 dicembre 2019).

Portale Ebraismo: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di ebraismo

[1] Deuteronomio 16:18-21:9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[2] Sefer haChinukh: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education, trad. di Charles Wengrov, 5:2–155. Gerusalemme: Feldheim Pub., 1988. ISBN 0-87306-497-6.

[3] Deuteronomio 16:18, su laparola.net.

[4] Deuteronomio 16:21, su laparola.net.

[5] Deuteronomio 16:22, su laparola.net.

[6] Deuteronomio 17:1, su laparola.net.

[Deut17:11-7] Deuteronomio 17:11, su laparola.net.

[Deut17:15-8] Deuteronomio 17:15, su laparola.net.

[Deut17:16-9] Deuteronomio 17:16, su laparola.net.

[Deut17:17-10] Deuteronomio 17:17, su laparola.net.

[11] Deuteronomio 17:18, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:1-12] Deuteronomio 18:1, su laparola.net.

[13] Deuteronomio 18:3, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:4-14] Deuteronomio 18:4, su laparola.net.

[15] Deuteronomio 18:6-8, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:10-16] Deuteronomio 18:10, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:11-17] Deuteronomio 18:11, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:15-18] Deuteronomio 18:15, su laparola.net.

[Deut18:20-19] Deuteronomio 18:20, su laparola.net.

[20] Deuteronomio 18:22, su laparola.net.

[21] Deuteronomio 19:3, su laparola.net.

[22] Deuteronomio 19:13, su laparola.net.

[Deut19:14-23] Deuteronomio 19:14, su laparola.net.

[Deut19:15-24] Deuteronomio 19:15, su laparola.net.

[25] Deuteronomio 19:19, su laparola.net.

[26] Deuteronomio 20:3, su laparola.net.

[27] Deuteronomio 20:5, su laparola.net.

[28] Deuteronomio 20:10, su laparola.net.

[29] Deuteronomio 20:16, su laparola.net.

[30] Deuteronomio 20:19, su laparola.net.

[Deut21:4-31] Deuteronomio 21:4, su laparola.net.

[32] Isaia 51:12-52:12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[33] Genesi 26:2, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[34] Genesi 28:18, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[35] Esodo 24:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[36] Levitico 18:21, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[37] Levitico 20:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[38] Deuteronomio 4:19, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[39] Giosuè 24:26, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[40] 1Samuele 8:4-22, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[41] 1Re 11:3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[42] 1Re 11:4-8, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[43] 1Re 22:6-38, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[44] 2Re 16:3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[45] 2Re 17:17, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[46] 2Re 21:6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[47] 2Re 23:10-14, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[48] Isaia 28:7-13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[49] Isaia 57:9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[50] Geremia 7:31, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[51] Geremia 8:1-2, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[52] Geremia 22:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[53] Geremia 23:9-40, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[54] Geremia 28:7-9, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[55] Geremia 32:35, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[56] Geremia 37:19, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[57] Geremia 42:13-22, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[58] Geremia 49:1-3, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[59] Ezechiele 8:16-18, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[60] Ezechiele 12:21-14:11, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[61] Ezechiele 16:20-21, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[62] Ezechiele 17:15, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[63] Ezechiele 23:37, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[64] Osea 3:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[65] Amos 5:25-27, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[66] Michea 3:5-7, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[67] Sofonia 1:4-6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[68] Salmi 9:13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[69] Salmi 19:13, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[70] Salmi 20:8, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[71] Salmi 23:4, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[72] Salmi 27:12, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[73] Salmi 30:1, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[74] Salmi 106:34-41, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[75] Salmi 119:97, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[76] Salmi 122:1-5, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[77] Giobbe 31:26-28, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[78] 2Cronache 19:4-11, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[79] 2Cronache 33:6, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[80] Matteo 7:15-23, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

[81] Atti 7:42-43, su La Parola - La Sacra Bibbia in italiano in Internet.

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V · D · M Libro del Deuteronomio - Quinto libro di Mosè
Capitoli	La Proclamazione di Mosè (1) · Ricordo del Viaggio nel Deserto (2) · Esilio degli Amorrei (3) · Osservanza delle Leggi di Dio (4) · La Rinnovazione dell'Alleanza al Sinai (5) · L'Amore e la Fedeltà a Dio (6) · Ricordo della Fedeltà di Dio (7) · L'Importanza di Osservare i Comandamenti (8) · Il Ricordo della Ribellione del Popolo (9) · Le Leggi sull'Amore e sulla Paura di Dio (10) · L'Alleanza e la Benedizione o la Maledizione (11) · L'Unico Luogo di Culto (12) · L'Avvertimento contro l'Idolatria (13) · Le Leggi sulla Purezza Alimentare (14) · L'Anno del Rimissione dei Debiti (15) · Le Feste Religiose (16) · I Giudici e l'Amministrazione della Giustizia (17) · Il Ruolo dei Profeti (18) · Le Città di Rifugio (19) · Le Istruzioni per la Guerra (20) · Procedimenti Giuridici (21) · Norme Sociali e Morali (22) · Disposizioni per l'Assemblea (23) · Il Divorzio e le Leggi sulla Purezza (24) · La Punizione del Malfattore (25) · La Dichiarazione al Presentare le Primizie (26) · La Benedizione e la Maledizione (27) · Le Benedizioni della Fedeltà e le Maledizioni della Disobbedienza (28) · L'Alleanza Rinnovata a Sichem (29) · L'Invocazione alla Decisione tra Vita e Morte (30) · La Commissione a Giosuè e il Cantico di Mosè (31) · Il Cantico di Mosè (32) · La Benedizione di Mosè sulle Tribù (33) · La Morte di Mosè (34)
Parashah del Devarim	Devarim · Va'etchanan · Eikev · Re'eh · Shoftim · Ki Teitzei · Ki Tavo · Nitzavim · Vayelech · Haazinu · V'Zot HaBerachah
Protagonisti	Mosè · Giosuè · Leviti
Luoghi	Monte Sinai · Sichem · Steppa di Moab · Bashan · Galaad · Giordano · Città levitiche
Temi	Terra Promessa · Storia degli ebrei · Dieci comandamenti · Alleanza (Bibbia)
← Libro dei Numeri · Libro di Giosuè →

V · D · M Tōrāh
Parashot settimanali-Pentateuco
Bereishit	Bereishit · Noach · Lekh lekha · Vayeira · Chayei Sarah · Toledot · Vayetze · Vayishlach · Vayeshev · Miketz · Vayigash · Vayechi
Shemoth	Shemot · Va'eira · Bo · Beshalach · Yitro · Mishpatim · Terumah · Tetzaveh · Ki Tisa · Vayakhel · Pekudei
Vayikra	Vayikra · Tzav · Shemini · Tazria · Metzora · Acharei Mot · Kedoshim · Emor · Behar · Bechukotai
Bemidbar	Bamidbar · Naso · Behaalotecha · Shlach · Korach · Chukat · Balak · Pinchas · Matot · Masei
Devarim	Devarim · Va'etchanan · Eikev · Re'eh · Shoftim · Ki Teitzei · Ki Tavo · Nitzavim · Vayelech · Haazinu · V'Zot HaBerachah
**Tanakh · Sefer Torah · Mishnah · Talmud · Ricorrenze ebraiche · Mitzvot · Halakhah · Esegesi ebraica**

V · D · M Patriarchi, tribù e gruppi ebraici nella storia
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Gruppi ebraici nella storia	Caraiti · Ebrei alessandrini · Esseni (Qumraniti) · Farisei · Kazari · Nazareni (Ebioniti) · Sadducei · Samaritani · Terapeuti · Zeloti
Tribù perdute	Tribù di Ruben · Tribù di Simeone · Tribù di Dan · Tribù di Neftali · Tribù di Gad · Tribù di Aser · Tribù di Issachar · Tribù di Zabulon · Casa di Giuseppe (Tribù di Manasse · Tribù di Efraim)

