Jump to content

NASAMS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
National (or Norwegian) Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System
NASAMS launcher
TypeSurface-to-air missile system
Place of originNorway / United States
Service history
In service1997–present
Used bySee operators
Wars
Production history
DesignerKongsberg Defence & Aerospace
ManufacturerKongsberg Defence & Aerospace and Raytheon Missiles & Defense
Specifications
Crew2
Effective firing rangeMissile range: 30 km (NASAMS 2 / AMRAAM)[1] 50 km (NASAMS 3 / AMRAAM-ER)[2][3]
Radar track range: 120 km (NASAMS 2 / MPQ-64F1)[4]
Flight altitude21 km (NASAMS 2) 35.7 km (NASAMS 3 / AMRAAM-ER)

NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System, also known as Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System[5]) is a distributed and networked short- to medium-range[6]: 4  ground-based air defense system developed by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) and RTX Corporation.[7] The system defends against unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), helicopters, cruise missiles, unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs), and fixed wing aircraft,[6]: 11  firing any of a wide range of existing missiles.

NASAMS was the first application of a surface-launched AIM-120 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile). NASAMS 2 is an upgraded version of the system capable of using Link 16, which has been operational since 2007. As of 2022, NASAMS 3 is the latest upgrade. Deployed in 2019, it adds capability to fire AIM-9X Sidewinder, and AMRAAM-ER missiles, and introduces mobile air-liftable launchers. NASAMS has proven interoperability with longer range systems such as Patriot.[8]

Development

[edit]

Development of NASAMS began in the 1980s when Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) teamed up with Hughes Missile Systems and Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group and initiated the program as a cooperative effort for the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF). As originally envisioned, NASAMS would replace two Nike Hercules facilities in defending Norway's southern air bases, where it would act in conjunction with F-16s in providing a layered defense.[9]

The integrated air defense battle management command and control system, based on KS500F computers and the KMC9000 control console with two color CRT displays, was first developed for the Norwegian Adapted Hawk (NOAH) program,[10] an upgrade to the MIM-23B Improved Hawk semi-active radar head, surface-to-air missile system. This command and control system integrated existing AN/MPQ-46 High Power Illuminator Doppler Radar (HPIR) with AN/TPQ-36 counter-battery radar, modified into a three-dimensional low-altitude airspace surveillance radar with the TPQ-36A software upgrade.

The upgraded NOAH would still engage only one target per launcher pad, which was insufficient to counter the emerging threat of massive firing of cruise missiles. RNoAF ordered further development of a distributed, network-centric air defense system with multiple launchers and radars.

The MIM-23B missile was replaced with the active radar homing AIM-120 AMRAAM missile, which also uses an inertial navigation system during initial approach. The TPQ-36A radar was upgraded to the rotating AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel configuration. Test launches were performed in June 1993. The system had an initial operational capability in late 1994 – early 1995. It was fully operationally fielded in 1998.[citation needed]

An enhanced NASAMS 2 was developed in the 2000s and became operational in 2006. A third generation, NASAMS 3, was developed in the 2010s and fielded in 2019.

First generation NASAMS

[edit]
An AIM-120 dummy missile on a rail extending from the canister

The system integrates U.S.-built TPQ-36A air defense X band 3D radar and AMRAAM missiles with a Norwegian developed battle management C4I (command, control, communication, computers and intelligence) system called FDC, short for Fire Distribution Center. The FDC connected to a radar forms an "Acquisition Radar and Control System" (ARCS). NASAMS capabilities are enhanced by the system's networked and distributed nature.[11] The shelter module hosts two identical consoles for the Tactical Control Officer (TCO) and the Tactical Control Assistant (TCA).

The AMRAAM missile is fired from a towed launcher with six missile canisters; the standard AMRAAM missile has a horizontal range of up to 25 kilometers (16 mi).[12] Other sources cite a range of "over 15 km" and 40 km for the extended range version.[13]

By the late 1990s, RNoAF formed an integrated ground-based air defense system known as the Norwegian Solution (NORSOL), by connecting NASAMS battle management ARCS stations with two other air defense systems via field wires and radio. Subordinate weapon systems included the RBS 70 laser beam assisted MANPADS system and the Bofors 40 mm L70 gun, controlled by the Oerlikon Contraves FCS2000 monopulse doppler tracking radar. The solution integrated all three systems (NASAMS, RBS70, and L70/FCS2000) to provide battlefield awareness to commanders of all echelons, and to ensure protection of friendly aircraft while preventing overkill (i.e. engagement of a single threat by multiple air-defense units) and underkill (failure to engage the threat by any unit).

