ям

See also: ам and Ям

Belarusian

Alternative forms

• jam — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

Etymology

From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese 站 (zhàn) or Mongolian зам (zam). Cognate to Russian ям (jam), which see. Compare also semantically unrelated Estonian jaam.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jam]

Noun

ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́маў, relational adjective ямскі́)

1. (historical) mail staging post

Declension

Declension of ям (inan hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	ям jam	я́мы jámy
genitive	я́ма jáma	я́маў jámaŭ
dative	я́му jámu	я́мам jámam
accusative	ям jam	я́мы jámy
instrumental	я́мам jámam	я́мамі jámami
locative	я́ме jámje	я́мах jámax
count form	—	я́мы1 jámy1

¹Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

Related terms

• я́мшчык (jámščyk)
• ямшчыко́вы (jamščykóvy)
• ямшчы́цкі (jamščýcki)

 

References

• “ям”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
• “ям” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

Bulgarian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), from Proto-Slavic *ěsti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ja̟m]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -am

Verb

ям • (jam) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive) to eat, to consume

   Synonyms: храня се (hranja se), консумирам (konsumiram)

2. (transitive) to cause someone to worry, to eat, to pester, to badger, to nag

   Какво те яде?

   Kakvo te jade?

   What's worrying you?

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ям (conjugation 1.1, irregular, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	ядя́щ jadjášt	ял jal	ядя́л jadjál	я́ден jáden		яде́йки jadéjki
	definite subject form	ядя́щият jadjáštijat	я́лият jálijat	—	я́деният jádenijat
	definite object form	ядя́щия jadjáštija	я́лия jálija	—	я́дения jádenija
feminine	indefinite	ядя́ща jadjášta	я́ла jála	ядя́ла jadjála	я́дена jádena
	definite	ядя́щата jadjáštata	я́лата jálata	—	я́дената jádenata
neuter	indefinite	ядя́що jadjášto	я́ло jálo	ядя́ло jadjálo	я́дено jádeno	я́дене jádene
	definite	ядя́щото jadjáštoto	я́лото jáloto	—	я́деното jádenoto	я́денето jádeneto
plural	indefinite	ядя́щи jadjášti	я́ли jáli	яде́ли jadéli	я́дени jádeni	я́дения, я́денета jádenija, jádeneta
	definite	ядя́щите jadjáštite	я́лите jálite	—	я́дените jádenite	я́денията, я́денетата jádenijata, jádenetata

person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		ям jam	яде́ш jadéš	яде́ jadé	яде́м jadém	яде́те jadéte	яда́т jadát
imperfect		ядя́х jadjáh	яде́ше jadéše	яде́ше jadéše	ядя́хме jadjáhme	ядя́хте jadjáhte	ядя́ха jadjáha
aorist		я́дох jádoh	я́де jáde	я́де jáde	я́дохме jádohme	я́дохте jádohte	я́доха jádoha
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
			яж jaž			яде́те jadéte

Erzya

Панго ям.

Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *jam, possibly inherited from Proto-Uralic *jamɜ (“mash, soup (made of fish flour, blood, meat)”).

Noun

ям • (jam)

1. soup

Declension

Indefinite declension of ям (hard consonant stem (сан) type)

	singular	plural
nominative	ям (jam)	ямт (jamt)
genitive	ямонь (jamoń)	—
dative	ямнэнь (jamneń)	—
ablative	ямдо (jamdo)	—
inessive	ямсо (jamso)	—
elative	ямсто (jamsto)	—
illative	ямс (jams)	—
prolative	ямга (jamga)	—
translative	ямкс (jamks)	—
comparative	ямшка (jamška)	—
abessive	ямтомо (jamtomo)	—

References

• B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “ям”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
• Entry #162 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

Russian

Alternative forms

• ямъ (jam) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jam]

  Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese or Mongolian. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the direction of borrowing. Generally, it is believed that Turkic yam and Chinese 站 (zhàn) are loanwords from Mongolian ǰam, however, some (e.g. Tuymebayev in Казахско-монгольские лексические параллели (Kazaxsko-mongolʹskije leksičeskije paralleli)) believe the directionality is reversed (i.e. Chinese "to stand > stand > station" → Middle Mongol → Turkic → Russian). Whatever the etymology, what is apparent is that the word jam has been around for a long time and was used by Central Asians to designate a key postal relay station or official. Compare Mongolian зам (zam).

Noun

ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́мов, relational adjective ямско́й)

1. (historical) mail staging post

Declension

Declension of ям (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	я́м jám	я́мы jámy
genitive	я́ма jáma	я́мов jámov
dative	я́му jámu	я́мам jámam
accusative	я́м jám	я́мы jámy
instrumental	я́мом jámom	я́мами jámami
prepositional	я́ме jáme	я́мах jámax

Related terms

• ямщи́к (jamščík)

Descendants

• → Estonian: jaam

Etymology 2

Noun

ям • (jam) f inan pl

1. genitive plural of я́ма (jáma)

Further reading

• ям in Большой толковый словарь, editor-in-chief С. А. Кузнецов – hosted at gramota.ru