允
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See also: 充
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]允 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹山 (IHU), four-corner 23210, composition ⿱厶儿)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1338
- Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 265, character 3
- Unihan data for U+5141
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
允 |
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Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 允 | |||
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Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Old Chinese | |
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唆 | *sloːl |
梭 | *sloːl |
葰 | *sloːlʔ, *sroːlʔ, *slul |
誜 | *sroːls |
朘 | *ʔslon |
捘 | *ʔsluːls, *ʔsluːns, *sʰlun |
荾 | *slul |
酸 | *sloːn |
狻 | *sloːn |
痠 | *sloːn |
鋑 | *ʔslon |
脧 | *ʔsluːl |
悛 | *sʰlon |
吮 | *zlonʔ, *ɦljunʔ |
萒 | *ɡronʔ, *lonʔ |
沇 | *lonʔ |
抁 | *lonʔ |
馻 | *lonʔ, *lunʔ |
兖 | *lonʔ |
渷 | *lonʔ |
兗 | *lonʔ |
焌 | *ʔsluːns, *ʔsluns, *sʰlud |
允 | *lunʔ |
狁 | *lunʔ |
玧 | *lunʔ |
俊 | *ʔsluns |
晙 | *ʔsluns, *sluns |
餕 | *ʔsluns |
畯 | *ʔsluns |
駿 | *ʔsluns |
竣 | *sʰlun |
皴 | *sʰlun |
逡 | *sʰlun |
踆 | *sʰlun |
夋 | *sʰlun |
埈 | *sluns |
陖 | *sluns |
鵕 | *sluns |
浚 | *sluns |
峻 | *sluns |
Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a person with the head emphasized, indicating a nod.
Bronze inscriptions onward (corrupted form): Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *lunʔ) : phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 儿 (“person”).
Etymology
[edit]Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs *winʔ or *junʔ:
- If *junʔ, then possibly related to Burmese ယုံ (yum, “to believe”); if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *yum (“to believe”); other cognates would then be Asho Chin yón-é, Mara Chin zó, Lahu ʑo³¹.
- If *winʔ, then 信 (OC *hljins) (minimally reconstructed *sin(s)) is its possible derivative.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yun3 / yong3
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): yn3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): yng1
- Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5iun
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yn3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yǔn
- Wade–Giles: yün3
- Yale: yǔn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeun
- Palladius: юнь (junʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /yn²¹⁴/
- (Beijing dialect, colloquial)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄣˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rǔn
- Wade–Giles: jun3
- Yale: rwǔn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: roen
- Palladius: жунь (žunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu̯ən²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: yun3 / yong3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wen / yng
- Sinological IPA (key): /yn⁵³/, /yoŋ⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: wan5
- Yale: wáhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: wan5
- Guangdong Romanization: wen5
- Sinological IPA (key): /wɐn¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vun4
- Sinological IPA (key): /vun²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: yn3
- Sinological IPA (key): /yn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
- Hakka Romanization System: iunˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yun3
- Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iunˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yun3
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: yng1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ỹŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /œyŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /yŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ún
- Tâi-lô: ún
- Phofsit Daibuun: uon
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /un⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /un⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ín
- Tâi-lô: ín
- Phofsit Daibuun: ien
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /in⁵³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: rung2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: júng
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zuŋ⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: yn3
- Sinological IPA (key): /yn⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 允 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /yn²¹⁴/ /ʐuən²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /yn²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /yŋ¹³/ | |
Jinan | /yẽ⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /yə̃⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /yn⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /yẽ⁵³/ | |
Xining | /yə̃⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /yŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ỹn⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /yn⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /yn⁵³/ /yoŋ⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /in⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /ĩ⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /yn²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /yn²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /yəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /yŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /ỹŋ⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦyŋ²³/ /ɦioŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /yən⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ʔin⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /j̠oŋ³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /yʌ̃³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /yan²⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /yn⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /yn⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /yn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiun⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐn³⁵/ |
Nanning | /wɐn³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /wɐn³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /un⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œyŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /zuŋ⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /zun²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: ywinX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]u[r]ʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*lunʔ/
Definitions
[edit]允
- † to allow; to consent; to permit
- † fair; just; equitable; even-handed; impartial
- 公允 ― gōngyǔn ― fair
- † proper; suitable; appropriate
- † honest; genuine
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (to allow):
- (fair):
- (proper):
- 一定 (yīdìng)
- 停當/停当 (tíngdàng)
- 允當/允当 (yǔndàng) (literary)
- 剛好/刚好 (gānghǎo)
- 合宜 (héyí)
- 合手 (héshǒu)
- 合用 (héyòng) (literary or Min Nan)
- 合適/合适 (héshì)
- 啱 (ngaam1) (Cantonese, Hakka)
- 妥 (tuǒ)
- 妥善 (tuǒshàn)
- 妥實/妥实 (tuǒshí)
- 妥帖 (tuǒtiē)
- 妥當/妥当
- 安帖 (āntiē)
- 定當/定当 (dìngdàng)
- 對勁/对劲 (duìjìn) (colloquial)
- 對路/对路 (duìlù) (colloquial)
- 對頭/对头
- 得宜 (déyí) (literary)
- 得當/得当 (dédàng)
- 得體/得体 (détǐ)
- 恰當/恰当 (qiàdàng)
- 拄仔好 (Hokkien)
- 拄好 (Hokkien)
- 的當/的当 (dídàng)
- 相宜 (xiāngyí)
- 相當/相当 (xiāngdāng)
- 耐 (literary)
- 貼切/贴切 (tiēqiè)
- 適合/适合 (shìhé)
- 適宜/适宜 (shìyí)
- 適用/适用 (shìyòng)
- 適當/适当 (shìdàng)
- 適量/适量 (shìliàng)
- 配合
- (honest):
- 實在/实在
- 實誠/实诚 (shíchéng) (colloquial)
- 悃誠/悃诚 (kǔnchéng) (literary)
- 慥慥 (zàozào) (literary)
- 懇切/恳切 (kěnqiè)
- 殷切 (yīnqiè)
- 熱誠/热诚 (rèchéng)
- 真心 (zhēnxīn)
- 真摯/真挚 (zhēnzhì)
- 真誠/真诚 (zhēnchéng)
- 老實/老实 (lǎoshí)
- 虔心 (qiánxīn)
- 親切/亲切 (qīnqiè)
- 誠信/诚信 (chéngxìn)
- 誠實/诚实 (chéngshí)
- 誠心/诚心 (chéngxīn)
- 誠懇/诚恳 (chéngkěn)
- 誠摯/诚挚 (chéngzhì)
- 諄諄/谆谆 (zhūnzhūn) (of teaching)
- 赤忱 (chìchén) (literary)
- 赤誠/赤诚 (chìchéng)
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- “允”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]允
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: いん (in)
- Kan-on: いん (in)
- Kun: まこと (makoto, 允); ゆるす (yurusu, 允す); じょう (jō, 允)
- Nanori: なり (nari); や (ya)
Proper noun
[edit]- a male given name
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]允 (eum 윤 (yun))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]允: Hán Nôm readings: doãn, duẫn
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Categories:
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading いん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading まこと
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ゆる・す
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading なり
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading や
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