NASAMS 2

[edit]
A Spanish NASAMS 2 launcher vehicle during a military parade in 2009

The RNoAF together with KDA conducted a mid-life update of NASAMS in the early 2000s, called NASAMS 2. The upgraded version was handed over to RNoAF in mid-2006. The major difference between the two versions is the use of standard tactical data links (Link 16, Link 11, JREAP, ATDL-1 etc.), as well as a better ground radar. Full operational capability (FOC) was expected for 2007.

A complete NASAMS 2 battery consists of up to four firing units. Each firing unit includes 3 missile launchers (LCHR), each carrying six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, one AN/MPQ-64F1 Improved Sentinel radar, one Fire Distribution Center vehicle, and one electro-optical camera vehicle (MSP500).[14]

The Improved Sentinel radar has a broader frequency spectrum, variable rotation speed, and increased capacity to detect and follow targets. The radar platform comes on a trailer with its own power supply that can be towed by a variety of vehicles. Each radar can process and distribute the data independently, and can be connected via radio links, cable, through Multi Rolle Radio, or through TADKOM.

Rheinmetall MSP600 electro-optical sensor

The MSP500 electro-optical sensor from Rheinmetall is equipped with a laser rangefinder and a TV camera, as well as an upgraded thermographic camera.[15] These can be used to fire the missiles passively, which has been successfully tested. MSP600 is a new lightweight version updated with digital signal processing. It is used by several countries.[16]

Fire Distribution Centers (FDCs) can form a network with geographically distributed sensors and use either centralised or distributed data fusion to process radar tracks and form a complete airspace picture for the Tactical Control Officer (TCO).[14] Each command post includes two color displays with a task-based common tactical operation control (CTOC) interface.[17][18] The control system can detach itself from the sensors in order to become less visible.

Operators can switch to a centralized control role by running operation center software (GBADOC). An optional Tactical Control Center (TCC) vehicle, similar to the Battalion Operations Center (BOC) for the Hawk XXI upgrade, includes a third command post which can be used for this role.

The control modules can be mounted on a large variety of vehicles. Each module can automatically determine its position using electronic northfinder and GPS receiver.

NASAMS 3

[edit]

In April 2019, RNoAF fielded the upgraded NASAMS 3 system. In May 2019, the first live firing tests were conducted.[19]

NASAMS 3 comes with an updated Fire Distribution Center station, an "ADX" console that has ergonomic control surfaces and three 30" flat-panel displays.[20][21] The redesigned Mk 2 canister launcher can fire AIM-9X Sidewinder Block II short-range missiles and AMRAAM-ER missiles from its launching rails, in addition to AIM-120 AMRAAM.[22] AMRAAM-ER is an extended range upgrade, based upon an Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile rocket motor, paired with a two-stage AMRAAM guidance head, expanding its engagement envelope, with a 50 percent increase in maximum range and 70 percent increase in maximum altitude,[23][3] giving a maximum range of about 50 km.[2] The extended range missile will have greater ability to take down fast flying and hard-maneuvering targets.[24] In May 2019, the AIM-9X Block II was test fired from NASAMS launchers at the Andøya Space Center in Norway.[25]

A new short-range 'Mobile Ground Based Air Defense System' configuration had been developed for initial deployment with Brigade Nord of the Norwegian Army.[26][27] Each battery includes six mobile IRIS-T SLS missile launchers mounted on tracked vehicles and three M1152A1 HMMWV-based High Mobility Launcher (HML) for the AIM-120 AMRAAM, which were originally developed for the U.S. Army SLAMRAAM project. They can be air-lifted by C-130 Hercules or C-17 Globemaster.[28][29][30]

A High Mobility Launcher (HML) with four AIM-120 AMRAAM and two AIM-9X Sidewinder missiles