Shoftim: differenze tra le versioni

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@@ Riga 1: / Riga 1: @@
+'''Shoftim''', '''Shof'tim''', o '''Shofetim''' ([[ebraico]]: שֹׁפְטִים — tradotto in [[lingua italiana|italiano]]: "[[giudice|giudici]]", [[incipit]] di questa [[parashah]]) 48ª porzione settimanale della [[Torah]] ([[ebraico|ebr.]] פָּרָשָׁה – ''parashah'' o anche parsha/parscià) nel ciclo annuale ebraico di letture bibliche dal [[Pentateuco]], quinta nel [[Libro del Deuteronomio]]. Rappresenta il passo {{passo biblico|Deuteronomio|16:18-21:9}}, che gli [[ebrei]] leggono generalmente in agosto o settembre.
-{{Avvisounicode}}
-{{T|lingua=inglese|argomento=ebraismo|data=marzo 2013}}
+La parashah espone una [[costituzione]] — una struttura sociale basilare — per gli [[Israeliti]]. La parashah inoltre illustra le regole per i [[magistrato|magistrati]], [[Monarca|re]], [[Leviti]], [[profeta|profeti]], [[Diritto di asilo|città-asilo]], [[Testimonianza|testimoni]], [[guerra]], e un [[cadavere]] disperso.
-'''Shoftim''', '''Shof'tim''', o '''Shofetim''' ([[ebraico]]: שֹׁפְטִים — tradotto in [[lingua italiana|italiano]]: "[[giudice|giudici]]", [[incipit]] di questa [[parashah]]) 48ª porzione settimanale della [[Torah]] ([[ebraico|ebr.]]  פָּרָשָׁה – ''parashah'' o anche parsha/parscià) nel ciclo annuale ebraico di letture bibliche dal [[Pentateuco]], quinta nel [[Libro del Deuteronomio]]. Rappresenta il passo {{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|16:18-21:9}}, che gli [[ebrei]] leggono generalmente in agosto o settembre.
+[[File:Sanhedrin1.jpg|thumb|Il [[Sinedrio]] (illustrazione da ''People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge'', 1883)]]
-La parashah espone una [[costituzione]] — una struttura sociale basilare — per gli [[Israeliti]]. La parashah inoltre illustra le regole per i [[magistrato|magistrati]], [[Monarca|re]], [[Leviti]], [[profeta|profeti]], [[Diritto di asilo|città-asilo]], [[testimone|testimoni]], [[guerra]], e un [[cadavere]] disperso.
+== Comandamenti ==
-[[File:Sanhedrin1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Il [[Sinedrio]] (illustrazione da ''People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge'', 1883)]]
-==Letture==
-{{...}}
-<!--- da tradurre
-In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parshah is divided into seven readings, or {{Hebrew|עליות}}, ''[[Aliyah (Torah)|aliyot]]''.  In the [[masoretic text]] of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), Parshah Shoftim has four "open portion" ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter {{Hebrew|פ}} (''peh''), roughly equivalent to the English letter “P”).  Parshah Shoftim has several further subdivisions, called "closed portions" ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter {{Hebrew|ס}} (''samekh''), roughly equivalent to the English letter "S") within the open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') divisions.  The short first open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') divides the first reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'').  The long second open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') goes from the middle of the first reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') to the middle of the fifth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'').  The third open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') goes from the middle of the fifth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') to the middle of the seventh reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'').  The final, fourth open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') divides the seventh reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'').  Closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') divisions further divide the first, fifth, and sixth readings ({{Hebrew|עליות}}, ''aliyot''), and each of the short second and third readings ({{Hebrew|עליות}}, ''aliyot'') constitutes a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') of its own.<ref>See, e.g., Menachem Davis. ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Devarim / Deuteronomy'', 111–35. Brooklyn: [[ArtScroll|Mesorah Publications]], 2009. ISBN 1-4226-0210-9.</ref>
-[[File:Hardy They shall show you the sentence of judgment.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|"They shall show you the sentence of judgment." ({{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|17:9|HE}}) (illustration circa 1890–1910 by Paul Hardy)]]
-===First reading — Deuteronomy 16:18–17:13===
-In the first reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), [[Moses]] directed the Israelites to appoint magistrates and [[official]]s for their [[tribe]]s to [[Government|govern]] the [[people]] with [[justice]], with [[impartiality]], and without [[Bribery|bribes]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:18–19.|HE}}</ref> "Justice, justice shall you pursue," he said.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition112">See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 112.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses warned the Israelites against setting up a sacred post beside [[Names of God in Judaism|God's]] [[altar]] or erecting a [[Rock (geology)|stone]] [[Baetylus|pillar]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:21–22.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here with the end of chapter {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|16.|HE}}<ref name="SchottensteinEdition112"/>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses warned the Israelites against [[korban|sacrificing]] an [[Cattle|ox]] or [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] with any serious [[Congenital disorder|defect]].<ref name="Deut17:1">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:1.|HE}}</ref> Another closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition112"/>
-And as the reading continues, Moses instructed that if the Israelites found a person who [[worship]]ed other [[Deity|gods]] — the [[sun]], the [[moon]], or any [[Astronomical object|celestial body]] — then they were to make a thorough [[inquiry]], and if they established the [[fact]] on the [[testimony]] of two or more witnesses, then they were to [[Stoning|stone the person to death]], with the witnesses throwing the first stones.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:2–7.|HE}}</ref> The first open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') ends here.<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 114.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses taught that if a [[Legal case|case]] proved too baffling for the Israelites to decide, then they were promptly to go to [[Temple in Jerusalem|God's shrine]], appear before the [[Kohen|priests]] or the magistrate in charge and present their problem, and carry out any [[verdict]] that was announced there without deviating either [[Relative direction|to the right or to the left]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:8–11.|HE}}</ref> They were to [[Capital punishment|execute]] any man who presumptuously disregarded the priest or the magistrate, so that all the people would hear, [[fear|be afraid]], and not act presumptuously again.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:12–13.|HE}}</ref> The first reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') and a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') end here.<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 116.</ref>
-[[File:King David Copenhagen.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|King [[David]] (statue by F.A. Jerichau)]]
-===Second reading — Deuteronomy 17:13–20===
-In the second reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses instructed that if, after the Israelites had settled the [[Land of Israel|land]], they decided to set a king over them, they were to be free to do so, taking an Israelite chosen by God.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14–15.|HE}}</ref> The king was not to keep many [[horse]]s, [[Marriage|marry]] many wives, or amass excess [[silver]] and [[gold]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:16–17.|HE}}</ref> The king was to have the priests write for him a copy of this Teaching to remain with him and read all his life, so that he might learn to revere God and faithfully observe these [[law]]s.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:18–19.|HE}}</ref> He would thus not act haughtily toward his people nor deviate from the law, and as a consequence, he and his descendants would enjoy a long reign.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:20.|HE}}</ref> The second reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') and a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') end here with the end of chapter {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|17.|HE}}<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 118.</ref>
-===Third reading — Deuteronomy 18:1–5===
-In the third reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses explained that the Levites were to have no territorial portion, but were to live only off of offerings, for God was to be their portion.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:1–2.|HE}}</ref> In exchange for their service to God, the priests were to receive the [[shoulder]], cheeks, and [[stomach]] of sacrifices, the first fruits of the Israelites' [[Cereal|grain]], [[wine]], and [[oil]], and the first [[Sheep shearing|shearing of sheep]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:3–5.|HE}}</ref> The third reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') and a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') end here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition120">See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 120.</ref>
-===Fourth reading — Deuteronomy 18:6–13===
-In the fourth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses told that the Levites were to be free to come from their settlements to the place that God chose as a shrine to serve with their fellow Levites, and there they were to receive equal shares of the dues.<ref name="Deut18:6-8">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:6–8.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition120"/>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses instructed that the Israelites were not to imitate the abhorrent practices of the nations that they were displacing, consign their [[child]]ren to [[fire]], or act as an [[augur]], [[Fortune-telling|soothsayer]], [[Divination|diviner]], [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerer]], one who casts [[Magic (paranormal)|spells]], one who consults [[ghost]]s or familiar [[spirit]]s, or one who inquires of [[death|the dead]], for it was because of those abhorrent acts that God was dispossessing the residents of the land.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:9–13.|HE}}</ref> The fourth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') ends here.<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 121.</ref>
-===Fifth reading — Deuteronomy 18:14–19:13===
-In the fifth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses foretold that God would raise a prophet from among them like Moses, and the Israelites were to heed him.<ref name="Deut18:15">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:15.|HE}}</ref> When at [[Mount Horeb|Horeb]] the Israelites asked God not to hear God's voice directly, God created the role of the prophet to speak God's words, promising to hold to account anybody who failed to heed the prophet's words.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:16–19.|HE}}</ref> But any prophet who presumed to speak an oracle in God's name that God had not commanded, or who spoke in the name of other gods, was to die.<ref name="Deut18:20">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:20.|HE}}</ref> This was how the people were to determine whether God spoke the oracle:  If the prophet spoke in the name of God and the oracle did not come [[Truth|true]], then God had not spoken that oracle, the prophet had uttered it presumptuously, and the people were not to fear him.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:21–22.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here with the end of chapter {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|18.|HE}}<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 123.</ref>
-[[File:Foster Bible Pictures 0083-1 The City of Refuge.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((350 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((350 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (350 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The City of Refuge (illustration from the 1897 ''Bible Pictures and What They Teach Us'' by Charles Foster)]]
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses instructed that when the Israelites had settled in the land, they were to divide the land into three parts and set aside three cities of refuge, so that any [[Manslaughter|manslayer]] could have a place to which to flee.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:1–3.|HE}}</ref> And if the Israelites faithfully observed all the law and God enlarged the territory, then they were to add three more [[town]]s to those three.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:8–9.|HE}}</ref> Only a manslayer who had killed another unwittingly, without being the other's enemy, might flee there and live.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:4.|HE}}</ref> For instance, if a man went with his [[Neighbourhood|neighbor]] into a [[Grove (nature)|grove]] to cut [[wood]], and as he swung an [[Axe|ax]], the ax-head flew off the [[Handle (grip)|handle]] and struck and killed the neighbor, then the man could flee to one of the cities of refuge and live.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:5.|HE}}</ref> The second open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') ends here.<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 125.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses instructed that if, however, one who was the enemy of another lay in wait, struck the other a fatal blow, and then fled to a city of refuge, the [[Elder (administrative title)|elders]] of the slayer's town were to have the slayer turned over to the [[blood]]-[[Revenge|avenger]] to be put to death.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:11–13.|HE}}</ref> The fifth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') and a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') end here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition126">See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 126.</ref>
-===Sixth reading — Deuteronomy 19:14–20:9===
-In the sixth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses warned that the Israelites were not to move their countrymen's landmarks, set up by previous generations, in the property that they were allotted in the land.<ref name="Deut19:14">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here.<ref name="SchottensteinEdition126"/>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses instructed that an Israelite could be found [[guilt (law)|guilt]]y of an offense only on the testimony of two or more witnesses.<ref name="Deut19:15">{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:15.|HE}}</ref> If one person gave false testimony against another, then the two parties were to appear before God and the priests or magistrates, the magistrates were to make a thorough investigation, and if the magistrates found the person to have testified falsely, then they were to do to the witness as the witness schemed to do to the other.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:16–19.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here with the end of chapter {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|19.|HE}}<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 128.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses taught that before the Israelites joined [[battle]], the priest was to tell the troops not to fear, for God would accompany them.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:2–4.|HE}}</ref> Then the officials were to ask the troop whether anyone had built a new [[house]] but not dedicated it, planted a [[vineyard]] but never [[harvest]]ed it, paid the [[Bride price|bride-price]] for a wife but not yet married her, or become afraid and disheartened, and all these they were to send back to their homes.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:5–8.|HE}}</ref> The sixth reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah'') and a closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') end with {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:9.|HE}}<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 131.</ref>
-===Seventh reading — Deuteronomy 20:10–21:9===
-In the seventh reading ({{Hebrew|עליה}}, ''aliyah''), Moses instructed that when the Israelites approached to attack a town, they were to offer it terms of peace, and if the town [[Surrender (military)|surrendered]], then all the people of the town were to serve the Israelites as [[Judaism and slavery|forced labor]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:10–11.|HE}}</ref> But if the town did not surrender, then the Israelites were to lay [[siege]] to the town, and when God granted victory, kill all its men and take as booty the women, children, [[livestock]], and everything else in the town.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:12–14.|HE}}</ref> Those were the rules for towns that lay very far from Israel, but for the towns of the nations in the land — the [[Biblical Hittites|Hittites]], [[Amorite]]s, [[Canaan]]ites, [[Perizzites]], [[Hivites]], and [[Jebusite]]s — the Israelites were to kill everyone, lest they lead the Israelites into doing all the abhorrent things that those nations had done for their gods.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:15–18.|HE}}</ref> A closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'') ends here.<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 132.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses instructed that when the Israelites besieged a city for a long time, they could eat the [[fruit]] of the city's trees, but they were not to cut down any trees that could yield [[food]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:19–20.|HE}}</ref> The third open portion ({{Hebrew|פתוחה}}, ''petuchah'') ends here with the end of chapter {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|20.|HE}}<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 133.</ref>
-In the continuation of the reading, Moses taught that if, in the land, someone slain was found lying in the open, and the slayer could not be determined, then the elders and magistrates were to measure the distances from the corpse to the nearby towns.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:1–2.|HE}}</ref> The elders of the nearest town were to take a heifer that had never worked down to an ever-flowing [[wadi]] and break its [[neck]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:3–4.|HE}}</ref> The priests were to come forward, all the elders were to wash their hands over the heifer. <ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:5–6.|HE}}</ref>
-In the [[maftir]] ({{Hebrew|מפטיר}}) reading of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:7–9|HE}} that concludes the parshah,<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 134–35.</ref> the elders were to declare that their hands did not shed the blood nor their eyes see it, and they were to ask God to absolve the Israelites, and not let guilt for the blood of the innocent remain among them, and God would absolve them of bloodguilt.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:7–8.|HE}}</ref> {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:9|HE}} concludes the final closed portion ({{Hebrew|סתומה}}, ''setumah'').<ref>See, e.g., ''The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash'', at 135.</ref>
-[[File:Tissot Amos.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((100 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((100 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((100 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((100 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (100 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Amos (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by [[James Tissot]])]]
-==In inner-biblical interpretation==
-The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
-===Deuteronomy chapter 16===
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:19|HE}} requires fairness in the administration of justice.  Earlier, in {{Bibleverse-lb||Exodus|23:2,|HE}} God told Moses to tell the people not to follow a multitude to do wrong, nor to bear witness in a dispute to turn aside after a multitude to pervert justice.  And in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|23:6,|HE}} God instructed not to subvert the rights of the poor in their disputes.  Along the same lines, in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|24:17,|HE}} Moses admonished against perverting the justice due to the stranger or the orphan.  And in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:19,|HE}} Moses invoked a curse on those who pervert the justice due to the stranger, orphan, and widow.  Among the prophets, in {{Bibleverse-lb||Isaiah|10:1–2,|HE}} the prophet invoked woe on those who decree unrighteous decrees to the detriment of the needy, the poor, widows, or orphans.  And in {{Bibleverse-lb||Amos|5:12,|HE}} the prophet berated the sins of afflicting the just and turning aside the needy in judicial proceedings.  And in the writings, {{Bibleverse-lb||Proverbs|17:23|HE}} warns that a wicked person takes a gift to pervert the ways of justice.  {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:19|HE}} states the rule most broadly, when Moses said simply, "You shall not judge unfairly."
-[[File:Jacobs Vision and Gods Promise.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((200 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((200 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (200 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Jacob set up a pillar (illustration from a Bible card published 1906 by the Providence Lithograph Company)]]
-Similarly, {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:19|HE}} prohibits showing partiality in judicial proceedings.  Earlier, in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|23:3,|HE}} God told Moses to tell the people, more narrowly, not to favor a poor person in a dispute.  More broadly, in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|10:17,|HE}} Moses told that God shows no partiality among persons.  Among the prophets, in {{Bibleverse-lb||Malachi|2:9,|HE}} the prophet quoted God as saying that the people had not kept God's ways when they showed partiality in the law.  And in the writings, [[Psalms|Psalm]] {{Bibleverse-nb||Psalm|82:2|HE}} asks, "How long will you judge unjustly, and show favor to the wicked?"  {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|18:5|HE}} counsels that it is not good to show partiality to the wicked, so as to turn aside the righteous in judgment.  Similarly, {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|24:23|HE}} and {{Bibleverse-nb||Proverbs|28:21|HE}} say that to show partiality is not good.  And [[Books of Chronicles|2 Chronicles]] {{Bibleverse-nb|2|Chronicles|19:7|HE}} reports that God has no iniquity or favoritism.
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:22|HE}} addresses the practice of setting up a pillar ({{Hebrew|מַצֵּבָה}}, ''matzeivah'').  In {{Bibleverse-lb||Genesis|28:18,|HE}} Jacob took the stone on which he had slept, set it up as a pillar ({{Hebrew|מַצֵּבָה}}, ''matzeivah''), and poured oil on the top of it.  {{Bibleverse||Exodus|23:24|HE}} later directed the Israelites to break in pieces the Canaanites' pillars ({{Hebrew|מַצֵּבֹתֵיהֶם}}, ''matzeivoteihem'').  {{Bibleverse-lb||Leviticus|26:1|HE}} directed the Israelites not to rear up a pillar ({{Hebrew|מַצֵּבָה}}, ''matzeivah'').  And {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:22|HE}} prohibited them to set up a pillar ({{Hebrew|מַצֵּבָה}}, ''matzeivah''), "which the Lord your God hates."