The High Mobility Launcher is capable of launching both AIM-120 and AIM-9X from its four launching rails, and can be equipped with two additional rails.[31] IRIS-T launchers and support vehicles will be based on the Armoured Combat Support Vehicle (ACSV) and upgraded M113 (M577A2) command vehicles.[32] They will be equipped with XENTA-M X-band radars designed by Weibel Scientific.[33][34][35][36]

In June 2019, Australia ordered a locally made version of NASAMS 3, with CEA tactical (CEATAC) and towed CEA operational (CEAOPS) AESA radars, High Mobility Launchers and radar carried on Hawkei PMV vehicles instead of HMMWV, and Fire Distribution Center shelters produced at the Raytheon Australia's facility at Mawson Lakes. The system includes Raytheon AN/AAS-52 Multispectral Targeting System (MTS)-A, an electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance system with a high resolution day/night imaging sensor, and integrated laser rangefinder.[31] The ADF plans to spend A$2.5 billion on its NASAMS-based air-defence network.[37]

In October 2021, Raytheon announced that the NASAMS 3 will be upgraded with GhostEye MR, a new medium-range S-band AESA radar based on GhostEye (formerly LTAMDS) technology developed for the MIM-104 Patriot system.[38][39][40] In March 2022, Raytheon demonstrated that the High Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS) can be paired with NASAMS to destroy a swarm of drone targets.[41]

Missiles

[edit]

The AMRAAM is one of the most widely used air-to-air missiles in the world, and stockpiles of it are higher than any other comparable system. As NASAMS uses existing air-to-air missiles such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, AMRAAM, and AMRAAM-ER, there may be thousands of older missiles in NATO's arsenal that can be fired from a NASAMS battery without change.[citation needed] The AIM-9X variant includes an internal cooling system, eliminating the need for launch-rail nitrogen supply required by older variants of the missile.

A report has described NASAMS as "extremely well suited to Ukraine because of the massive numbers of missiles that NATO and allies can supply, specifically for the air defence system."[42][43] In particular, older AMRAAM A and B models have been replaced, making available many older missiles which could be sent to Ukraine.[44] For example the UK government has offered to donate "[h]undreds of additional air defence missiles" including the AMRAAMs.[45]

Service history

[edit]

In the U.S., several NASAMS were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 United States presidential inauguration, and are used to protect air space around the White House,[46][47][48] such as at nearby Fort Belvoir and the Carderock NSWC.[49]

In 2017, Lithuania ordered the NASAMS-3 to improve its own air defense capabilities; two batteries were delivered in 2020.[50]

In April 2017, Australia approved a single-supplier-limited Request for Tender (RFT) to Raytheon Australia to develop NASAMS for the ADF short-range ground-based air-defence system.[51] In June 2019, Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS (Norway) was awarded a US$185 million contract by Raytheon Australia for delivery of NASAMS components, while Raytheon Australia is the prime contractor to deliver NASAMS to the Australian Government Land 19 Phase 7B program.[52][53] The Australian version of NASAMS GBAD will use locally made components.[31] Defence minister Marise Payne announced first-pass approval in April 2017.[54] In September 2021, the first two Fire Distribution Centres for the Australian NASAMS passed factory acceptance tests.[37] In February 2022, the Mk2 canister for NASAMS launchers had been completed. It was planned to deliver three canister launchers in 2022.[55]

In 2019, Qatar placed an order for AMRAAM-ER missiles as part of a NASAMS purchase.[24]

On 1 July 2022, the United States through the Pentagon announced, as part of an $820 million military aid package to Ukraine, the delivery of NASAMS air defense systems through the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[56] A US defence official said the existing Ukrainian air defense systems are Soviet-type systems, so over time it will be harder to sustain them. This is part of updating Ukrainian air defence from a Soviet-era system to a modern one.[57] The systems being supplied may come from Norwegian stocks and may be retired units.[58]

On 29 July 2022, the US DoD disclosed that it had started the formal process of acquiring two NASAMS batteries of 12 mobile launchers, each having six missiles, for Ukraine.[59] On 24 August 2022, the US DoD announced that it would provide six additional NASAMS units "with additional munitions" to Ukraine under the USAI.[60] The Pentagon said in late September 2022 that the NASAMS would start to be delivered in "two months or so".[61]

The initial NASAMS batteries for Ukraine arrived in early November 2022.[62] The Pentagon stated that NASAMS had a 100% success rate during the Russian missile strikes on 15 November 2022. Ukrainian President Zelenskyy disclosed that the system shot down 10 missiles out of 10 targeted.[63][64] The US government has been trying to obtain more NASAMS from Middle Eastern countries, as manufacturing a new system from scratch with the current production rates may take two years. According to Raytheon CEO Gregory J. Hayes, the systems obtained from the Middle Eastern countries would later be replaced by the new ones. However, Hayes denied that these Middle Eastern countries would have to wait 2 years to obtain new NASAMS: "Just because it takes 24 months to build, it doesn’t mean it’s going to take 24 months to get in [the] country."[65]

In April 2023, the Ukrainian Air Force said that NASAMS have destroyed more than 100 enemy missiles and drones.[66]

On February 26 2024, the first Ukrainian NASAMS launcher was destroyed by Russian forces in Zaporizhzhia.[67]As of 27 March 2024, at least 2 NASAMS launchers were destroyed by Russian forces.[68]

On 27 February 2024, Raytheon successfully test fired an AMRAAM-ER from a NASAMS for the first time.[69]

Operators

[edit]
  NASAMS-1 operators
  NASAMS-2 operators
  NASAMS-3 operators
  Awaiting delivery

NASAMS has been exported to the United States, with the NASAMS 2 upgrade having been exported to Finland, the Netherlands, Spain, Oman, and Chile.[70][71]

There were 13 official operators as of September 2022. Kongsberg stated that NASAMS was in operational use in Norway, Spain, the United States, the Netherlands, Finland, Oman, Lithuania, Indonesia and "one undisclosed customer". The system is in production for Australia, Qatar, Hungary, and Ukraine. The NASAMS is in use with both armies and air forces around the world in addition to Poland, Greece, and Turkey operate the Kongsberg Command and Control solution for various weapon systems.[6]: 10 

  •  Australia – Contract for NASAMS-3 signed in March 2017, valued at A$2.5 billion.[72] The system will be locally-assembled by Raytheon Australia and will replace RBS-70 systems in service.[73] Australia received its first launchers in 2022.[74]
  •  Chile – Ordered in 2011.[75]
  •  Finland – Selected NASAMS-2 in 2009.[76][48]
  •  Hungary – Ordered in November 2020 in a $1b contract, with 60 pieces of AMRAAM C7/C8 missiles valued at $230M.[77][78][79] First two batteries delivered in 2023, other four batteries will be delivered by middle of 2024.[80]
  •  Indonesia – Two NASAMS-2 batteries delivered and in service as of 2020.[81]
  •  Lithuania – Two NASAMS-3 batteries delivered in 2020,[82] each with four launchers, as a part of a $128 million deal.[83] More systems for €200m and €234m were ordered in December 2023 and October 2024 respectively.[84][85]
  •  Netherlands – Two firing units in 2006, each consisting of 1 fire-control center, 1 AN/MPQ-64M2 radar and 3 launchers, with a Hensoldt TRML-3D/32 search radar.[86][87] 21 additional NASAMS 3 on order as of October 2024 as part of the Dutch CITADEL air defence initiative. The new NASAMS 3 will be organised in 6 firing units consisting of 3 launchers, 1 Thales Ground Master 200 Multi Mission radar and 1 fire control vehicle. [88]
  •  Norway — NASAMS-2 and NASAMS-3.[48]
  •  Oman – Ordered in January 2014, for a sum of $1.28 billion.[89][90][91]
  •  Spain – Four fire units NASAMS-2 acquired in 2003.[48][92]
  •  Ukraine – Ukraine received the NASAMS system from the U.S. in November 2022, and another procurement by Canada in January 2023.[93][94][95][96] In March, 2023 Norway announced it would send two systems to Ukraine.[97] In May 2023, the U.S. approved the sale of NASAMS air defense systems to Ukraine. This regards the possible sale of air defence systems and related equipment at an estimated cost of $285 million.[98] Lithuania is purchasing two NASAMS launchers for Ukraine (not complete systems).[99] The U.S. government announced the purchase of another 4 batteries of NASAMS for Ukraine.[100]
  •  United States – Used with AN/TWQ-1 Avenger for additional protection to high-value targets and Washington, D.C.[101][48]