-===Deuteronomy chapter 17===
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:9|HE}} assigns “the priests the Levites” a judicial role.  The Levites’ role as judges also appears in Chronicles and [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]].<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Chronicles|23:4;|HE}} {{Bibleverse-nb|1|Chronicles|26:29;|HE}} {{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|19:8–11;|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Nehemiah|11:16.|HE}}</ref> The Hebrew Bible also assigns to the Levites the duties of teaching the law,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|33:10;|HE}} {{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|17:8–9;|HE}} {{Bibleverse-nb|2|Chronicles|30:22;|HE}} {{Bibleverse-nb|2|Chronicles|35:3;|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Nehemiah|8:7–13;|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Malachi|2:6–7.|HE}}</ref> ministering before the Ark,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Chronicles|16:4.|HE}}</ref> singing,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Chronicles|15:16;|HE}} {{Bibleverse-nb|1|Chronicles|23:5;|HE}} {{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|5:12.|HE}}</ref> and blessing God’s Name.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|10:8.|HE}}</ref>
-[[File:Giovanni Venanzi di Pesaro König Salomons Götzendienst.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|King Solomon in his old age led astray into idolatry by his wives (1668 painting by [[Giovanni Battista Venanzi|Giovanni Venanzi di Pesaro]])]]
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14–20|HE}} sets out rules for kings.  In [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel]] {{Bibleverse-nb|1|Samuel|8:10–17,|HE}} the prophet [[Samuel]] warned what kings would do.  The king would take the Israelites’ sons to be horsemen, to serve with the king’s chariots, to serve as officers, to plow the king’s ground, to reap the harvest, and to make chariots and other instruments of war.  The king would take the Israelites’ daughters to be perfumers, cooks, and bakers.  The king would take the Israelites’ fields, vineyards, and olive yards and give them to his servants.  The king would take the tenth part of the Israelites’ seed, grapes, and flocks.  The king would take the Israelites’ servants and donkeys and put them to his work.  The Israelites would be the king’s servants.
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:16–17|HE}} teaches that the king was not to keep many horses, marry many wives, or amass excess silver and gold. [[Books of Kings|1 Kings]] {{Bibleverse-nb|1|Kings|10:14–23,|HE}} however, reports that King [[Solomon]] accumulated riches exceeding all the kings of the earth, and that he received 660 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] — about 20 [[ton]]s — of gold every year, in addition to that which came in taxes from the merchants, traders, and governors of the country.  {{Bibleverse|1|Kings|10:24–26|HE}} reports that all the earth brought horses and mules to King Solomon, and he gathered together 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen.  And {{Bibleverse|1|Kings|11:3|HE}} reports that King Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines, and his wives turned away his heart.
-==In classical rabbinic interpretation==
-The parshah is discussed in these Rabbinic sources from the era of the [[Mishnah]] and the [[Talmud]]:
-===Deuteronomy chapter 16===
-Citing {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|21:3,|HE}} "To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice," a [[Midrash]] taught that God told David that the justice and the righteousness that he did were more beloved to God than the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]].  The Midrash noted that {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|21:3|HE}} does not say, "As much as sacrifice," but "More than sacrifice."  The Midrash explained that sacrifices were operative only so long as the Temple stood, but righteousness and justice hold good even when the Temple no longer stands.<ref>[[Deuteronomy Rabbah]] 5:3.</ref>
-Rabbi Simeon ben Halafta told that once an ant dropped a grain of wheat, and all the ants came and sniffed at it, yet not one of them took it, until the one to whom it belonged came and took it.  Rabbi Simeon ben Halafta praised the ant's wisdom and praiseworthiness, inasmuch as the ant had not learned its ways from any other creature and had no judge or officer to guide it, as {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|6:6–7|HE}} says, the ant has "no chief, overseer, or ruler."  How much more should people, who have judges and officers, hearken to them.  Hence, {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:18|HE}} directs appointment of judges in all the Israelites' cities.<ref>Deuteronomy Rabbah 5:2.</ref>
-[[Shimon ben Lakish|Resh Lakish]] deduced from the proximity of the discussions of appointment of judges in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:18|HE}} and the Canaanite idolatrous practice of the [[Asherah]] in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:21|HE}} that appointing an incompetent judge is as though planting an idolatrous tree. And [[Rav Ashi]] said that such an appointment made in a place where there were scholars is as though planting the idolatrous tree beside the Altar, for {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:21|HE}} concludes "beside the altar of the Lord your God."<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_7.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 7b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_52.html Avodah Zarah 52a.]</ref>
-The [[Sifre]] interpreted the words "You shall not judge unfairly" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:19|HE}} to mean that one should not say "So-and-so is impressive" or "Such-and-such is my relative."  And the Sifre interpreted the words "you shall show no partiality" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:19|HE}} to mean that one should not say "So-and-so is poor" or "Such-and-such is rich."<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 144:3:1. Land of Israel, circa 250–350 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by [[Jacob Neusner]], vol. 2, at 4. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.</ref>
-The Sifre interpreted the words "Justice, justice shall you pursue" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20|HE}} to teach that if a defendant has departed from a court with a judgment of innocence, the court has no right to call the defendant back to impose a judgment of guilt.  And if a defendant has departed from a court with a judgment of guilt, the court does still have the ability to call the defendant back to reach a judgment of innocence.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 144:4. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 5.</ref> Alternatively, the Sifre interpreted the words "Justice, justice shall you pursue" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20|HE}} to teach that one should seek a court that give well-construed rulings.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 144:5. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 5.</ref> Similarly, the Rabbis taught in a [[Baraita]] that the words "Justice, justice shall you pursue" mean that one should pursue the most respected jurist to the place where the jurist holds court.  The Rabbis also taught a Baraita that the words "Justice, justice shall you pursue" meant that one should follow sages to their academies. <ref name="Sanhedrin32b">[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_32.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 32b.]</ref>
-Resh Lakish contrasted {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|19:15,|HE}} "In justice shall you judge your neighbor," with {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20,|HE}} "Justice, justice shall you pursue," and concluded that {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|19:15|HE}} referred to an apparently genuine claim, while {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20|HE}} referred to the redoubled scrutiny appropriate to a suit that one suspected to be dishonest.  Rav Ashi found no contradiction, however, between the two verses, for a Baraita taught that in the two mentions of "justice" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20,|HE}} one mention referred to a decision based on strict law, while the other referred to compromise.  For example, where two boats meet on a narrow river headed in opposite directions, if both attempted to pass at the same time, both would sink, but if one made way for the other, both could pass without mishap.  Similarly, if two camels met on the ascent to [[Beth-horon]], if they both ascended at the same time, both could fall into the valley, but if they ascended one after another, both could ascend safely.  These were the principles by which the travelers were to resolve their impasse:  If one was loaded and the other unloaded, then the unloaded was to give way to the loaded.  If one was nearer to its destination than the other, then the nearer was to give way to the farther.  If they were equally near to their destinations, then they were to compromise and the one that went first was to compensate the one who gave way.<ref name="Sanhedrin32b"/>
-The Mishnah taught that the words of {{Bibleverse-lb||Jeremiah|17:7,|HE}} "Blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord and whose hope is the Lord," apply to a judge who judges truly and with integrity.  The Mishnah taught that the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20,|HE}} "Righteousness, righteousness shall you pursue," apply to tell that an able-bodied person who feigned to be disabled would become disabled.  And similarly, the words of {{Bibleverse||Exodus|23:8,|HE}} "And a gift shall you not accept; for a gift blinds them that have sight," apply to tell that a judge who accepted a bribe or who perverted justice would become poor of vision.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Zeraim/Tractate Peah/Chapter 8|Mishnah Peah 8:9]]. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 35–36. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.</ref>
-Reading the words "that you may thrive and occupy the land that the Lord your God is giving you" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:20,|HE}} the Sifre taught that the appointment of judges is of such importance that it could lead to the resurrection of Israel, their settlement in the Land of Israel, and their protection from being destroyed by the sword.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 144:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 5.</ref>
-Rabbi [[Samuel ben Nahman]]i taught in the name of [[Rabbi Jonathan]] that when a judge unjustly takes the possessions of one and gives them to another, God takes that judge's life, as {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|22:22–23|HE}} says: "Rob not the poor because he is poor; neither oppress the afflicted in the gate, for the Lord will plead their cause, and will despoil of life those that despoil them."  Rabbi Samuel ben Nahmani also taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that judges should always think of themselves as if they had a sword hanging over them and [[Gehenna]] gaping under them, as [[Song of Songs]] {{Bibleverse-nb||Song|3:7–8|HE}} says: "Behold, it is the litter of Solomon; 60 mighty men are about it, of the mighty men of Israel.  They all handle the sword, and are expert in war; every man has his sword upon his thigh, because of dread in the night." And [[Rabbi Josiah]] (or others say [[Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak|Rav Nahman bar Isaac]]) interpreted the words, "O house of David, thus says the Lord: 'Execute justice in the morning and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor,'" in {{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|21:12|HE}} to mean that judges should render judgment only if the judgment that they are about to give is as clear to them as the morning light.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_7.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 7a–b.]</ref>
-The Sifre deduced from the words "You shall not plant an Asherah of any kind of tree beside the altar of the Lord your God" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:21|HE}} that planting a tree on the [[Temple Mount]] would violate a commandment.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 145:1:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 6.</ref> Rabbi [[Eliezer ben Jacob I|Eliezer ben Jacob]] deduced from the prohibition against any kind of tree beside the altar in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:21|HE}} that wooden [[column]]s were not allowed in the Temple courtyard.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 145:1:2. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 6. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Tamid.pdf Babylonian Talmud Tamid 28b.]</ref> The [[Gemara]] explained that it was not permitted to build with wood near the altar. [[Rav Chisda|Rav Hisda]], however, taught that stone columns were permitted.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Tamid.pdf Babylonian Talmud Tamid 28b.]</ref>
-Reading the prohibition of stone pillars in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:22,|HE}} the Sifre noted that the stone pillar esteemed by the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] was despised by their descendants.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 146:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 7.</ref>
-===Deuteronomy chapter 17===
-The Mishnah questioned why {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} discussed three witnesses, when two witnesses were sufficient to establish guilt.  The Mishnah deduced that the language of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} meant to analogize between a set of two witnesses and a set of three witnesses.  Just as three witnesses could discredit two witnesses, two witnesses could discredit three witnesses.  The Mishnah deduced from the multiple use of the word "witnesses" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} that two witnesses could discredit even a hundred witnesses.  Rabbi Simeon deduced from the multiple use of the word "witnesses" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} that just as two witnesses were not executed as perjurers until both had been incriminated, so three were not executed until all three had been incriminated. [[Akiba ben Joseph|Rabbi Akiba]] deduced that the addition of the third witness in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} was to teach that the perjury of a third, superfluous witness was just as serious as that of the others.  Rabbi Akiba concluded that if Scripture so penalized an accomplice just as one who committed a wrong, how much more would God reward an accomplice to a good deed.  And the Mishnah further deduced from the multiple use of the word "witnesses" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:6|HE}} that just as the disqualification of one of two witnesses would invalidate the evidence of the set of two witnesses, so would the disqualification of one witness invalidate the evidence of even a hundred. [[Jose ben Halafta|Rabbi Jose]] said that these limitations applied only to witnesses in capital charges, and that in monetary suits, the balance of the witnesses could establish the evidence. [[Judah haNasi|Rabbi]] said that the same rule applied to monetary suits or capital charges where the disqualified witnesses joined to take part in the warning of the defendant, but the rule did not disqualify the remaining witnesses where the disqualified witnesses did not take part in the warning.  And the Gemara further qualified the Mishnah's ruling.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:7–8. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 611–12. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 5b–6b.]</ref>
-Who were the judges in the court described in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:9?|HE}} The Mishnah taught that the High Priest could serve as a judge.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/1|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:1]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 585. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_18.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 18a.]</ref> But the King could not.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/2|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:2]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 585. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_18.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 18a.]</ref> When a vacancy arose, a new judge was appointed from the first row of scholars who sat in front of the judges.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 4/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:4]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 590–91. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_37.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 37a.]</ref>
-[[File:The Judgment of the Sanhedrin- He is Guilty!.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((400 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((400 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((400 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((400 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (400 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The Judgment of the Sanhedrin: "He is Guilty!" (1892 painting by [[Nikolai Ge]])]]
-Rav Joseph reported that a Baraita interpreted the reference to "the priests" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:9|HE}} to teach that when the priests served in the Temple, a judge could hand down capital punishment, but when the priesthood is not functioning, the judge may not issue such judgments.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_52.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 52b.]</ref>
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:9|HE}} instructs, "you shall come . . . to the judge ''who shall be in those days''," but how could a person go to a judge who was not in that person's days?  The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:9|HE}} employs the words "who shall be in those days" to show that one must be content to go to the judge who is in one's days, and accept that judge's authority.  And the Rabbis taught that [[Ecclesiastes]] {{Bibleverse-nb||Ecclesiastes|7:10|HE}} conveys a similar message when it says, "Say not, 'How was it that the former days were better than these?'"<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Rosh_HaShanah.pdf Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 25b.]</ref>
-The Sages based their authority to legislate rules equally binding with those laid down in the Torah on the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:11:|HE}} "According to the law that they shall teach you . . . you shall do; you shall not turn aside from the sentence that they shall declare to you."<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_19.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Berakot 19b.]</ref>
-[[File:Sanhedrim.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((375 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((375 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((375 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((375 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (375 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The Sanhedrin (illustration from the 1883 ''People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge'')]]
-The Mishnah recounted a story that demonstrated the authority of the court in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:11|HE}} — that one must follow the rulings of the court and "not turn . . . to the right hand, nor to the left."  After two witnesses testified that they saw the new moon at its proper time (on the thirtieth day of the month shortly before nightfall), Rabban [[Gamaliel]] (the president of the Great [[Sanhedrin]] in [[Jerusalem]]) accepted their evidence and ruled that a new month had begun.  But later at night (after the nightfall with which the thirty-first day of the earlier month would have begun), when the new moon should have been clearly visible, no one saw the new moon.  Rabbi [[Dosa ben Harkinas]] declared the two witnesses to be false witnesses, comparing their testimony to that of witnesses who testify that a woman bore a child, when on the next day her belly was still swollen. [[Joshua ben Hananiah|Rabbi Joshua]] told Rabbi Dosa that he saw the force of his argument.  Rabban Gamaliel then ordered Rabbi Joshua to appear before Rabban Gamaliel with his staff and money on the day which according to Rabbi Joshua's reckoning would be [[Yom Kippur]].  (According to Rabbi Joshua's reckoning, Yom Kippur would fall a day after the date that it would fall according to Rabban Gamaliel's reckoning.  And {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|16:29|HE}} prohibited carrying a staff and money on Yom Kippur.)  Rabbi Akiva then found Rabbi Joshua in great distress (agonizing over whether to obey Rabban Gamaliel's order to do what Rabbi Joshua considered profaning Yom Kippur).  Rabbi Akiva told Rabbi Joshua that he could prove that whatever Rabban Gamaliel ordered was valid.  Rabbi Akiva cited {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|23:4,|HE}} which says, "These are the appointed seasons of the Lord, holy convocations, which you shall proclaim in their appointed seasons," which is to say that whether they are proclaimed at their proper time or not, God has no appointed seasons other than those that are proclaimed.  Rabbi Joshua then went to Rabbi Dosa, who told Rabbi Joshua that if they called into question the decisions of the court of Rabban Gamaliel, then they would have to call into question the decisions of every court since the days of Moses.  For {{Bibleverse||Exodus|24:9|HE}} says, "Then Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and 70 of the elders of Israel went up," and {{Bibleverse||Exodus|24:9|HE}} does not mention the names of the elders to show that every group of three that has acted as a court over Israel is on a level with the court of Moses (as most of the members of that court also bore names without distinction).  Rabbi Joshua then took his staff and his money and went to Rabban Gamaliel on the day that Rabbi Joshua reckoned was Yom Kippur.  Rabban Gamaliel rose and kissed Rabbi Joshua on his head and said, "Come in peace, my teacher and my disciple — my teacher in wisdom and my disciple because you have accepted my decision."<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Rosh_HaShanah.pdf Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 25a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah explained the process by which one was found to be a rebellious elder within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:12.|HE}}  Three courts of law sat in Jerusalem:  one at the entrance to the Temple Mount, a second at the door of the Temple Court, and the third, the Great [[Sanhedrin]], in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple Court.  The dissenting elder and the other members of the local court with whom the elder disputed went to the court at the entrance to the Temple Mount, and the elder stated what the elder and the elder's colleagues expounded.  If the first court had heard a ruling on the matter, then the court stated it.  If not, the litigants and the judges went to the second court, at the entrance of the Temple Court, and the elder once again declared what the elder and the elder's colleagues expounded.  If this second court had heard a ruling on the matter, then this court stated it.  If not, then they all proceeded to the Great [[Sanhedrin]] at the Hall of Hewn Stones, which issued instruction to all Israel, for {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:10|HE}} said that "they shall declare to you from that place that the Lord shall choose," meaning the Temple.  If the elder then returned to the elder's town and issued a decision contrary to what the Great Sanhedrin had instructed, then the elder was guilty of acting "presumptuously" within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:12.|HE}}  But if one of the elder's disciples issued a decision opposed to the Great Sanhedrin, the disciple was exempt from judgment, for the very stringency that kept the disciple from having yet been ordained served as a source of leniency to prevent the disciple from being found to be a rebellious elder.<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 11:2. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 607–08. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_86.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 86b.]</ref>