Future operators

[edit]
  •  Kuwait: Requested to buy 63 AIM-120C-8 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM); 63 AIM-9X Sidewinder Block II tactical missiles; 12 Multifunctional Information Distribution Systems – Low Volume Terminal (MIDS LVT) Block Upgrade 2; and 12 MIDS LVT Cryptographic Modules. Approved by U.S. Department of State as a Foreign Military Sale in October 2022.[102]
  •  Qatar – Ordered in July 2019.[103] Qatar is the first country to procure AMRAAM-ER, the surface-to-air extended-range variant.[24]
  •  Taiwan – The U.S. government agreed to let Taiwan buy NASAMS air defense missile systems, during the annual Monterey Talks security meeting between both sides in Annapolis in June 2022. Taiwan will be allowed to buy the latest variant of NASAMS, which can fire AIM-9X, AMRAAM, and AMRAAM-ER missiles.[104] Taiwan decided to purchase "more than four Company" NASAMS systems, following the U.S. government's approval. The purchase will not be carried out until 2024, due to the demand on production capabilities for Ukraine.[105] October 25, 2024, the United States government agreed to sell 3 NASAMS system and 123 AMRAAM-ER missiles to Taiwan.[106]

Potential operators

[edit]

Failed bids

[edit]
  •  India: In 2018, India seriously considered acquiring NASAMS, but ultimately did not. The Indian Air Force said that it preferred to invest in the country's own multi-tiered Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) program.[112]
  •  Estonia and  Latvia: In 2022, Latvia and Estonia signed a letter of intent on a joint purchase of medium-range air defense systems.[113] NASAMS was considered as a likely candidate. In May 2023, the Latvian and Estonian governments announced the decision to jointly procure the IRIS-T SLM systems.[114]
  •   Switzerland – Bid for Bodluv MR Programme launched in April 2024. Armasuisse requested an offer to Kongsberg / Raytheon for a medium range air defence system (NASAMS or MGBAD), MBDA is in competition against Diehl (with a variant of the IRIS-T SL) and MBDA (with the CAMM, CAMM-ER or MICA-VL). [115][116]
    Programme information: tender launched 30 April 2024, offer to be provided by July 2024, decision expected in the third quarter 2024 and the financing and order is planned with the armament program 2025. Note: "ESSI participation doesn't preclude the system choice."
    As of July 2024, Kongsberg / Raytheon and MBDA made the decision to not submit an offer for the Bodluv MR Programme. Diehl therefore won the tender with the IRIS-T SLM. Armasuisse will now enter in negotiation for the purchase of the system.[117]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Air Defense: India Gets Integrated". strategypage.com. 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  2. ^ a b "AIM-120 AMRAAM-Extended Range". GlobalSecurity.org.
  3. ^ a b Surface-Launched AMRAAM (SL-AMRAAM / CLAWS), United States of America – Army Technology.com
  4. ^ "Raytheon MPQ-64F1 Improved Sentinel Radar – NASAMS". Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  5. ^ "National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS)". Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance. September 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "NASAMS Air Defence System" (PDF). Kongsberg. September 2022.
  7. ^ "nasams". www.rtx.com. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  8. ^ "NASAMS Air Defence System". Kongsberg. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  9. ^ Wilson, J.R. (1989). "NASAMS Replaces Nike: Norway updates layered air defense". International Defense Review. 22 (3): 351 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ^ Military Review: The Professional Journal of the United States Army. Vol 64, Issue 9 (September 1984). pp. 85–86
  11. ^ "NASAMS suitability for cruise missile defence". Archived from the original on 27 September 2009.
  12. ^ "Air Defense: SLAMRAAM Dies From Loneliness". www.strategypage.com. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  13. ^ Defense Update. "Finland Selects Norwegian/U.S. NASAMS for SA-11 Replacement". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  14. ^ a b Terje Johnsen; Brita Hafskjold; Svein Fagerlund; Tor Erik Strand; Arnstein Jensen (23 December 2005). "Data Fusion for Improved Air Picture Generation in Air Defence Systems" (PDF). S2CID 207904858.
  15. ^ "MSP – Multi Sensor Platform". Rheinmetall Defence. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  16. ^ "Rheinmetall wins contract to replace RNoAF's old MSP500 system". Airforce Technology. January 4, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  17. ^ "Breakthrough in network-based defence". Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  18. ^ "Kongsberg Annual Report 2004: An Ocean of Opportunities" (PDF). Kongsberg Gruppen. 2005-05-04. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  19. ^ "Tester ut NASAMS III for første gang". Norwegian Armed Forces – Forsvaret (in Norwegian). 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11.
  20. ^ "Fire Distribution Center – NASAMS – KDA". Kongsberg.
  21. ^ "Kongsberg Defence Australia starts building FDC shelter for ground-based air defence". 28 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Multi-Missile Launcher – NASAMS – KDA". www.kongsberg.com.
  23. ^ Raytheon completes first AMRAAM-ER missile flight tests from NASAMS air defense system – Armyrecognition.com, 5 October 2016
  24. ^ a b c Rogoway, Tyler (12 July 2019). "Qatar To Get New AMRAAM-ER Surface To Air Missiles, U.S. Capital May Be Next". The War Zone. The Drive Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  25. ^ Reichmann, Kelsey (19 June 2019). "Norway's Air Force tests Sidewinder missile". defensenews.com. Defense News. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Contract to deliver Mobile Ground Based Air Defence to the Norwegian Army worth 583 MNOK". Kongsberg. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  27. ^ "New NASAMS HML Deployed on Cold Response 2022". 26 March 2022.
  28. ^ "For the first time in 14 years, the Army itself can protect itself from air strikes". tu.no (in Norwegian). 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  29. ^ "New capability in the NASAMS air defence system". Kongsberg.com. June 21, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  30. ^ "Raytheon delivers first NASAMS High Mobility Launcher to Norway". prnewswire.com. 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  31. ^ a b c World Leader! The Enhanced NASAMS passes Gate 2. ADBR Defence Industry Integrated. Vol 38 – Special Supplement 1
  32. ^ "Nesten 20 år som "forsvarsløse": Nå skal Hæren igjen få luftvern". 4 November 2019.
  33. ^ "SHORAD ⇒ Short Range Air Defense Radar". Weibel Scientific. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  34. ^ "Danish radar manufacturer wins major supply contract for the Norwegian Army". Armada International. 26 November 2019.
  35. ^ "Weibel radars for mobile air defense of the Norwegian Armed Forces". Europäische Sicherheit & Technik. 22 November 2019.
  36. ^ "One Beam Hits All?". 2 March 2021.
  37. ^ a b Defenestrate. "Land 19 Short-Range-Ground-Based Air Defence System". Defence SA. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  38. ^ "Raytheon Missiles & Defense unveils GhostEye MR, a new medium-range air and missile defense radar for NASAMS". www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com.
  39. ^ "Raytheon Announces New Medium-Range Radar System". October 11, 2021.
  40. ^ "Soldiers See – And Touch – Full-Scale LTAMDS". www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com.
  41. ^ "RI&S' HELWS taps NASAMS air defence system to destroy drones". April 2022.
  42. ^ Anthony Capaccio (2022-10-11). "Pentagon speeds up shipping of air defense systems for Ukraine after Biden's promise". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2022-10-11. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  43. ^ Andrew Greene (2022-10-14). "Difficult choices for Ukraine in scramble to secure air defences against Russian missiles". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  44. ^ Tyler Rogoway (2022-10-13). "The Common Missile NASAMS Uses Is Its Biggest Advantage For Ukraine (Updated)". The Drive. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  45. ^ "Britain to donate air defence missiles to Ukraine". Reuters. 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  46. ^ Lund, Elisabeth (2006-02-16). "Norske våpen vokter presidenten". Økonomisk Rapport (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  47. ^ Christensen, Maj. Ola K. (2005-03-08). "The Norwegian Solution!". Battle Griffin 2005 (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2005-11-16. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  48. ^ a b c d e "NASAMS Air Defence System – brochure". www.kongsberg.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Fort Belvoir Missile Battery Eyeball".
  50. ^ "Lithuania buys Norwegian air defence system amid Russia fears". spacedaily.com. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  51. ^ "$2 billion for NASAMS GBAD system – Australian Defence Magazine". www.australiandefence.com.au. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  52. ^ "Kongsberg Wins $185.5M To Supply NASAMS Components To Australia". www.defenseworld.net. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  53. ^ "Kongsberg awarded NASAMS contract with Australia worth 1.6 billion NOK". www.epicos.com. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  54. ^ "NASAMS selected for Australian Army GBAD system". IHS Jane's 360. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  55. ^ GDC (2022-02-01). "Kongsberg To Deliver Three Mk2 NASAMS Canisters Launcher To Australia". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  56. ^ "US to send Ukraine advanced NASAMS air defense weapons in $820 million package". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  57. ^ "U.S. announces $820 million in Ukraine military aid, including missile systems". PBS Newshour. PBS. 1 July 2022.