-[[File:'The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890, Art Gallery of New South Wales.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((500 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((500 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((500 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((500 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (500 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon (1890 painting by [[Edward Poynter]])]]
-====Rules for kings====
-[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4–5]] and [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 20b–22b] interpreted the laws governing the king in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14–20.|HE}}<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4–5]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 586–87. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 20b–22b.]</ref>
-[[File:David King Over All Israel.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|David, King Over All Israel (illustration from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Lithograph Company)]]
-The Mishnah taught that the king could lead the army to a voluntary war on the decision of a court of 71.  He could force a way through private property, and none could stop him.  There was no limit to the size of the king's road.  And he had first choice of the plunder taken by the people in war.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 586. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 20b.]</ref>
-The Rabbis disagreed about the powers of the king.  The Gemara reported that [[Judah ben Ezekiel|Rab Judah]] said in [[Samuel of Nehardea|Samuel's]] name that a king was permitted to take all the actions that {{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|8:4–18|HE}} enumerated, but [[Abba Arika|Rav]] said that {{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|8|HE}} was intended only to frighten the people, citing the emphatic double verb in the words "You shall surely set a king over you" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:15|HE}} to indicate that the people would fear the king.  And the Gemara also reported the same dispute among other [[Tannaim]]; in this account, Rabbi Jose said that a king was permitted to take all the actions that {{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|8:4–18|HE}} enumerated, but [[Judah ben Ilai|Rabbi Judah]] said that {{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|8|HE}} was intended only to frighten the people, citing the emphatic double verb in the words "You shall surely set a king over you" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:15|HE}} to indicate that the people would fear the king.  Rabbi Judah (or others say Rabbi Jose) said that three commandments were given to the Israelites when they entered the land: (1) the commandment of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14–15|HE}} to appoint a king, (2) the commandment of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|25:19|HE}} to blot out [[Amalek]], and (3) the commandment of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|12:10–11|HE}} to build the Temple in Jerusalem.  Rabbi Nehorai, on the other hand, said that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14–15|HE}} did not command the Israelites to choose a king, but was spoken only in anticipation of the Israelites' future complaints, as {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:14|HE}} says, "And (you) shall say, 'I will set a king over me.'" <ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 20b;] see also Deuteronomy Rabbah 5:10 (three commandments).</ref>
-{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:15|HE}} says that “the Lord your God shall choose” the Israelite king.  Rav Hanan bar [[Rava (amora)|Rava]] said in the name of Rav that even the superintendent of a well is appointed in Heaven.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_91.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 91b.]</ref>
-[[File:Solomon's Wealth and Wisdom.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((200 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((200 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (200 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Solomon's Wealth and Wisdom (illustration from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Lithograph Company)]]
-The Mishnah interpreted the words "He shall not multiply horses to himself" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:16|HE}} to limit the king to only as many horses as his chariots required.<ref name="Sanhedrin21b">[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 586. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_21.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 21b.]</ref>
-[[File:Sheba tint-2.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((300 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((300 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((300 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((300 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (300 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The Queen of Sheba and Solomon (painting by [[Tintoretto]])]]
-The Mishnah interpreted the words "Neither shall he multiply wives to himself" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} to limit him to no more than 18 wives.  Rabbi Judah said that he could have more wives, provided that they did not turn away his heart.  But Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai|Simeon]] said that he must not marry even one wife who would turn away his heart.  The Mishnah concluded that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} prohibited the king from marrying more than 18 wives, even if they were all as righteous as [[Abigail]] the wife of David.<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 586. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_21.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 21a.]</ref> The Gemara noted that Rabbi Judah did not always employ the rationale behind a Biblical passage as a basis for limiting its legal effect, as he did here in [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]].  The Gemara explained that Rabbi Judah employed the rationale behind the law here because {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} itself expounds the rationale behind its legal constraint:  The reason behind the command, "he shall not multiply wives to himself," is so "that his heart be not turned aside."  Thus Rabbi Judah reasoned that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} itself restricts the law to these conditions, and a king could have more wives if "his heart be not turned aside."  And the Gemara noted that Rabbi Simeon did not always interpret a Biblical passage strictly by its plain meaning, as he appeared to do here in [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]].  The Gemara explained that Rabbi Simeon could have reasoned that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} adds the words, "that his heart turn not away," to imply that the king must not marry even a single wife who might turn away his heart.  And one could interpret the words "he shall not multiply" to mean that the king must not marry many wives even if they, like Abigail, would never turn away his heart.  The Gemara then analyzed how the anonymous first view in [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]] came to its conclusion that the king could have no more than 18 wives.  The Gemara noted that {{Bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:2–5|HE}} refers to the children of six of David's wives born to David in [[Hebron]].  And the Gemara reasoned that [[Nathan (Prophet)|Nathan]] the Prophet referred to these six wives in {{Bibleverse|2|Samuel|12:8|HE}} when he said, "And if that were too little, then would I add to you the like of these, and the like of these," each "these" implying six more wives.  Thus with the original six, these two additions of six would make 18 in all.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_21.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 21a.]</ref>
-[[File:King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((150 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((150 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((150 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((150 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (150 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|left|King Solomon (18th Century Russian icon)]]
-[[File:David's Love for God's House.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|King David (illustration from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Lithograph Company)]]
-The Mishnah interpreted the words "and silver and gold he shall not greatly multiply to himself" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:17|HE}} to limit the king to only as much silver and gold as he needed to pay his soldiers.<ref name="Sanhedrin21b"/>
-The Mishnah interpreted the words "he shall write a copy of this law in a book" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:18|HE}} to teach that when he went to war, he was to take it with him; on returning, he was to bring it back; when he sat in judgment, it was to be with him; and when he sat down to eat, it was to be before him, to fulfill the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|17:19,|HE}} "and it shall be with him and he shall read in it all the days of his life."<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|Mishnah Sanhedrin 2:4]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 586–87. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_21.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 21b.]</ref>
-===Deuteronomy chapter 18===
-====Rules for Levites====
-The interpreters of Scripture by symbol taught that the deeds of [[Phinehas]] explained why {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:3|HE}} directed that the priests were to receive the foreleg, cheeks, and stomach of sacrifices.  The foreleg represented the hand of Phinehas, as {{Bibleverse-lb||Numbers|25:7|HE}} reports that Phinehas "took a spear in his hand."  The cheeks' represent the prayer of Phinehas, as {{Bibleverse||Psalm|106:30|HE}} reports, "Then Phinehas stood up and prayed, and so the plague was stayed."  The stomach was to be taken in its literal sense, for {{Bibleverse||Numbers|25:8|HE}} reports that Phinehas "thrust . . . the woman through her belly."<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Chullin.pdf Babylonian Talmud Chullin 134b.]</ref>
-====Rules for prophets====
-Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:7 and [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_64.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 64a–b] interpreted the laws prohibiting passing one's child through the fire to [[Moloch|Molech]] in {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:21|HE}} and {{Bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|20:1–5,|HE}} and {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:10.|HE}}<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:7. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 598. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_64.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 64a–b.]</ref>
-[[File:The Witch of Endor (William Blake) 2.jpg{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((200 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((200 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((200 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (200 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|left|thumb|The [[Witch of Endor]] (pen and watercolor on paper circa 1800 by [[William Blake]])]]
-[[Rabbi Assi]] taught that the children of Noah were also prohibited to do anything stated in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:10–11:|HE}} "There shall not be found among you any one that makes his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, one that uses divination, a soothsayer, or an enchanter, or a sorcerer, or a charmer, or one that consults a ghost or a familiar spirit, or a necromancer."<ref>[[Genesis Rabba]]h 34:8.</ref>
-The Mishnah defined a “sorcerer” ({{Hebrew|מְכַשֵּׁף}}, ''mechashef'')  within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:10|HE}} to be one who actually performed magic, in which case the sorcerer was liable to death.  But if the offender merely created illusions, the offender was not put to death.  Rabbi Akiva said in Rabbi Joshua's name that two may gather cucumbers by “magic,” and one was to be punished and the other was to be exempt.  The one who actually gathered the cucumbers by magic was to be punished, while the one who performed an illusion was exempt.<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:11. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, at 599. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_67.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 67a.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker, Joseph Elias, and Dovid Katz; edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 48, at 67a<sup>3</sup>. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. ISBN 1-57819-630-2.</ref>
-Similarly, the Sifre defined the terms “augurer,” “diviner,” “soothsayer,” and “sorcerer” within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:10.|HE}} An “augurer” was one who took hold of a staff  and said, “Whether I should go or not.” [[Rabbi Ishmael]] said that a “soothsayer” was someone who passed something over his eye.  Rabbi Akiva said that soothsayers calculated the seasons, as did those who declared that the years prior to the seventh year produced good wheat or bad beans.  And the Sages said soothsayers were those who performed illusions.  The Sifre defined “diviners” as people who said that something could be divined from, for example, bread falling from someone’s mouth, a staff falling from someone’s hand, a snake passing on one’s right or a fox on one’s left, a deer stopping on the way before someone, or the coming of the new moon.  And the Sifre taught that a “sorcerer” was someone who actually carried out a deed, not merely performing an illusion.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 171. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 47–48.</ref>
-[[Yochanan bar Nafcha|Rabbi Johanan]] taught that sorcerers are called {{Hebrew|כַשְּׁפִים}}, ''kashefim'', because they seek to contradict the power of Heaven.  (Some read {{Hebrew|כַשְּׁפִים}}, ''kashefim'', as an acronym for {{Hebrew|כחש פמליא}}, ''kachash pamalia'', “contradicting the legion [of Heaven].”)  But the Gemara noted that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|4:35|HE}} says, “There is none else besides Him (God).” [[Hanina bar Hama|Rabbi Hanina]] interpreted {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|4:35|HE}} to teach that even sorcerers have no power to oppose God’s will.  A woman once tried to take earth from under Rabbi Hanina's feet (so as to perform sorcery against him).  Rabbi Hanina told her that if she could succeed in her attempts, she should go ahead, but (he was not concerned, for) {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|4:35|HE}} says, “There is none else beside Him.”  But the Gemara asked whether Rabbi Johanan had not taught that sorcerers are called {{Hebrew|כַשְּׁפִים}}, ''kashefim'', because they (actually) contradict the power of Heaven.  The Gemara answered that Rabbi Hanina was in a different category, owing to his abundant merit (and therefore Heaven protected him).<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_67.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 67b.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker, Joseph Elias, and Dovid Katz; edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 48, at 67b<sup>1–2</sup>.</ref>
-[[File:Moses dore.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((225 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((225 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((225 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((225 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (225 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Moses Smashing the Tables of the Law (illustration by [[Gustave Doré]])]]
-In {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:15,|HE}} Moses foretold that “A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you, from your midst, of your brethren.”  The Sifre deduced from the words “for you” that God would not raise up a prophet for other nations.  The Sifre deduced from the words “from your midst” that a prophet could not come from abroad.  And the Sifre deduced from the words “of your brethren” that a prophet could not be an outsider.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 175. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 53.</ref>
-In {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:15,|HE}} Moses foretold that "A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you . . . ''like me''," and Rabbi Johanan thus taught that prophets would have to be, like Moses, strong, wealthy, wise, and meek.  Strong, for {{Bibleverse||Exodus|40:19|HE}} says of Moses, "he spread the tent over the tabernacle," and a Master taught that Moses himself spread it, and {{Bibleverse||Exodus|26:16|HE}} reports, "Ten [[cubit]]s shall be the length of a board."  Similarly, the strength of Moses can be derived from {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|9:17,|HE}} in which Moses reports, "And I took the two tablets, and cast them out of my two hands, and broke them," and it was taught that the tablets were six handbreadths in length, six in breadth, and three in thickness.  Wealthy, as {{Bibleverse||Exodus|34:1|HE}} reports God's instruction to Moses, "Carve yourself two tablets of stone," and the Rabbis interpreted the verse to teach that the chips would belong to Moses.  Wise, for Rav and Samuel both said that 50 gates of understanding were created in the world, and all but one were given to Moses, for {{Bibleverse||Psalm|8:6|HE}} said of Moses, "You have made him a little lower than God."  Meek, for {{Bibleverse||Numbers|12:3|HE}} reports, "Now the man Moses was very meek."<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/nedarim/nedarim_38.html Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 38a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that the community was to execute a “false prophet” within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:20|HE}} — one who prophesied what the prophet had not heard or what was not told to the prophet.  But Heaven alone would see to the death of the person who suppressed a prophecy or disregarded the words of a prophet, or a prophet who transgressed the prophet’s own word.  For in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|18:19,|HE}} God says, “''I'' will require it of him.”<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 11:5. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, at 608–09. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_89.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 89a.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker, Joseph Elias, and Dovid Katz; edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 48, at 89a<sup>2–3</sup>.</ref> The Mishnah taught that only a court of 71 members (the Great Sanhedrin) could try a false prophet.<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 1:5. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, at 584. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_2.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 2a.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker and Abba Tzvi Naiman; edited by Hersh Goldwurm, vol. 47, at 2a<sup>3</sup>. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1993. ISBN 1-57819-629-9.</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that the community was to execute by strangulation a false prophet and one who prophesied in the name of an idol.<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 11:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, at 607. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_84.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 84b.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker, Joseph Elias, and Dovid Katz; edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 48, at 84b<sup>1</sup>.</ref> And the Mishnah taught that one who prophesied in the name of an idol was subject to execution by strangulation even if the prophecy chanced upon the correct law.<ref>Mishnah Sanhedrin 11:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, at 609. [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_89.html Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 89a.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Elucidated by Asher Dicker, Joseph Elias, and Dovid Katz; edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 48, at 89a<sup>3</sup>.</ref>
-A Baraita taught that prophecy died when the later prophets [[Haggai]], [[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zechariah]], and [[Malachi]] died, and the Divine Spirit departed from Israel.  But Jews could still on occasion hear echoes of a Heavenly Voice (''[[Bat Kol]]'').<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Yoma.pdf Babylonian Talmud Yoma 9b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_48.html#PARTb Sotah 48b.]</ref>
-[[File:Cities of refuge.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((225 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((225 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((225 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((225 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (225 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Cities of Refuge (illustration from a Bible card published 1901 by the Providence Lithograph Company)]]
-===Deuteronomy chapter 19===
-====Cities of refuge====
-Chapter 2 of tractate [[Makkot]] in the Mishnah, [[Tosefta]], [[Jerusalem Talmud]], and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the cities of refuge in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|21:12–14,|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Numbers|35:1–34,|HE}} {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|4:41–43,|HE}} and {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|19:1–13.|HE}}<ref>Mishnah Makkot 2:1–8. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 612–16. Tosefta Makkot 2:1–3:10. Jerusalem Talmud Makkot. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 7a–13a.]</ref>
-[[File:Crompton If any man hate his neighbor.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((250 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((250 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((250 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (250 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|"If any man hate his neighbor, and lie in wait for him." ({{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|19:11|HE}}) (illustration circa 1900 by James Shaw Crompton)]]