  58. ^ Newdick, Thomas (1 July 2022). "Ukraine Situation Report: U.S. Confirms NASAMS Air Defense System Transfer". The Drive. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  59. ^ Boyko Nikolov (1 August 2022). "NASAMS air defense will face Russian aircraft for the first time". bulgarianmilitary.com. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  60. ^ "Nearly $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  61. ^ Stewart, Phil (2022-09-27). "U.S. has not yet delivered NASAMS air defenses to Ukraine -Pentagon". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  62. ^ "NASAMS, Aspide sytems[sic] already in Ukraine - defense chief". 7 November 2022.
  63. ^ "NASAMS air defense system have 100% success rate in Ukraine- Pentagon chief". Reuters. 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  64. ^ "Зеленський про системи NASAMS: Із 10 пусків було 10 влучань" [Zelenskyy about NASAMS systems: there were 10 hits out of 10 launches]. Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 15 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  65. ^ LEE HUDSON (1 December 2022). "U.S. looks to shift air defense systems from Middle East to Ukraine, Raytheon chief says". Politico. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  66. ^ "Over 100 enemy targets downed by NASAMS, Air Force says". The New Voice of Ukraine. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  67. ^ "Ukraine Depleting Best Air-Defense Missiles By Downing Russian Fighter and Command Aircraft - Forbes". The Kyiv Post. 2024-02-28.
  68. ^ Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
  69. ^ Colton Jones (2024-02-28). "Raytheon completes first flight test for new AMRAAM-ER". defence-blog.
  70. ^ "Rapid Fire: 2010-06-22". Defense Industry Daily. 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  71. ^ Dutch Order NASAMS-SLAMRAAM Air Defense Systems (2006-12-08)
  72. ^ LaPorta, James (8 November 2017). "Raytheon, Australia ink first deal for ground-based air defense system". UPI. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  73. ^ Kerr, Julian (25 March 2019). "Australian NASAMS to integrate locally designed active phased-array radars". Jane's 360. Sydney. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  74. ^ "First NASAMS Mk2 cannister launchers arrive in Australia". Australian Defence Business Review. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  75. ^ "Чили получит норвежские зенитные комплексы NASAMS". lenta.ru (in Russian). 10 October 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  76. ^ "Finland selects KONGSBERG/Raytheon air defence system". www.kongsberg.com. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  77. ^ "Controversial agreement in box: Replaces Soviet Kub air defense with Norwegian-developed Nasams". tu.no (in Norwegian). 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  78. ^ "Hungary to order AMRAAM-ER". dsca.mil.
  79. ^ "magyarnemzet.hu – NASAMS légvédelmi rakétarendszert kap a Magyar Honvédség". 2020-11-19.
  80. ^ "https://magyarnemzet.hu/belfold/2023/10/a-legmodernebb-legvedelmi-raketakkal-ujitott-a-honvedseg". 26 October 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  81. ^ "Indonesia receives, deploys first NASAMS 2 air defense system". asiapacificdefensejournal.com. 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  82. ^ Rupšys, Valdemaras (10 June 2020). "Military chief: Lithuanian air defence system reached a new level". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  83. ^ "NASAMS III lands in Lithuania". Shephard Media. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  84. ^ "Lithuania signs €200m deal on new NASAMS air defence system". LRT. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  85. ^ "Lithuania buys additional NASAMS air defence systems". LRT. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  86. ^ "Army Ground Based Air Defence System". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). 7 October 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  87. ^ "Air defence contract with the Netherlands". www.ksat.no. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  88. ^ Defensie, Ministerie van (2024-10-14). "Defensie bereidt zich voor op sterke verdediging tegen raketaanvallen - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl". www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  89. ^ "Oman to spend more". janes.com. IHS Janes. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  90. ^ "Raytheon Receives Contract for Ground Based Air Defense System for Oman". investor.raytheon.com. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  91. ^ "NASAMS Air Defence System" (PDF). Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  92. ^ "Spanish Army Conducts Successful NASAMS Live-Fire Exercise". www.defense-aerospace.com. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  93. ^ "Ukraine hails new air defences, warns power situation 'tense'". 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  94. ^ Volodymyr Zelenskyy [@ZelenskyyUa] (10 January 2023). "Dear @JustinTrudeau, your true leadership in standing for democracy and human rights has been vividly proven again. Thank you for helping us to protect our sky. NASAMS procured for us by Canada will be a strong shield for our cities and citizens" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 – via Twitter.
  95. ^ Pugliese, David (10 January 2023). "Canada buys Ukraine $400M air-defence system that Canadian Army has been waiting for since 2012". nationalpost.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  96. ^ "Canadian donations and military support to Ukraine". Canadian Department of National Defence. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  97. ^ Bisht, Inder Singh (2023-03-13). "Norway to Send Two NASAMS Air Defense Systems to Ukraine". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  98. ^ "UKRAINE – NATIONAL ADVANCED SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE SYSTEM (NASAMS)". Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  99. ^ "Lithuania buys two NASAMS units and gives them to Ukraine".
  100. ^ "Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine - July 19, 2023".
  101. ^ Marc Ambinder (2015-04-16). "The futuristic air defense system of Washington, D.C. was defeated by a postman". The Week. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  102. ^ "Kuwait – National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS), Medium Range Air Defense System (MRADS)". Defense Security Cooperation Agency (Press release). 6 October 2022.
  103. ^ "Qatar to become first AMRAAM-ER user". janes.com. IHS Janes. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  104. ^ Zhu Ming (26 September 2022). "美國同意軍售Nasams防空系統 空軍重啟「天隼二號」力拚排入2024年預算 -- 上報 / 調查" [U.S. agrees to sell NASAMS air defense system]. UP media.
  105. ^ Panasovskyi, Maksim (1 October 2022). "Taiwan will buy NASAMS air defense systems to defend against China". gagadget.com.
  106. ^ "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System". Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 2024-10-25.
  107. ^ Defensa.com (2023-11-24). "Rumania se dotará de un sistema de defensa aérea por 3.850 millones - Noticias Defensa defensa.com OTAN y Europa". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  108. ^ "Romania Launches $4.2 Billion Tender for Short- and Medium-range Air Defense Systems". Militarnyi. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  109. ^ Teraz.sk (2024-06-20). "Kaliňák: Vláda intenzívne rokuje o ponukách na protivzdušnú obranu". TERAZ.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  110. ^ a.s, Petit Press. "Ako je chránené slovenské nebo a sú ohrozené jadrové elektrárne?". komentare.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  111. ^ "Namiesto jednej batérie ich kúpime šesť. Kaliňák odletí do Izraela dohodnúť novú protivzdušnú obranu za 770 miliónov". Pravda.sk (in Slovak). 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  112. ^ Tiwari, Sakshi (12 October 2022). "Once 'Rejected' By India, Ukraine To Get 'Game Changing' NASAMS From US; Will The Game Now Change For Ukraine?". The EurAsian Times.
  113. ^ "Latvia and Estonia sign letter of intent on purchase of medium-range air defense systems". The Baltic Times. 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  114. ^ "Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems". AP News. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  115. ^ PK (2024-04-30). "Demande d'offre pour le futur système sol-air de moyenne portée !". Avia news (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  116. ^ "Offertanfrage an die Herstellerfirmen von Bodluv-Systemen mittlerer Reichweite übergeben". www.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
  117. ^ "Medium-range ground-based air defence – Kongsberg and MBDA will not submit offers".
[edit]

Media related to NASAMS at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASAMS&oldid=1255593872"