-The Mishnah taught that those who killed in error went into banishment.  One would go into banishment if, for example, while one was pushing a roller on a roof, the roller slipped over, fell, and killed someone.  One would go into banishment if while one was lowering a cask, it fell down and killed someone.  One would go into banishment if while coming down a ladder, one fell and killed someone.  But one would ''not'' go into banishment if while pulling ''up'' the roller it fell back and killed someone, or while ''raising'' a bucket the rope snapped and the falling bucket killed someone, or while going ''up'' a ladder one fell down and killed someone.  The Mishnah's general principle was that whenever the death occurred in the course of a downward movement, the culpable person went into banishment, but if the death did not occur in the course of a downward movement, the person did not go into banishment.  If while chopping wood, the iron slipped from the ax handle and killed someone, [[Judah haNasi|Rabbi]] taught that the person did not go into banishment, but the sages said that the person did go into banishment.  If from the split log rebounding killed someone, Rabbi said that the person went into banishment, but the sages said that the person did not go into banishment.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 2:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 612–13. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 7a–b.]</ref>
-Rabbi Jose bar Judah taught that to begin with, they sent a slayer to a city of refuge, whether the slayer killed intentionally or not.  Then the court sent and brought the slayer back from the city of refuge.  The Court executed whomever the court found guilty of a capital crime, and the court acquitted whomever the court found not guilty of a capital crime.  The court restored to the city of refuge whomever the court found liable to banishment, as {{Bibleverse||Numbers|35:25|HE}} ordained, "And the congregation shall restore him to the city of refuge from where he had fled."<ref>Mishnah Makkot 2:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 614. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 9b.]</ref> {{Bibleverse||Numbers|35:25|HE}} also says, "The manslayer . . . shall dwell therein until the death of the high priest, who was anointed with the holy oil," but the Mishnah taught that the death of a high priest who had been anointed with the holy anointing oil, the death of a high priest who had been consecrated by the many vestments, or the death of a high priest who had retired from his office each equally made possible the return of the slayer.  Rabbi Judah said that the death of a priest who had been anointed for war also permitted the return of the slayer.  Because of these laws, mothers of high priests would provide food and clothing for the slayers in cities of refuge so that the slayers might not pray for the high priest's death.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 2:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 614–15. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 11a.]</ref> If the high priest died at the conclusion of the slayer's trial, the slayer did not go into banishment.  If, however, the high priests died before the trial was concluded and another high priest was appointed in his stead and then the trial concluded, the slayer returned home after the new high priest's death.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 2:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 615. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 11b.]</ref>
-In {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:6,|HE}} the heart becomes hot, and in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3,|HE}} the heart grows faint.  A Midrash catalogued the wide range of additional capabilities of the heart reported in the Hebrew Bible.<ref>[[Ecclesiastes Rabbah]] 1:36.</ref> The heart speaks,<ref name="Eccl1:16">{{Bibleverse||Ecclesiastes|1:16.|HE}}</ref> sees,<ref name="Eccl1:16"/> hears,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|3:9.|HE}}</ref> walks,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|5:26.|HE}}</ref> falls,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|17:32.|HE}}</ref> stands,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Ezekiel|22:14.|HE}}</ref> rejoices,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|16:9.|HE}}</ref> cries,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Lamentations|2:18.|HE}}</ref> is comforted,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Isaiah|40:2.|HE}}</ref> is troubled,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|15:10.|HE}}</ref> becomes hardened,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|9:12.|HE}}</ref> grieves,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|6:6.|HE}}</ref> fears,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|28:67.|HE}}</ref> can be broken,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|51:19.|HE}}</ref> becomes proud,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|8:14.|HE}}</ref> rebels,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|5:23.|HE}}</ref> invents,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Kings|12:33.|HE}}</ref> cavils,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|29:18.|HE}}</ref> overflows,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|45:2.|HE}}</ref> devises,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|19:21.|HE}}</ref> desires,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|21:3.|HE}}</ref> goes astray,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|7:25.|HE}}</ref> lusts,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Numbers|15:39.|HE}}</ref> is refreshed,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|18:5.|HE}}</ref> can be stolen,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|31:20.|HE}}</ref> is humbled,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|26:41.|HE}}</ref> is enticed,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|34:3.|HE}}</ref> errs,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Isaiah|21:4.|HE}}</ref> trembles,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|4:13.|HE}}</ref> is awakened,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Song|5:2.|HE}}</ref> loves,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|6:5.|HE}}</ref> hates,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|19:17.|HE}}</ref> envies,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|23:17.|HE}}</ref> is searched,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|17:10.|HE}}</ref> is rent,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Joel|2:13.|HE}}</ref> meditates,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|49:4.|HE}}</ref> is like a fire,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|20:9.|HE}}</ref> is like a stone,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Ezekiel|36:26.|HE}}</ref> turns in repentance,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Kings|23:25.|HE}}</ref> dies,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|25:37.|HE}}</ref> melts,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Joshua|7:5.|HE}}</ref> takes in words,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|6:6.|HE}}</ref> is susceptible to fear,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|32:40.|HE}}</ref> gives thanks,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Psalm|111:1.|HE}}</ref> covets,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|6:25.|HE}}</ref> becomes hard,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|28:14.|HE}}</ref> makes merry,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Judges|16:25.|HE}}</ref> acts deceitfully,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|12:20.|HE}}</ref> speaks from out of itself,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Samuel|1:13.|HE}}</ref> loves bribes,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|22:17.|HE}}</ref> writes words,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|3:3.|HE}}</ref> plans,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|6:18.|HE}}</ref> receives commandments,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|10:8.|HE}}</ref> acts with pride,<ref>{{Bibleverse-lb||Obadiah|1:3.|HE}}</ref> makes arrangements,<ref>{{Bibleverse||Proverbs|16:1.|HE}}</ref> and aggrandizes itself.<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|25:19.|HE}}</ref>
-====Landmarks====
-[[Rabbi Hiyya b. Abba|Rabbi Hiyya bar Abba]] taught in Rabbi Johanan's name that the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14,|HE}} "You shall not remove your neighbor's landmark, which they of old have set," meant that when planting, one should not encroach upon the boundary that they of old set.  (Thus, one should not plant so near to one's neighbor's border that one's plants' roots draw sustenance from the neighbor's land, thus impoverishing it.)  And the Gemara further cited this analysis for the proposition that one may rely on the Rabbis' agricultural determinations.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_85.html Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 85a.]</ref>
-The Sifre asked why {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14|HE}} says, "You shall not remove your neighbor's landmark," when {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|19:13|HE}} already says, "You shall not rob."  The Sifre explained that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14|HE}} teaches that one who removes a neighbor's boundary mark violates two negative commandments.  The Sifre further explained that lest one think that this conclusion applies outside the Land of Israel, {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14|HE}} says, "in your inheritance that you will inherit in the land," indicating that only in the Land of Israel would one violate two negative commandments.  Outside the Land of Israel, one would violate only the one commandment of {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|19:13,|HE}} "You shall not rob."  And the Sifre further taught that one violates the command of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:14|HE}} not to move a neighbor's landmark (1) if one moves an Israelite's landmark, (2) if one substitutes the statement of [[Eliezer ben Hurcanus|Rabbi Eliezer]] for that of Rabbi Joshua or vice versa, or (3) if one sells a burial plot purchased by an ancestor.<ref>Sifre to Deuteronomy 188:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, vol. 2, at 70.</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that one who prevents the poor from gleaning, or allows one but not another to glean, or helps one poor person but not another to glean is deemed to be a robber of the poor.  Concerning such a person {{Bibleverse||Proverbs|22:28|HE}} said, "Remove not the landmark of those who came up."<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Zeraim/Tractate Peah/Chapter 5|Mishnah Peah 5:6.]] Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 25.</ref>
-[[File:Chalitza.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((375 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((375 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((375 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((375 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (375 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|a chalitzah ceremony (engraving from an edition of Mishnah Yevamot published in [[Amsterdam]] circa 1700)]]
-====Rules for witnesses====
-Chapter 1 of tractate Makkot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of perjury in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:15–21.|HE}}<ref>[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Makkot|Mishnah Makkot 1:1–9]]. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 609–12. Tosefta Makkot 1:1–11. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 2a–7a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught how they punished perjurers where they could not punish the perjurers with the punishment that the perjurers sought to inflict.  If the perjurers testified that a priest was a son of a divorcee (thus disqualifying the son as a priest) or the son of a woman who had been declined in [[Levirate marriage]] (a woman who had received ''[[halizah|chalitzah]]'', once again disqualifying the son as a priest), they did not order that each perjurer be stigmatized as born of a divorcee or a woman declined in Levirate marriage.  Rather, they gave the perjurer 40 lashes.  If the perjurers testified that a person was guilty of a charge punishable by banishment, they did not banish the perjurers.  Rather, they gave the perjurer 40 lashes.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 609. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 2a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that if perjurers testified that a man divorced his wife and had not paid her [[ketubah]], seeing that her ketubah would ultimately have to be paid sooner or later, the assessment was made based on the value of the woman's ketubah in the event of her being widowed or divorced or, alternatively, her husband inheriting her after her death.  If perjurers testified that a debtor owed a creditor 1,000 [[Zuz (Jewish coin)|zuz]] due within 30 days, while the debtor says that the debt was due in 10 years, the assessment of the fine is made on the basis of how much one might be willing to offer for the difference between holding the sum of 1,000 zuz to be repaid in 30 days or in 10 years.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 609–10. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 3a.]</ref>
-If witnesses testified that a person owed a creditor 200 zuz, and the witnesses turned out to have perjured themselves, then [[Rabbi Meir]] taught that they flogged the perjurers ''and'' ordered the perjurers to pay corresponding damages, because {{Bibleverse||Exodus|20:12|HE}} (20:13 in the NJPS) sanctions the flogging and {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:19|HE}} sanctions the compensation.  But the Sages said that one who paid damages was not flogged.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:2. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 610. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 4a.]</ref>
-If witnesses testified that a person was liable to receive 40 lashes, and the witnesses turned out to have perjured themselves, then Rabbi Meir taught that the perjurers received 80 lashes — 40 on account of the commandment of {{Bibleverse||Exodus|20:12|HE}} (20:13 in the NJPS) not to bear false witness and 40 on account of the instruction of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:19|HE}} to do to perjurers as they intended to do to their victims.  But the Sages said that they received only 40 lashes.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:3. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 610. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 4a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that a group of convicted perjurers divided monetary penalties among themselves, but penalties of lashes were not divided among offenders.  Thus if the perjurers testified that a person owed a friend 200 zuz, and they were found to have committed perjury, the court divided the damages proportionately among the perjurers.  But if the perjurers testified that a person was liable to a flogging of 40 lashes, and they were found to have committed perjury, then each perjurer received 40 lashes.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:3. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 610. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 5a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that they did not condemn witnesses as perjurers until other witnesses directly incriminated the first witnesses.  Thus if the first witnesses testified that one person killed another, and other witnesses testified that the victim or the alleged murderer was with the other witnesses on that day in a particular place, then they did not condemn the first witnesses as perjurers.  But if the other witnesses testified that the first witnesses were with the other witnesses on that day in a particular place, then they did condemn the first witnesses as perjurers and executed the first witnesses on the other witnesses' evidence.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:4. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 610. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 5a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that if a second set of witnesses came and charged the first witnesses with perjury, and then a third set of witnesses came and charged them with perjury, even if a hundred witnesses did so, they were all to be executed.  Rabbi Judah said that this demonstrated a conspiracy, and they executed only the first set of witnesses.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:5. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 610–11. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 5a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah taught that they did not execute perjurers in a capital case until after the conclusion of the trial of the person against whom they testified.  The [[Sadducees]] taught that they executed perjurers only after the accused had actually been executed, pursuant to the injunction "eye for eye" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:21.|HE}}  The ([[Pharisees|Pharisee]]) Sages noted that {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:19|HE}} says, "then shall you do to him as he purposed to do to his brother," implying that his brother was still alive.  The Sages thus asked what "life for life" meant.  The Sages taught that one might have thought that perjurers were liable to be executed from the moment that they delivered their perjured testimony, so {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:21|HE}} says "life for life" to instruct that perjurers were not to be put to death until after the conclusion of the trial.<ref>Mishnah Makkot 1:6. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 611. [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Babylonian Talmud Makkot 5b.]</ref>
-The Gemara taught that the words "eye for eye" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:21|HE}} meant pecuniary compensation.  Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai|Simon ben Yohai]] asked those who would take the words literally how they would enforce equal justice where a blind man put out the eye of another man, or an amputee cut off the hand of another, or where a lame person broke the leg of another.  The school of Rabbi Ishmael cited the words "so shall it be given to him" in {{Bibleverse||Leviticus|24:20,|HE}} and deduced that the word "give" could apply only to pecuniary compensation.  The school of Rabbi Hiyya cited the words "hand for hand" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|19:21|HE}} to mean that an article was given from hand to hand, namely money. [[Abaye]] reported that a sage of the school of Hezekiah taught that {{Bibleverse||Exodus|21:23–24|HE}} said "eye for eye" and "life for life," but not "life and eye for eye," and it could sometimes happen that eye and life would be taken for an eye, as when the offender died while being blinded. [[Rav Papa]] said in the name of Rava that {{Bibleverse||Exodus|21:19|HE}} referred explicitly to healing, and the verse would not make sense if one assumed that retaliation was meant. And Rav Ashi taught that the principle of pecuniary compensation could be derived from the analogous use of the term "for" in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|21:24|HE}} in the expression "eye for eye" and in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|21:36|HE}} in the expression "he shall surely pay ox for ox."  As the latter case plainly indicated pecuniary compensation, so must the former.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_84.html Babylonian Talmud Bava Kamma 84a.]</ref>
-[[File:Hardy And when you come near to battle.jpg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((350 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((350 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (350 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|"And when you come near to battle, the priest shall speak to the people." ({{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|20:2|HE}}) (illustration circa 1890–1910 by Paul Hardy)]]
-===Deuteronomy chapter 20===
-====Rules for war====
-Chapter 8 of tractate [[Sotah]] in the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud and part of chapter 7 of tractate Sotah in the Tosefta interpreted the laws of those excused from war in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:1–9.|HE}}<ref>Mishnah Sotah 8:1–7. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 459–62. Tosefta Sotah 7:18–24. [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_42.html Babylonian Talmud Sotah 42a–44b.]</ref>
-[[File:Tissot The Seven Trumpets of Jericho.jpg|thumb|left{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((350 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((350 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((350 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (350 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|The Seven Trumpets of Jericho (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)]]
-The Mishnah taught that when the [[Kohen Gadol|High Priest]] anointed for battle addressed the people, he spoke in Hebrew.  The High Priest spoke the words "against your enemies" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3|HE}} to make clear that it was not against their brethren that the Israelites fought, and thus if they fell into the enemies' hands, the enemies would not have mercy on them.  The High Priest said "let not your heart faint" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3|HE}} to refer to the neighing of the horses and the brandishing of swords.  He said "fear not" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3|HE}} to refer to the crash of shields and the tramp of the soldiers' shoes.  He said "nor tremble" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3|HE}} to refer to the sound of trumpets.  He said "neither be afraid" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:3|HE}} to refer to the sound of battle-cries.  He said the words "for the Lord your God goes with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you" in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:4|HE}} to make clear that the enemies would come relying upon the might of flesh and blood, but the Israelites came relying upon the might of God.  The High Priest continued, saying that the [[Philistines]] came relying upon the might of [[Goliath]], and his fate was to fall by the sword, and the Philistines fell with him.  The [[Ammonite]]s came relying upon the might of their captain Shobach, but his fate was to fall by the sword, and the Ammonites fell with him.  And thus the High Priest said the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:4|HE}} to allude to the camp of the [[Ark of the Covenant]], which would go to battle with the Israelites.<ref>Mishnah Sotah 8:1. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 459–60. [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_42.html Babylonian Talmud Sotah 42a.]</ref>
-The Mishnah interpreted the words “fearful and fainthearted” within the meaning of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:8.|HE}} Rabbi Akiva taught that one should understand “fearful and fainthearted” literally — the conscript was unable to stand in the battle-ranks and see a drawn sword.  Rabbi [[Jose the Galilean]], however, taught that the words “fearful and fainthearted” alluded to those who feared because of the transgressions that they had committed.  Therefore, the Torah connected the fearful and fainthearted with those who had built a new house, planted a vineyard, or become engaged, so that the fearful and fainthearted might return home on their account.  (Otherwise, those who claimed exemption because of sinfulness would have to expose themselves publicly as transgressors.)  Rabbi Jose counted among the fearful and fainthearted a High Priest who married a widow, an ordinary priest who married a divorcee or a woman who had been declined in Levirate marriage (a woman who had received ''chalitzah''), and a lay Israelite who married the child of an illicit union (a ''[[mamzer]]'') or a [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeonite]].<ref>Mishnah Sotah 8:5. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 461. [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_44.html Babylonian Talmud Sotah 44a.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Bavli''. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and Chaim Malinowitz, vol. 33b, at 44a<sup>5–6</sup>.</ref>
-Even though one might conclude from {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:10|HE}} and [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0520.htm#15 15–18] that the Israelites were not to offer peace to the Canaanites, Rabbi Samuel bar Nachman taught that [[Joshua]] sent three edicts to the inhabitants of the Land of Israel before the Israelites entered the land:  first, that whoever wanted to leave the land should leave; second, that whoever wished to make peace and agree to pay taxes should do so; and third, that whoever wished to make war should do so.  The Girgashites vacated their land and thus merited receiving land in [[Africa]].  And the Gibeonites made peace with the Israelites, as reported in {{Bibleverse||Joshua|10:1.|HE}}<ref>Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit 45b.</ref>
-When the Israelites carried out the commandment of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:8,|HE}} “You shall write upon the stones all the words of this law," Rabbi Simeon taught that the Israelites inscribed the Torah on the plaster and wrote below (for the nations) the words of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:18,|HE}} "That they teach you not to do after all their abominations."  And Rabbi Simeon taught that if people of the nations then repented, they would be accepted.  Rava bar Shila taught that Rabbi Simeon's reason for teaching that the Israelites inscribed the Torah on the plaster was because {{Bibleverse||Isaiah|33:12|HE}} says, "And the peoples shall be as the burnings of plaster."  That is, the people of the other nations would burn on account of the matter on the plaster (and because they failed to follow the teachings written on the plaster).  Rabbi Judah, however, taught that the Israelites inscribed the Torah directly on the stones, as {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:8|HE}} says, "You shall write upon the stones all the words of this law," and after that they plastered them over with plaster.  Rabbi Simeon asked Rabbi Judah how then the people of that time learned the Torah (as the inscription would have been covered with plaster).  Rabbi Judah replied that God endowed the people of that time with exceptional intelligence, and they sent their scribes, who peeled off the plaster and carried away a copy of the inscription.  On that account, the verdict was sealed for them to descend into the pit of destruction, because it was their duty to learn Torah, but they failed to do so.  Rabbi Judah explained {{Bibleverse||Isaiah|33:12|HE}} to mean that their destruction would be like plaster: Just as there is no other remedy for plaster except burning (for burning is the only way to obtain plaster), so there was no remedy for those nations (who cleave to their abominations) other than burning.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_35.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sotah 35b.]</ref>
-===Deuteronomy chapter 21===
-Chapter 9 of tractate Sotah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the found corpse and the calf whose neck was to be broken ({{Hebrew|עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה}}, ''egla arufa'') in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:1–9.|HE}}<ref>Mishnah Sotah 9:1–9. Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 462–66. Tosefta Sotah 9:1–2. [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_44.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Sotah 44b–47b.]</ref>
-[[Eliezer ben Hurcanus|Rabbi Eliezer]] ruled that the calf ({{Hebrew|עֶגְלָה}}, ''eglah'') prescribed in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:3–6|HE}} had to be no more than one year old and the red cow ({{Hebrew|פָרָה}}, ''parah'') prescribed in {{Bibleverse||Numbers|19:2|HE}} had to be two years old.  But the Sages ruled that the calf could be even two years old and the red cow could be three or four years old. [[Rabbi Meir]] ruled that the red cow could be even five years old, but they did not wait with an older cow, as it might in the meantime grow some black hairs and thus become invalid.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/taharoth/Parah.pdf Mishnah Parah 1:1.] Reprinted in, e.g., ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 1012–13.</ref>
-A Midrash told that when [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]] was young, he used to study Torah with [[Jacob]].  When Joseph's brothers told Jacob in {{Bibleverse||Genesis|45:26|HE}} that Joseph was still alive, Jacob did not believe them, but he recalled the subject that Jacob and Joseph had been studying when they last studied together: the passage on the beheaded heifer ({{Hebrew|עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה}}, ''egla arufa'') in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:1–9.|HE}}  Jacob told the brothers that if Joseph gave them a sign of which subject Joseph and Jacob had last studied together, then Jacob would believe them.  Joseph too had remembered what subject they had been studying, so (as {{Bibleverse||Genesis|45:21|HE}} reports) he sent Jacob wagons ({{Hebrew|עֲגָלוֹת}}, ''agalot'') so that Jacob might know that the gift came from him.  The Midrash thus concluded that wherever Joseph went he studied the Torah, just as his forbears did, even though the Torah had not yet been given.<ref>Genesis Rabbah 95:3.</ref>
-The Gemara employed {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:4|HE}} to deduce that one may not benefit from a corpse.  The Gemara deduced this conclusion from the use of the same word “there” ({{Hebrew|שָׁם}}, ''sham'') both in connection with the heifer whose neck was to be broken ({{Hebrew|הָעֶגְלָה, הָעֲרוּפָה}}, ''ha-eglah ha-arufah'') prescribed in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:3–6|HE}} and in {{Bibleverse||Numbers|20:1|HE}} in connection with a corpse.  {{Bibleverse||Numbers|20:1|HE}} says, “And Miriam died there ({{Hebrew|שָׁם}}, ''sham''),” and {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:4|HE}} says, “And they shall break the heifer's neck there ({{Hebrew|שָׁם}}, ''sham'') in the valley.”  Just as one was prohibited to benefit from the heifer, so also one was thus prohibited to benefit from a corpse.  And the School of [[Rabbi Yannai]] taught that one was prohibited to benefit from the heifer because {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:8|HE}} mentions forgiveness ({{Hebrew|כַּפֵּר}}, ''kaper'') in connection with the heifer, just as atonement ({{Hebrew|כַּפֵּר}}, ''kaper'') is mentioned in connection with sacrifices (for example in {{Bibleverse||Exodus|29:36|HE}}). (Just as one was prohibited to benefit from sacrifices, so also one was thus prohibited to benefit from the heifer.)<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_29.html#PARTb Babylonian Talmud Avodah Zarah 29b.]</ref>
-[[File:Modern document hypothesis.svg|thumb{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((160 / 220) round 1) <= 1.1) and (((160 / 220) round 1) >= 0.9)}}|0|{{subst:!}}upright{{subst:#ifeq:{{subst:#expr: (((160 / 220) round 2) <= 0.8) and (((160 / 220) round 1) > 0.7)}}|0|={{subst:#expr: (160 / 220) round 1}}}}}}|Diagram of the Documentary Hypothesis]]
---->
-==Analisi critica==
-{{...}}
-<!--- da tradurre
-Alcuni studiosi testamentari laici che seguono l'[[Ipotesi documentale]] considerano tutta la parashah come parte del codice originale [[Deuteronomio|deuteronomico]] (a volte abbreviato con ''Dtn'') that the first [[Deuteronomist|Deuteronomistic historian]] (sometimes abbreviated Dtr 1) included in the edition of Deuteronomy that existed during [[Josiah]]’s time.<ref>See, e.g., Richard Elliott Friedman. ''The Bible with Sources Revealed'', 5, 336–42. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. ISBN 0-06-053069-3.</ref> One exponent of the Documentary Hypothesis, [[Richard Elliott Friedman]], argues that the laws of war in {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20|HE}} and {{Bibleverse-nb||Deuteronomy|21|HE}} appear to be directed to the entire Israelite people, rather than a professional army, and thus appear to derive from a period before the monarchy and thus may come from sources much earlier than the balance of the Deuteronomic Code.<ref>Friedman, ''The Bible with Sources Revealed'', at 340 note.</ref>
-In these laws of war, the Masoretic Text of {{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:8|HE}} (as well as the [[Septuagint]] and [[Samaritan Pentateuch]] there) refers to “officers” ({{Hebrew|שֹּׁטְרִים}}, ''shotrim''), but one of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] (4QDeut<sup>k2</sup>) refers to these leaders as “judges” ({{Hebrew|שֹּׁפְטִים}}, ''shoftim'').<ref>Martin G. Abegg Jr., Peter Flint, and [[Eugene Ulrich]]. ''The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English'', 174. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999. ISBN 0-06-060063-2.</ref>
---->
-==Comandamenti==
 Secondo lo ''[[Sefer ha-Chinuch]]'' ci sono [[mitzvot|14 comandamenti positivi]] e 27 negativi in questa parashah.<ref>''[[Sefer haChinukh]]: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education'', trad. di Charles Wengrov, 5:2–155. [[Gerusalemme]]: Feldheim Pub., 1988. ISBN 0-87306-497-6.</ref>
-*Nominare giudici<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|16:18}}</ref>
+* Nominare giudici<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|16:18}}</ref>
-*Non piantare un albero nel santuario<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|16:21}}</ref>
+* Non piantare un albero nel santuario<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|16:21}}</ref>
-*Non erigere una colonna in un posto pubblico di culto<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|16:22}}</ref>
+* Non erigere una colonna in un posto pubblico di culto<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|16:22}}</ref>
-*Non offrire un animale temporaneamente difettoso<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:1}}</ref>
+* Non offrire un animale temporaneamente difettoso<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:1}}</ref>
-*Agire secondo le normative del [[Sinedrio]]<ref name="Deut17:11">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:11}}</ref>
+* Agire secondo le normative del [[Sinedrio]]<ref name="Deut17:11">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:11}}</ref>
-*Non deviare dalla parola del Sinedrio<ref name="Deut17:11"/>
+* Non deviare dalla parola del Sinedrio<ref name="Deut17:11"/>
-*Nominare un re da [[Israele]]<ref name="Deut17:15">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:15}}</ref>
+* Nominare un re da [[Israele]]<ref name="Deut17:15">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:15}}</ref>
-*Non nominare un [[Ghiur|convertito]]<ref name="Deut17:15"/>
+* Non nominare un [[Ghiur|convertito]]<ref name="Deut17:15"/>
-*Il re non deve possedere troppi cavalli.<ref name="Deut17:16">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:16}}</ref>
+* Il re non deve possedere troppi cavalli.<ref name="Deut17:16">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:16}}</ref>
-*Non dimorare permanentemente in [[Antico Egitto|Egitto]]<ref name="Deut17:16"/>
+* Non dimorare permanentemente in [[Antico Egitto|Egitto]]<ref name="Deut17:16"/>
-*Il re non deve avere troppe mogli.<ref name="Deut17:17">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:17}}</ref>
+* Il re non deve avere troppe mogli.<ref name="Deut17:17">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:17}}</ref>
-*Il re non deve possedere troppo argento e oro.<ref name="Deut17:17"/>
+* Il re non deve possedere troppo argento e oro.<ref name="Deut17:17"/>
-*Il re deve avere una [[Torah]] separata per se stesso.<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|17:18}}</ref>
+* Il re deve avere una [[Torah]] separata per se stesso.<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|17:18}}</ref>
-*Alla [[Tribù di Levi]] non si deve dare una porzione di terra in Israel; invece si deve dar loro città in cui risiedere.<ref name="Deut18:1">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:1}}</ref>
+* Alla [[Tribù di Levi]] non si deve dare una porzione di terra in Israel; invece si deve dar loro città in cui risiedere.<ref name="Deut18:1">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:1}}</ref>
-*I Leviti non devono prendere una parte del bottino di guerra.<ref name="Deut18:1"/>
+* I Leviti non devono prendere una parte del bottino di guerra.<ref name="Deut18:1"/>
-*Dare la spalla, due guance e lo stomaco degli animali macellati a un [[Kohen]]<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:3}}</ref>
+* Dare la spalla, due guance e lo stomaco degli animali macellati a un [[Kohen]]<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:3}}</ref>
-*Mettere da parte la [[decima]] del Kohen (''Terumah Gedolah'')<ref name="Deut18:4">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:4}}</ref>
+* Mettere da parte la [[decima]] del Kohen (''Terumah Gedolah'')<ref name="Deut18:4">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:4}}</ref>
-*Dare la prima tosatura della pecora ad un Kohen<ref name="Deut18:4"/>
+* Dare la prima tosatura della pecora ad un Kohen<ref name="Deut18:4"/>
-*I turni di lavoro dei sacerdoti deve essere uguale durante le [[festività ebraiche|festività]].<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:6-8}}</ref>
+* I turni di lavoro dei sacerdoti deve essere uguale durante le [[festività ebraiche|festività]].<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:6-8}}</ref>
-*Non andare in [[trance (psicologia)|trance]] per prevedere gli eventi<ref name="Deut18:10">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:10}}</ref>
+* Non andare in [[trance (psicologia)|trance]] per prevedere gli eventi<ref name="Deut18:10">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:10}}</ref>
-*Non eseguire atti di [[magia]]<ref name="Deut18:10"/>
+* Non eseguire atti di [[magia]]<ref name="Deut18:10"/>
-*Non pronunciare incantesimi<ref name="Deut18:11">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:11}}</ref>
+* Non pronunciare incantesimi<ref name="Deut18:11">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:11}}</ref>
-*Non consultare un [[medium]] (''ov'')<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
+* Non consultare un [[medium (paranormale)|medium]] (''ov'')<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
-*Non consultare un [[mago]] (''yidoni'')<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
+* Non consultare un [[mago]] (''yidoni'')<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
-*Non cercare di contattare i morti<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
+* Non cercare di contattare i morti<ref name="Deut18:11"/>
-*Ascoltare il [[profeta]] che parla in [[Dio nell'Ebraismo|Nome di Dio]]<ref name="Deut18:15">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:15}}</ref>
+* Ascoltare il [[profeta]] che parla in [[Dio nell'Ebraismo|Nome di Dio]]<ref name="Deut18:15">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:15}}</ref>
-*Non profetizzare falsamente nel Nome di Dio<ref name="Deut18:20">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:20}}</ref>
+* Non profetizzare falsamente nel Nome di Dio<ref name="Deut18:20">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:20}}</ref>
-*Non profetizzare nel nome di un idolo<ref name="Deut18:20"/>
+* Non profetizzare nel nome di un idolo<ref name="Deut18:20"/>
-*Non aver paura di mettere a morte il falso profeta<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|18:22}}</ref>
+* Non aver paura di mettere a morte il falso profeta<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|18:22}}</ref>
-*Designare città di rifugio e preparare i percorsi per raggiungerle<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|19:3}}</ref>
+* Designare città di rifugio e preparare i percorsi per raggiungerle<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|19:3}}</ref>
-*Un giudice non deve aver pietà dell'[[omicida]] o dell'assalitore durante un processo.<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|19:13}}</ref>
+* Un giudice non deve aver pietà dell'[[omicida]] o dell'assalitore durante un processo.<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|19:13}}</ref>
-*Non spostare i limiti di confine per rubare la proprietà di qualcuno<ref name="Deut19:14">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|19:14}}</ref>
+* Non spostare i limiti di confine per rubare la proprietà di qualcuno<ref name="Deut19:14">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|19:14}}</ref>
-*Non accettare la testimonianza di un solo testimone<ref name="Deut19:15">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|19:15}}</ref>
+* Non accettare la testimonianza di un solo testimone<ref name="Deut19:15">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|19:15}}</ref>
-*Punire i falsi testimoni come loro stessi cercavano di punire l'imputato<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|19:19}}</ref>
+* Punire i falsi testimoni come loro stessi cercavano di punire l'imputato<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|19:19}}</ref>
-*Non spaventarsi e ritirarsi durante la battaglia<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|20:3}}</ref>
+* Non spaventarsi e ritirarsi durante la battaglia<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|20:3}}</ref>
-*Nominare un sacerdote per parlare ai soldati durante la guerra<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|20:5}}</ref>
+* Nominare un sacerdote per parlare ai soldati durante la guerra<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|20:5}}</ref>
-*Offrire termini di pace agli abitanti di una città mentre la si tiene in assedio e trattarli secondo la [[Torah]] se accettano i termini<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|20:10}}</ref>
+* Offrire termini di pace agli abitanti di una città mentre la si tiene in assedio e trattarli secondo la [[Torah]] se accettano i termini<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|20:10}}</ref>
-*Non lasciar sopravvivere nessuna delle sette nazioni [[canaan]]ite<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|20:16}}</ref>
+* Non lasciar sopravvivere nessuna delle sette nazioni [[canaan]]ite<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|20:16}}</ref>
-*Non distruggere gli alberi da frutto anche durante un assedio<ref>{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|20:19}}</ref>
+* Non distruggere gli alberi da frutto anche durante un assedio<ref>{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|20:19}}</ref>
-*Spezzare il collo di un vitello vicino alla valle del fiume dopo un omicidio irrisolto<ref name="Deut21:4">{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|21:4}}</ref>
+* Spezzare il collo di un vitello vicino alla valle del fiume dopo un omicidio irrisolto<ref name="Deut21:4">{{Cita passo biblico|Deuteronomio|21:4}}</ref>
-*Non lavorare né piantare in quella valle del fiume<ref name="Deut21:4"/>
+* Non lavorare né piantare in quella valle del fiume<ref name="Deut21:4"/>
-[[File:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|60px|[[Isaia]] (dipinto di [[Michelangelo]])]]
+[[File:Isaiah-Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|60px|''[[Isaia (Michelangelo)|Isaia]]'' (dipinto di [[Michelangelo]])]]
-==Haftarah==
+== Haftarah ==
-La [[haftarah]] della [[parashah]] è {{passo biblico2|Isaia|51:12-52:12}}. La haftarah è la quarta nel ciclo di sette haftarot di consolazione dopo [[Tisha b'Av]], che precede [[Rosh Hashanah]].
+La [[haftarah]] della [[parashah]] è {{passo biblico|Isaia|51:12-52:12}}. La haftarah è la quarta nel ciclo di sette haftarot di consolazione dopo [[Tisha b'Av]], che precede [[Rosh Hashanah]].
-==Riferimenti==
+== Riferimenti ==
 La parashah ha paralleli o viene discussa nelle seguenti fonti:
-===Antichi===
+=== Antichi ===
 [[File:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|thumb|60px|[[Hammurabi]]]]
-*[[Codice di Hammurabi]] [[:en:s:Codex Hammurabi#The_Code_of_Laws|23–24.]] [[Babilonia]], circa 1780 [[p.e.v.]] Rist. ''int. al'' James B. Pritchard, ''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'', pp. 163, 167. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).
+* [[Codice di Hammurabi]] <!--[[:en:s:Codex Hammurabi#The Code of Laws|-->23–24.<!--]]--> [[Babilonia]], circa 1780 [[p.e.v.]] Rist. ''int. al'' James B. Pritchard, ''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'', pp.&nbsp;163, 167. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).
-*''Leggi ittite'', 6. [[Ittiti|Impero Ittita]], circa 1600–1100 [[p.e.v.]]. Rist. ''int. al.'' James B. Pritchard, ''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'', pp. 188, 189. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).
+* ''Leggi ittite'', 6. [[Ittiti|Impero Ittita]], circa 1600–1100 [[p.e.v.]]. Rist. ''int. al.'' James B. Pritchard, ''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'', pp.&nbsp;188, 189. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. (omicidio irrisolto).
-===Biblici===
+=== Biblici ===
-*{{passo biblico2|Genesi|26:2}} (non andare in Egitto); {{passo biblico2|Genesi|28:18}} (colonna).
+* {{passo biblico|Genesi|26:2}} (non andare in Egitto); {{passo biblico|Genesi|28:18}} (colonna).
-*{{passo biblico2|Esodo|24:4}} (colonne).
+* {{passo biblico|Esodo|24:4}} (colonne).
-*{{passo biblico2|Levitico|18:21}} (Molech); {{passo biblico2|Levitico|20:1-5}} (Molech).
+* {{passo biblico|Levitico|18:21}} (Molech); {{passo biblico|Levitico|20:1-5}} (Molech).
-*{{passo biblico2|Deuteronomio|4:19}} (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle).
+* {{passo biblico|Deuteronomio|4:19}} (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle).
-*{{passo biblico2|Giosuè|24:26}} (colonna di pietra).
+* {{passo biblico|Giosuè|24:26}} (colonna di pietra).
-*{{passo biblico2|1Samuele|8:4-22}} (re).
+* {{passo biblico|1Samuele|8:4-22}} (re).
-*{{passo biblico2|1Re|11:3}} (mogli di Salomone); {{passo biblico2|1Re|11:4-8}}, [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#33 33] (Molech); {{passo biblico2|1Re|22:6-38}} (profeti veri e falsi).
+* {{passo biblico|1Re|11:3}} (mogli di Salomone); {{passo biblico|1Re|11:4-8}}, [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#33 33] (Molech); {{passo biblico|1Re|22:6-38}} (profeti veri e falsi).
-*{{passo biblico2|2Re|16:3}} (figlio passa sul fuoco); {{passo biblico2|2Re|17:17}} (figli passano sul fuoco); {{passo biblico2|2Re|21:6}} (figlio passa sul fuoco); {{passo biblico2|2Re|23:10-14}} (Molech).
+* {{passo biblico|2Re|16:3}} (figlio passa sul fuoco); {{passo biblico|2Re|17:17}} (figli passano sul fuoco); {{passo biblico|2Re|21:6}} (figlio passa sul fuoco); {{passo biblico|2Re|23:10-14}} (Molech).
-*{{passo biblico2|Isaia|28:7-13}} (falsi profeti); {{passo biblico2|Isaia|57:9}} (Molech o re).
+* {{passo biblico|Isaia|28:7-13}} (falsi profeti); {{passo biblico|Isaia|57:9}} (Molech o re).
-*{{passo biblico2|Geremia|7:31}} (sacrificio di infanti); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|8:1-2}} (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|22:1-5}} (doveri dei re); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|23:9-40}} (vagliare i profeti); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|28:7-9}} (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|32:35}} (Molech); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|37:19}} (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|42:13-22}} (non andare in Egitto); {{passo biblico2|Geremia|49:1-3}} (Molech o Malcam).
+* {{passo biblico|Geremia|7:31}} (sacrificio di infanti); {{passo biblico|Geremia|8:1-2}} (adorazione del sole, luna, stelle); {{passo biblico|Geremia|22:1-5}} (doveri dei re); {{passo biblico|Geremia|23:9-40}} (vagliare i profeti); {{passo biblico|Geremia|28:7-9}} (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); {{passo biblico|Geremia|32:35}} (Molech); {{passo biblico|Geremia|37:19}} (giudicare i profeti dai risultati); {{passo biblico|Geremia|42:13-22}} (non andare in Egitto); {{passo biblico|Geremia|49:1-3}} (Molech o Malcam).
-*{{passo biblico2|Ezechiele|8:16-18}} (adorazione del sole); {{passo biblico2|Ezechiele|12:21-14:11}} (profeti veri e falsi); {{passo biblico2|Ezechiele|16:20-21}} (sacrificio di infanti); {{passo biblico2|Ezechiele|17:15}} (re cerca cavalli in Egitto); {{passo biblico2|Ezechiele|23:37}} (sacrificio di figli).
+* {{passo biblico|Ezechiele|8:16-18}} (adorazione del sole); {{passo biblico|Ezechiele|12:21-14:11}} (profeti veri e falsi); {{passo biblico|Ezechiele|16:20-21}} (sacrificio di infanti); {{passo biblico|Ezechiele|17:15}} (re cerca cavalli in Egitto); {{passo biblico|Ezechiele|23:37}} (sacrificio di figli).
-*{{passo biblico2|Osea|3:4}} (colonna).
+* {{passo biblico|Osea|3:4}} (colonna).
-*{{passo biblico2|Amos|5:25-27}} (Molech o re).
+* {{passo biblico|Amos|5:25-27}} (Molech o re).
-*{{passo biblico2|Michea|3:5-7}} (falsi profeti).
+* {{passo biblico|Michea|3:5-7}} (falsi profeti).
-*{{passo biblico2|Sofonia|1:4-6}} (Molech).
+* {{passo biblico|Sofonia|1:4-6}} (Molech).
-*{{passo biblico2|Salmi|9:13}} (Dio vendica il sangue); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|19:13}} (purificarsi di vizi nascosti), {{passo biblico2|Salmi|20:8}} (fiducia nei cavalli); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|23:4}} (Dio è con me); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|27:12}} (presenza di falsi testimoni); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|30:1}} (dedica della casa); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|106:34-41}} (comandamento di distruggere i [[canaaniti]]); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|119:97}} (meditazione sulla legge); {{passo biblico2|Salmi|122:1-5}} (giudizio da Gerusalemme).
+* {{passo biblico|Salmi|9:13}} (Dio vendica il sangue); {{passo biblico|Salmi|19:13}} (purificarsi di vizi nascosti), {{passo biblico|Salmi|20:8}} (fiducia nei cavalli); {{passo biblico|Salmi|23:4}} (Dio è con me); {{passo biblico|Salmi|27:12}} (presenza di falsi testimoni); {{passo biblico|Salmi|30:1}} (dedica della casa); {{passo biblico|Salmi|106:34-41}} (comandamento di distruggere i [[canaaniti]]); {{passo biblico|Salmi|119:97}} (meditazione sulla legge); {{passo biblico|Salmi|122:1-5}} (giudizio da Gerusalemme).
-*{{passo biblico2|Giobbe|31:26-28}} (adorazione del sole, luna).
+* {{passo biblico|Giobbe|31:26-28}} (adorazione del sole, luna).
-*{{passo biblico2|2Cronache|19:4-11}} (giudici e leviti); {{passo biblico2|2Cronache|33:6}} (figli passano sul fuoco).
+* {{passo biblico|2Cronache|19:4-11}} (giudici e leviti); {{passo biblico|2Cronache|33:6}} (figli passano sul fuoco).
 [[File:Josephus.jpg|thumb|60px|[[Flavio Giuseppe]]]]
-===Non rabbinici===
+=== Non rabbinici ===
-*[[Flavio Giuseppe]], ''[[Antichità giudaiche]]'' [http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/antiquities-jews/b4c8.html 4:8:14–17, 33, 41.] Circa 93–[[94]] [[e.v.]]. Rist. ''int. al.'' su ''The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition''. Trad. {{en}} di William Whiston, pp. 117–18, 122–23. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
+* [[Flavio Giuseppe]], ''[[Antichità giudaiche]]'' [http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/antiquities-jews/b4c8.html 4:8:14–17, 33, 41.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401091716/http://www.interhack.net/projects/library/antiquities-jews/b4c8.html |date=1 aprile 2014 }} Circa 93–[[94]] [[e.v.]]. Rist. ''int. al.'' su ''The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition''. Trad. {{en}} di William Whiston, pp.&nbsp;117–18, 122–23. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
-*[[Vangelo di Matteo]] {{passo biblico|Matteo|7:15-23}} (falsi profeti).
+* [[Vangelo di Matteo]] {{passo biblico|Matteo|7:15-23|libro=no}} (falsi profeti).
-*[[Atti degli Apostoli]] {{passo biblico|Atti|7:42-43}} (Molech).
+* [[Atti degli Apostoli]] {{passo biblico|Atti|7:42-43|libro=no}} (Molech).
-===Rabbinici classici===
+=== Rabbinici classici ===
-*[[Mishnah]]: [[:en:s:Mishnah/Seder Zeraim/Tractate Peah/Chapter 8|Peah 8:9]]; [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Demai.pdf Demai 4:10;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Sheviith.pdf Sheviit 10:8;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Hallah.pdf Challah 4:9;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Bikkurim.pdf Bikkurim 2:10;] Beitzah 1:6; Yevamot 15:3; Sotah 6:3; 7:2, 8; 8:1–[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Sotah/Chapter 9/9|9:9]]; Bava Batra 3:4; [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 1/3|Sanhedrin 1:3]], [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 1/5|5]]; [[:en:s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|2:4]][[:en:s:http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Sanhedrin|–5]]; 6:4; 7:7; 10:6; 11:2, 4–6; Makkot 1:1–9; 2:5, 8; Chullin 10:1; 11:1–2; [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/taharoth/Parah.pdf Parah 1:1.] [[Terra d'Israele]], circa 200 [[e.v.]] Rist. su ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Trad. {{en}} di [[Jacob Neusner]], pp. 35, 79, 92, 157, 172, 292, 373, 457, 459–64, 564, 583–84, 586–87, 594, 598, 607–12, 614, 616, 784–86. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
+* [[Mishnah]]: <!--[[:en:s:Mishnah/Seder Zeraim/Tractate Peah/Chapter 8|-->Peah 8:9<!--]]-->; [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Demai.pdf Demai 4:10;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Sheviith.pdf Sheviit 10:8;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Hallah.pdf Challah 4:9;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/zeraim/Bikkurim.pdf Bikkurim 2:10;] Beitzah 1:6; Yevamot 15:3; Sotah 6:3; 7:2, 8; 8:1–[[s:Mishnah/Seder Nashim/Tractate Sotah/Chapter 9/9|9:9]]; Bava Batra 3:4; [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 1/3|Sanhedrin 1:3]], [[s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 1/5|5]]; <!--[[:en:s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin/Chapter 2/4|-->2:4<!--]][[:en:s:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Sanhedrin|-->–5<!--]]-->; 6:4; 7:7; 10:6; 11:2, 4–6; Makkot 1:1–9; 2:5, 8; Chullin 10:1; 11:1–2; [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/taharoth/Parah.pdf Parah 1:1.] [[Terra d'Israele]], circa 200 [[e.v.]] Rist. su ''The Mishnah: A New Translation''. Trad. {{en}} di [[Jacob Neusner]], pp.&nbsp;35, 79, 92, 157, 172, 292, 373, 457, 459–64, 564, 583–84, 586–87, 594, 598, 607–12, 614, 616, 784–86. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
-*''Sifre'' al [[Deuteronomio]] 144:1–210:3. [[Terra d'Israele]], circa 250–350 [[e.v.]] Rist. su ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Trad. di Jacob Neusner, 2:3–108. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.
+* ''Sifre'' al [[Deuteronomio]] 144:1–210:3. [[Terra d'Israele]], circa 250–350 [[e.v.]] Rist. su ''Sifre to Deuteronomy: An Analytical Translation''. Trad. di Jacob Neusner, 2:3–108. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.
-*[[Talmud gerosolimitano]]: Berakhot 12a, 94b; Peah 54a, 73a; Sheviit 45b, 85a; Terumot 37a, 39a, 64a, 72a; Maasrot 2a; Maaser Sheni 57b; Challah 46b; Yoma 13b, 41b; Sukkah 28b; Makkot ch. 2. Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Yerushalmi''. Curato da Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, e Mordechai Marcus, voll. 1–3, 6b–11, 21–22. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2011.
+* [[Talmud gerosolimitano]]: Berakhot 12a, 94b; Peah 54a, 73a; Sheviit 45b, 85a; Terumot 37a, 39a, 64a, 72a; Maasrot 2a; Maaser Sheni 57b; Challah 46b; Yoma 13b, 41b; Sukkah 28b; Makkot ch. 2. Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., ''Talmud Yerushalmi''. Curato da Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, e Mordechai Marcus, voll. 1–3, 6b–11, 21–22. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2011.
 [[File:First page of the first tractate of the Talmud (Daf Beis of Maseches Brachos).jpg|thumb|60px|[[Talmud]]]]
-*[[Talmud babilonese]]: [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_18.html#PARTb Berakhot 18b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_19.html#PARTb 19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_22.html 22a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_19.html Shabbat 19a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_23.html 23a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_25.html#PARTb 25b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_33.html 33a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_67.html#PARTb 67b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_75.html 75a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_84.html#PARTb 84b–85a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_94.html#PARTb 94b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_127.html#PARTb 127b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_129.html 129a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_140.html#PARTb 140b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Eiruvin.pdf Eruvin 31b, 35b, 37b, 41b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Pesachim.pdf Pesachim 12a, 26a, 33a, 35b, 53a, 55b, 113b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Yoma.pdf Yoma 22b–23a, 25a, 37a, 60a, 74a, 83a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Sukkah.pdf Sukkah 3a–b, 46a, 51b, 55b–56a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Beitzah.pdf Beitzah 3b, 10b, 12b, 19b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Rosh_HaShanah.pdf Rosh Hashanah 4b–5a, 6b, 21b, 24b, 25b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Taanith.pdf Taanit 7a, 31a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Megilah.pdf Megillah 5a, 20b–21a, 28a, 32a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Moed_Katan.pdf Moed Katan 5a, 8a, 20a, 24b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Chagigah.pdf Chagigah 2a, 8b, 16b–17a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_31.html#PARTb Yevamot 31b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_45.html#PARTb 45b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_63.html#PARTb 63b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_90.html#PARTb 90b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_94.html 94a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_99.html#PARTb 99b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_101.html#PARTb 101b–02a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_104.html 104a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_15.html Ketubot 15a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_16.html#PARTb 16b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_17.html 17a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_19.html#PARTb 19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_25.html 25a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_28.html#PARTb 28b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_32.html#PARTb 32b–33b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_37.html#PARTb 37b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_45.html#PARTb 45b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_87.html#PARTb 87b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_103.html#PARTb 103b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_105.html 105a–b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/nedarim/nedarim_31.html Nedarim 31a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/nedarim/nedarim_87.html#PARTb 87b–88a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/nazir/nazir_47.html#PARTb Nazir 47b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_2.html Sotah 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_3.html#PARTb 3b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_7.html#PARTb 7b–8a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_17.html#PARTb 17b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_23.html#PARTb 23b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_31.html#PARTb 31b–32a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_35.html#PARTb 35b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_38.html 38a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_41.html#PARTb 41b–47b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_2.html#PARTb Gittin 2b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_59.html#PARTb 59b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_71.html 71a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_90.html 90a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nashim/Kiddushin.pdf Kiddushin 13b, 18a, 29b, 32a–b, 37b, 56b–57a, 67b, 69a, 76b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_4.html#PARTb Bava Kamma 4b–5a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_24.html 24a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_32.html 32a–33a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_44.html#PARTb 44b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_66.html 66a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_70.html 70a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_72.html#PARTb 72b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_73.html#PARTb 73b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_74.html#PARTb 74b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_75.html#PARTb 75b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_82.html#PARTb 82b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_84.html 84a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_86.html 86a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_88.html 88a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_89.html 89a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_90.html#PARTb 90b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_91.html#PARTb 91b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_105.html#PARTb 105b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_109.html#PARTb 109b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_110.html#PARTb 110b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_114.html 114a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_115.html 115a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/babamezia/babamezia_30.html Bava Metzia 30a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_3.html#PARTb Bava Batra 3b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_23.html#PARTb 23b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_31.html#PARTb 31b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_123.html#PARTb 123b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_127.html 127a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_150.html 150a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_155.html#PARTb 155b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_160.html#PARTb 160b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_165.html#PARTb 165b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_2.html Sanhedrin 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_6.html#PARTb 6b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_7.html#PARTb 7b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_8.html#PARTb 8b–10a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_14.html 14a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_16.html 16a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_18.html#PARTb 18b–19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb 20b–22a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_28.html 28a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_30.html 30a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_32.html#PARTb 32b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_34.html#PARTb 34b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_37.html#PARTb 37b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_40.html#PARTb 40b–41a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_45.html 45a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_47.html#PARTb 47b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_49.html#PARTb 49b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_50.html#PARTb 50b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_51.html#PARTb 51b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_52.html#PARTb 52b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_60.html 60a–62a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_64.html#PARTb 64b–65b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_67.html 67a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_68.html 68a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_78.html 78a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_79.html 79a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_84.html 84a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_86.html 86a–87a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_88.html 88a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_89.html 89a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_90.html 90a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_112.html 112a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Makkot 2a–13a, 22a, 24a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Shevuoth.pdf Shevuot 27b, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34a, 40a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_8.html#PARTb Avodah Zarah 8b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_18.html 18a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_23.html 23a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_29.html#PARTb 29b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_43.html#PARTb 43b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_74.html 74a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_2.html Horayot 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_4.html 4a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_6.html 6a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_11.html 11a–12a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Zevachim.pdf Zevachim 23b, 36a, 46a, 54b, 70b, 73a, 88b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Menachoth.pdf Menachot 6a, 18b, 34a, 36a, 38a, 67a, 74a, 90b, 93a, 101b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Chullin.pdf Chullin 7b, 11a–b, 23b–24a, 37b, 75b, 79b, 81b–82a, 117a–b, 120b, 130a–33a, 134b–38a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Bechoroth.pdf Bekhorot 11b, 12b, 14b, 17b, 35b, 45b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Arachin.pdf Arakhin 11a, 30b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Krithoth.pdf Keritot 3b–4a, 5b–6a, 23b–24a, 25a, 26a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Meilah.pdf Meilah 11b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Tamid.pdf Tamid 28b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_8.html#PARTb Niddah 8b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_19.html 19a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_50.html 50a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_51.html 51a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_57.html 57a.] Babilonia, [[VI secolo]]. Rist. su ''[[Talmud]] [[Bavli]]''. Curato da Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz e Mordechai Marcus, 72 voll. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
+* [[Talmud babilonese]]: [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_18.html#PARTb Berakhot 18b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_19.html#PARTb 19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/berakoth/berakoth_22.html 22a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_19.html Shabbat 19a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_23.html 23a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_25.html#PARTb 25b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_33.html 33a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_67.html#PARTb 67b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_75.html 75a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_84.html#PARTb 84b–85a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_94.html#PARTb 94b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_127.html#PARTb 127b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_129.html 129a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/shabbath/shabbath_140.html#PARTb 140b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Eiruvin.pdf Eruvin 31b, 35b, 37b, 41b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Pesachim.pdf Pesachim 12a, 26a, 33a, 35b, 53a, 55b, 113b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Yoma.pdf Yoma 22b–23a, 25a, 37a, 60a, 74a, 83a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Sukkah.pdf Sukkah 3a–b, 46a, 51b, 55b–56a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Beitzah.pdf Beitzah 3b, 10b, 12b, 19b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Rosh_HaShanah.pdf Rosh Hashanah 4b–5a, 6b, 21b, 24b, 25b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Taanith.pdf Taanit 7a, 31a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Megilah.pdf Megillah 5a, 20b–21a, 28a, 32a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Moed_Katan.pdf Moed Katan 5a, 8a, 20a, 24b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Chagigah.pdf Chagigah 2a, 8b, 16b–17a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_31.html#PARTb Yevamot 31b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_45.html#PARTb 45b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_63.html#PARTb 63b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_90.html#PARTb 90b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_94.html 94a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_99.html#PARTb 99b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_101.html#PARTb 101b–02a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/yebamoth/yebamoth_104.html 104a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_15.html Ketubot 15a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_16.html#PARTb 16b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_17.html 17a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_19.html#PARTb 19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_25.html 25a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_28.html#PARTb 28b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_32.html#PARTb 32b–33b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_37.html#PARTb 37b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_45.html#PARTb 45b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_87.html#PARTb 87b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_103.html#PARTb 103b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_105.html 105a–b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/nedarim/nedarim_31.html Nedarim 31a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/nedarim/nedarim_87.html#PARTb 87b–88a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/nazir/nazir_47.html#PARTb Nazir 47b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_2.html Sotah 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_3.html#PARTb 3b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_7.html#PARTb 7b–8a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_17.html#PARTb 17b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_23.html#PARTb 23b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_31.html#PARTb 31b–32a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_35.html#PARTb 35b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_38.html 38a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sotah/sotah_41.html#PARTb 41b–47b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_2.html#PARTb Gittin 2b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_59.html#PARTb 59b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_71.html 71a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/gittin/gittin_90.html 90a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nashim/Kiddushin.pdf Kiddushin 13b, 18a, 29b, 32a–b, 37b, 56b–57a, 67b, 69a, 76b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_4.html#PARTb Bava Kamma 4b–5a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_24.html 24a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_32.html 32a–33a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_44.html#PARTb 44b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_66.html 66a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_70.html 70a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_72.html#PARTb 72b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_73.html#PARTb 73b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_74.html#PARTb 74b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_75.html#PARTb 75b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_82.html#PARTb 82b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_84.html 84a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_86.html 86a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_88.html 88a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_89.html 89a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_90.html#PARTb 90b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_91.html#PARTb 91b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_105.html#PARTb 105b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_109.html#PARTb 109b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_110.html#PARTb 110b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_114.html 114a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/babakamma/babakamma_115.html 115a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/babamezia/babamezia_30.html Bava Metzia 30a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_3.html#PARTb Bava Batra 3b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_23.html#PARTb 23b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_31.html#PARTb 31b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_123.html#PARTb 123b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_127.html 127a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_150.html 150a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_155.html#PARTb 155b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_160.html#PARTb 160b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/bababathra/bababathra_165.html#PARTb 165b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_2.html Sanhedrin 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_6.html#PARTb 6b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_7.html#PARTb 7b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_8.html#PARTb 8b–10a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_14.html 14a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_16.html 16a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_18.html#PARTb 18b–19b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_20.html#PARTb 20b–22a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_28.html 28a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_30.html 30a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_32.html#PARTb 32b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_34.html#PARTb 34b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_37.html#PARTb 37b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_40.html#PARTb 40b–41a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_45.html 45a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_47.html#PARTb 47b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_49.html#PARTb 49b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_50.html#PARTb 50b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_51.html#PARTb 51b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_52.html#PARTb 52b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html#PARTb 56b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_60.html 60a–62a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_64.html#PARTb 64b–65b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_67.html 67a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_68.html 68a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_78.html 78a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_79.html 79a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_84.html 84a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_86.html 86a–87a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_88.html 88a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_89.html 89a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_90.html 90a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_100.html#PARTb 100b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_112.html 112a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Makkoth.pdf Makkot 2a–13a, 22a, 24a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Shevuoth.pdf Shevuot 27b, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34a, 40a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_8.html#PARTb Avodah Zarah 8b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_18.html 18a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_23.html 23a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_29.html#PARTb 29b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_43.html#PARTb 43b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_74.html 74a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_2.html Horayot 2a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_4.html 4a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_6.html 6a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/horayoth/horayoth_11.html 11a–12a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Zevachim.pdf Zevachim 23b, 36a, 46a, 54b, 70b, 73a, 88b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Menachoth.pdf Menachot 6a, 18b, 34a, 36a, 38a, 67a, 74a, 90b, 93a, 101b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Chullin.pdf Chullin 7b, 11a–b, 23b–24a, 37b, 75b, 79b, 81b–82a, 117a–b, 120b, 130a–33a, 134b–38a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Bechoroth.pdf Bekhorot 11b, 12b, 14b, 17b, 35b, 45b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Arachin.pdf Arakhin 11a, 30b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Krithoth.pdf Keritot 3b–4a, 5b–6a, 23b–24a, 25a, 26a;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Meilah.pdf Meilah 11b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/kodoshim/Tamid.pdf Tamid 28b;] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_8.html#PARTb Niddah 8b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_19.html 19a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_50.html 50a,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_51.html 51a–b,] [http://www.halakhah.com/niddah/niddah_57.html 57a.] Babilonia, [[VI secolo]]. Rist. su ''[[Talmud]] [[Bavli]]''. Curato da Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz e Mordechai Marcus, 72 voll. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
 [[File:Rashi woodcut.jpg|thumb|60px|Rashi]]
-===Medievali===
+=== Medievali ===
-*[[Deuteronomio]] Rabbah 5:1–15. [[Terra d'Israele]], [[IX secolo]]. Rist. su ''Midrash Rabbah: Levitico''. Trad. {{en}} di H. Freedman & Maurice Simon. Londra: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
+* [[Deuteronomio]] Rabbah 5:1–15. [[Terra d'Israele]], [[IX secolo]]. Rist. su ''Midrash Rabbah: Levitico''. Trad. {{en}} di H. Freedman & Maurice Simon. Londra: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
-*[[Rashi]]. ''Commentario''. [http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9980&showrashi=true Deuteronomy 16–21.] [[Troyes]], Francia, tardo [[XI secolo]]. Rist. ''int. al'' in [[Rashi]], ''The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated''. Trad. {{en}} e note di Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 5:181–220. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-030-7.
+* [[Rashi]]. ''Commentario''. [http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9980&showrashi=true Deuteronomy 16–21.] [[Troyes]], Francia, tardo [[XI secolo]]. Rist. ''int. al'' in [[Rashi]], ''The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated''. Trad. {{en}} e note di Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 5:181–220. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-030-7.
-*[[Yehuda Halevi]]. ''[[Kuzari]]''. [[:en:s:Kitab al Khazari/Part Three|3:31, 39, 41.]] [[Toledo]], Spagna, 1130–1140. Rist. in Yehuda Halevi. ''Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel.'' Introd. di Henry Slonimsky, 165, 170–71, 173. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
+* [[Yehuda Halevi]]. ''[[Kuzari]]''. <!--[[:en:s:Kitab al Khazari/Part Three|-->3:31, 39, 41.<!--]]--> [[Toledo]], Spagna, 1130–1140. Rist. in Yehuda Halevi. ''Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel.'' Introd. di Henry Slonimsky, 165, 170–71, 173. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
-*[[Maimonide]]. ''[[Mishneh Torah]]''. [[Egitto]], circa [[1170]]–[[1180]]. Rist. in ''Rambam: Mishneh Torah: Yad Hacahzakah: Laws of Kings and Laws of Idol Worship.'' Trad. di Avraham Yaakov Finkel. Yeshivath Beth Moshe, 2001. ISBN 1892692074.
+* [[Maimonide]]. ''[[Mishneh Torah]]''. [[Egitto]], circa [[1170]]–[[1180]]. Rist. in ''Rambam: Mishneh Torah: Yad Hacahzakah: Laws of Kings and Laws of Idol Worship.'' Trad. di Avraham Yaakov Finkel. Yeshivath Beth Moshe, 2001. ISBN 1-892692-07-4.
 [[File:Thomas Hobbes (portrait).jpg|thumb|60px|[[Thomas Hobbes]]]]
-===Moderni===
+=== Moderni ===
-*[[Thomas Hobbes]]. ''[[Leviatano (Hobbes)|Leviatano]]'', [[:en:s:Leviathan/The_Third_Part#Chapter_XXXVII:_Of_Miracles_and_Their_Use|3:37]], [[:en:s:Leviathan/The_Third_Part#Chapter_XL:_Of_the_Rights_of_the_Kingdom_of_God.2C_in_Abraham.2C_Moses.2C_the_High_Priests.2C_and_the_Kings_of_Judah|40]], [[:en:s:Leviathan/The_Third_Part#Chapter_XLI:_Of_the_Office_of_Our_Blessed_Saviour|41]], [[:en:s:Leviathan/The_Third_Part#Chapter_XLII:_Of_Power_Ecclesiastical|42;]] [[:en:s:Leviathan/The_Fourth_Part#A_REVIEW_AND_CONCLUSION|"Review & Conclusion"]], [[Inghilterra]], [[1651]]. Rist. curata da C. B. Macpherson, pp. 476–77, 506, 518, 543, 548, 586–87, 724. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0-14-043195-0.
+* [[Thomas Hobbes]]. ''[[Leviatano (Hobbes)|Leviatano]]'', "Review & Conclusion"<!--]]-->, [[Inghilterra]], [[1651]]. Rist. curata da C. B. Macpherson, pp.&nbsp;476–77, 506, 518, 543, 548, 586–87, 724. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0-14-043195-0.
-*[[Moses Mendelssohn]]. ''Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judenthum'', § 2. [[Berlino]], {{de}} 1783. Rist. {{en}} in ''Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism''. Trad. di Allan Arkush; introd. e commentario di Alexander Altmann, 129. Hanover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87451-264-6.
+* [[Moses Mendelssohn]]. ''Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judenthum'', § 2. [[Berlino]], {{de}} 1783. Rist. {{en}} in ''Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism''. Trad. di Allan Arkush; introd. e commentario di Alexander Altmann, 129. Hanover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87451-264-6.
-*[[Thomas Mann]]. ''[[Giuseppe e i suoi fratelli]]''. Trad. dal {{de}} [[Bruno Arzeni]], Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2006. Originale: ''Joseph und seine Brüder''. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
+* [[Thomas Mann]]. ''[[Giuseppe e i suoi fratelli]]''. Trad. dal {{de}} [[Bruno Arzeni]], Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2006. Originale: ''Joseph und seine Brüder''. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
-*Morris Adler. ''The World of the Talmud'', 30–31. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-548-08000-3.
+* Morris Adler. ''The World of the Talmud'', 30–31. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-548-08000-3.
-*[[Martin Buber]]. ''On the Bible: Eighteen studies'', 80–92. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
+* [[Martin Buber]]. ''On the Bible: Eighteen studies'', 80–92. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
-*Jacob Milgrom. "Lex Talionis and the Rabbis: The Talmud reflects an uneasy rabbinic conscience toward the ancient law of talion, 'eye for eye, tooth for tooth.'" ''Bible Review''. 12 (2) (Apr. 1996).
+* Jacob Milgrom. "Lex Talionis and the Rabbis: The Talmud reflects an uneasy rabbinic conscience toward the ancient law of talion, 'eye for eye, tooth for tooth.'" ''Bible Review''. 12 (2) (Apr. 1996).
-*Jeffrey H. Tigay. ''The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation'', 160–93, 470–76. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996. ISBN 0-8276-0330-4.
+* Jeffrey H. Tigay. ''The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation'', 160–93, 470–76. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996. ISBN 0-8276-0330-4.
-*Alan Lew. ''This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation'', pp. 65, 76–86. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. ISBN 0-316-73908-1.
+* Alan Lew. ''This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation'', pp.&nbsp;65, 76–86. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. ISBN 0-316-73908-1.
-*Joseph Telushkin. ''The Ten Commandments of Character: Essential Advice for Living an Honorable, Ethical, Honest Life'', 275–78. New York: Bell Tower, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4509-6.
+* Joseph Telushkin. ''The Ten Commandments of Character: Essential Advice for Living an Honorable, Ethical, Honest Life'', 275–78. New York: Bell Tower, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4509-6.
-*Suzanne A. Brody. "A Heavenly Ruler." In ''Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems'', 106. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. ISBN 1-60047-112-9.
+* Suzanne A. Brody. "A Heavenly Ruler." In ''Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems'', 106. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. ISBN 1-60047-112-9.
-*Eric M. Nelson. ''The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought'', 26–56. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-674-05058-7.
+* Eric M. Nelson. ''The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought'', 26–56. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-674-05058-7.
+== Note ==
+<references />
-==Collegamenti esterni==
+== Collegamenti esterni ==
-{{en}}{{he}}{{it}}{{yi}}
+{{lingue|en|he|it|yi}}
-===Testi===
+=== Testi ===
-*[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#18 Testo Masoretico e traduzione JPS 1917]
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#18 | 2 = Testo Masoretico e traduzione JPS 1917 | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | dataarchivio = 7 maggio 2021 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507015822/http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#18 | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=5&chapter=11&verse=26&portion=48 Parashah cantata]
+* {{cita web|url=http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=5&chapter=11&verse=26&portion=48|titolo=Parashah cantata|accesso=11 marzo 2013|dataarchivio=10 giugno 2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610113404/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=5&chapter=11&verse=26&portion=48|urlmorto=sì}}
-*[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3 Parshah letta in ebraico]
+* {{cita web|http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3|Parshah letta in ebraico}}
-===Commentari===
+=== Commentari ===
 [[File:Old book bindings.jpg|150px|right]]
-*[http://ajrsem.org/?s=shoftim Academy for Jewish Religion, New York]
+* {{cita web|url=http://ajrsem.org/?s=shoftim|titolo=Academy for Jewish Religion, New York}}
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.aish.com/tp/43918852.html | 2 = Aish.com | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | dataarchivio = 27 settembre 2011 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090232/http://www.aish.com/tp/43918852.html | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.aish.com/tp/43918852.html Aish.com]
-*[http://judaism.ajula.edu/Content/InfoUnits.asp?CID=944 American Jewish University]
+* {{cita web|url=http://judaism.ajula.edu/Content/InfoUnits.asp?CID=944|titolo=American Jewish University|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304190946/http://judaism.ajula.edu/Content/InfoUnits.asp?CID=944|dataarchivio=4 marzo 2012}}
-*[http://www.anshe.org/parsha/shoftim.htm Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles]
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.anshe.org/parsha/shoftim.htm | 2 = Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | dataarchivio = 5 ottobre 2007 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20071005185017/http://www.anshe.org/parsha/shoftim.htm | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/shoftim/shoftim.shtml Bar-Ilan University]
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/shoftim/shoftim.shtml | 2 = Bar-Ilan University | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | dataarchivio = 7 agosto 2011 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807062533/http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/shoftim/shoftim.shtml | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=36236 Chabad.org]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=36236|titolo=Chabad.org}}
-*[http://www.eparsha.com/#drash eparsha.com]
+* {{cita web|http://www.eparsha.com/#drash|eparsha.com}}
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.g-dcast.com/shoftim | 2 = G-dcast | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20130320212314/http://www.g-dcast.com/shoftim | dataarchivio = 20 marzo 2013 | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.g-dcast.com/shoftim G-dcast]
-*[http://www.vbm-torah.org/devarim.htm The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.vbm-torah.org/devarim.htm |2=The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903010737/http://www.vbm-torah.org/devarim.htm# |dataarchivio=3 settembre 2011 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/25.+Parashat+Shoftim.htm Jewish Agency for Israel]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/25.+Parashat+Shoftim.htm |2=Jewish Agency for Israel |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930231909/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/25.+Parashat+Shoftim.htm# |dataarchivio=30 settembre 2012 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.jtsa.edu/x1941.xml#deu Jewish Theological Seminary]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.jtsa.edu/x1941.xml#deu |2=Jewish Theological Seminary |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311213844/http://www.jtsa.edu/x1941.xml#deu#deu |dataarchivio=11 marzo 2013 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Weekly_Torah_Commentary/shoftim_index.htm MyJewishLearning.com]
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Weekly_Torah_Commentary/shoftim_index.htm | 2 = MyJewishLearning.com | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011085425/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/Weekly_Torah_Commentary/shoftim_index.htm | dataarchivio = 11 ottobre 2008 | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2719 Ohr Sameach]
+* {{cita web|http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2719|Ohr Sameach}}
-*[http://www.ou.org/torah/archive5.htm Orthodox Union]
+* {{cita web|http://www.ou.org/torah/archive5.htm|Orthodox Union}}
-*[http://www.oztorah.com/category/shoftim/ OzTorah, Torah from Australia]
+* {{cita web|http://www.oztorah.com/category/shoftim/|OzTorah, Torah from Australia}}
-*[http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php |2=Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624083451/http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php# |dataarchivio=24 giugno 2010 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://podcasts.pardesusa.org/?cat=17 Pardes from Jerusalem]
+* {{cita web|url=http://podcasts.pardesusa.org/?cat=17|titolo=Pardes from Jerusalem|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311191237/http://podcasts.pardesusa.org/?cat=17|dataarchivio=11 marzo 2013}}
-*[http://rabbishimon.com/?s=shoftim RabbiShimon.com]
+* {{cita web|url=http://rabbishimon.com/?s=shoftim|titolo=RabbiShimon.com|accesso=11 marzo 2013|dataarchivio=16 marzo 2012|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170230/http://rabbishimon.com/?s=shoftim|urlmorto=sì}}
-*[http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm Rabbi Shlomo Riskin]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm |2=Rabbi Shlomo Riskin |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821085057/http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm# |dataarchivio=21 agosto 2011 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons|titolo=Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld|accesso=11 marzo 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000646/http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons#|dataarchivio=11 marzo 2013|urlmorto=sì}}
-*[http://www4.jrf.org/recon-dt#Shoftim Reconstructionist Judaism]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www4.jrf.org/recon-dt#Shoftim |2=Reconstructionist Judaism |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216223743/http://www2.jrf.org/recon-dt/#Shoftim#Shoftim |dataarchivio=16 febbraio 2006 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.judaicseminar.org/ Sephardic Institute]
+* {{cita web|http://www.judaicseminar.org/|Sephardic Institute}}
-*[http://www.shiur.com/index.php?category=Shoftim Shiur.com]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.shiur.com/index.php?category=Shoftim|titolo=Shiur.com}}
-*[http://www.613.org/par-dev.html#d5 613.org Jewish Torah Audio]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.613.org/par-dev.html#d5 |2=613.org Jewish Torah Audio |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042013/http://www.613.org/par-dev.html#d5#d5 |dataarchivio=27 settembre 2011 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.tanach.org/shof.htm Tanach Study Center]
+* {{cita web|http://www.tanach.org/shof.htm|Tanach Study Center}}
-*[http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/shoftim/ Torah from Dixie]
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/shoftim/ | 2 = Torah from Dixie | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | dataarchivio = 13 agosto 2007 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813225424/http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/shoftim/ | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.archivio-torah.it/jonathan/parashot5.htm#D45 Torah.it]
+* {{cita web|http://www.archivio-torah.it/jonathan/parashot5.htm#D45|Torah.it}}
-*[http://www.torah.org/learning/parsha/parsha.html?id1=85 Torah.org]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.torah.org/learning/parsha/parsha.html?id1=85|titolo=Torah.org}}
-*[http://www.torahvort.com/devarim/shoftim/ TorahVort.com]
+* {{cita web|http://www.torahvort.com/devarim/shoftim/|TorahVort.com}}
-*[http://www.urj.org/torah/deuteronomy/ Union for Reform Judaism]
+* {{cita web |1=http://www.urj.org/torah/deuteronomy/ |2=Union for Reform Judaism |accesso=11 marzo 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829170720/http://www.urj.org/torah/deuteronomy/# |dataarchivio=29 agosto 2008 |urlmorto=sì }}
-*[http://www.chiefrabbi.org/?s=Shoftim+&searchsubmit= United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.chiefrabbi.org/?s=Shoftim+&searchsubmit=|titolo=United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth}}
-*[http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm What’s Bothering Rashi?]
+* {{cita web|http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm|What’s Bothering Rashi?}}
-*[http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?option=com_search&Itemid=99999999&searchword=shoftim&searchphrase=any&ordering=newest Yeshivat Chovevei Torah]
+* {{cita web|url=http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?option=com_search&Itemid=99999999&searchword=shoftim&searchphrase=any&ordering=newest|titolo=Yeshivat Chovevei Torah}}
+* {{cita web | 1 = http://www.yutorah.org/ | 2 = Yeshiva University | accesso = 11 marzo 2013 | urlarchivio = https://web.archive.org/web/20191218191643/https://www.yutorah.org/ | dataarchivio = 18 dicembre 2019 | urlmorto = sì }}
-*[http://www.yutorah.org/ Yeshiva University]
-==Note==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Libro del Deuteronomio}}
-<br/><!--- spaziatura per fine elenco note --->
+{{Bibbia ebraica}}
 {{Torah Bereshit|state=collapsed}}
 {{Popolo ebraico}}
-{{Portale|Ebraismo}}
+{{Portale|ebraismo}}
 [[Categoria:Parashot]]

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