Seniority in the United States House of Representatives

This is a complete list of current members of the United States House of Representatives based on seniority. For the most part, representatives are ranked by the beginning of their terms in office. Representatives whose terms begin the same day are ranked alphabetically by last name.

Seniority calculation

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Seniority is calculated by:

  1. Number of total terms served (subtracting one term from the number of non-consecutive terms)
  2. Number of consecutive terms served
  3. Alphabetically by last name[1]

An additional clause applies for representatives that have a prior tenure of less than two terms. In this case, they will have preference over all other members who are freshmen by tenure.[citation needed]

An example of this ranking system is Rep. Pete Sessions had previously served eleven terms, from 1997 to 2019 (after his defeat in the 2018 midterms), when he was once again elected in 2020. Instead of holding seniority with others whose terms began January 3, 2021, he was credited with ten terms, and holds seniority above all representatives whose terms began on or after January 3, 2001.

Benefits of seniority

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Committee leadership in the House is often associated with seniority, especially in the Democratic Caucus. The Republican leadership, in comparison with the Democratic Party, prioritizes voting records and campaign fundraising over seniority for committee leadership.[2] Party leadership in the House is not strictly associated with seniority.

The more senior a representative is, the more likely the representative is to receive desirable committee assignments or leadership posts. Seniority also affects access to more desirable office space in the House Office Buildings:[3] after an office is vacated, members next in seniority can choose whether to move into it. Only after allocations for existing members are complete can incoming members be assigned offices via the congressional office lottery.[4]

Vacancies

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Current seniority list

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Rank Member Party District Seniority date Previous service[a]
Committee and leadership positions
1 Hal Rogers R Kentucky 5 January 3, 1981 Dean of the House
2 Chris Smith R New Jersey 4  
3 Steny Hoyer D Maryland 5 May 19, 1981
4 Marcy Kaptur D Ohio 9 January 3, 1983
5 Nancy Pelosi D California 11 June 2, 1987 Speaker Emerita of the House
6 Frank Pallone D New Jersey 6 November 8, 1988 Ranking Member: Energy and Commerce
7 Richard Neal D Massachusetts 1 January 3, 1989 Ranking Member: Ways and Means
8 Rosa DeLauro D Connecticut 3 January 3, 1991 Ranking Member: Appropriations
9 Maxine Waters D California 43 Ranking Member: Financial Services
10 Jerry Nadler D New York 12 November 3, 1992 Ranking Member: Judiciary
11 Sanford Bishop D Georgia 2 January 3, 1993  
12 Ken Calvert R California 41
13 Jim Clyburn D South Carolina 6
14 Anna Eshoo D California 16
15 Bobby Scott D Virginia 3 Ranking Member: Education and the Workforce
16 Nydia Velázquez D New York 7 Ranking Member: Small Business
17 Bennie Thompson D Mississippi 2 April 13, 1993 Ranking Member: Homeland Security
18 Frank Lucas R Oklahoma 3 May 10, 1994 Chair: Science, Space and Technology
19 Lloyd Doggett D Texas 37 January 3, 1995  
20 Zoe Lofgren D California 18 Ranking Member: Science, Space and Technology
21 Earl Blumenauer D Oregon 3 May 21, 1996  
22 Robert Aderholt R Alabama 4 January 3, 1997
23 Danny Davis D Illinois 7
24 Diana DeGette D Colorado 1
25 Kay Granger R Texas 12 Chair: Appropriations until April 10, 2024
26 Jim McGovern D Massachusetts 2 Ranking Member: Rules
27 Brad Sherman D California 32  
28 Adam Smith D Washington 9 Ranking Member: Armed Services
29 Gregory Meeks D New York 5 February 3, 1998 Ranking Member: Foreign Affairs
30 Barbara Lee D California 12 April 7, 1998  
31 John B. Larson D Connecticut 1 January 3, 1999
32 Grace Napolitano D California 31
33 Jan Schakowsky D Illinois 9
34 Mike Simpson R Idaho 2
35 Mike Thompson D California 4
36 Pete Sessions R Texas 17 January 3, 2021 1997–2019
37 Sam Graves R Missouri 6 January 3, 2001 Chair: Transportation and Infrastructure
38 Rick Larsen D Washington 2 Ranking Member: Transportation and Infrastructure
39 Betty McCollum D Minnesota 4  
40 Stephen Lynch D Massachusetts 8 October 16, 2001
41 Joe Wilson R South Carolina 2 December 18, 2001
42 Michael C. Burgess R Texas 26 January 3, 2003 Chair: Rules from April 10, 2024
43 John Carter R Texas 31  
44 Tom Cole R Oklahoma 4 Chair: Rules until April 10, 2024
Chair: Appropriations from April 10, 2024
45 Mario Díaz-Balart R Florida 26  
46 Raúl Grijalva D Arizona 7 Ranking Member: Natural Resources
47 Mike Rogers R Alabama 3 Chair: Armed Services
48 Dutch Ruppersberger D Maryland 2  
49 Linda Sánchez D California 38
50 David Scott D Georgia 13 Ranking Member: Agriculture
51 Mike Turner R Ohio 10 Chair: Intelligence
52 Darrell Issa R California 48 January 3, 2021 2001–2019  
53 Emanuel Cleaver D Missouri 5 January 3, 2005
54 Jim Costa D California 21
55 Henry Cuellar D Texas 28
56 Virginia Foxx R North Carolina 5 Chair: Education and the Workforce
57 Al Green D Texas 9  
58 Michael McCaul R Texas 10 Chair: Foreign Affairs
59 Patrick McHenry R North Carolina 10 Chair: Financial Services
60 Cathy McMorris Rodgers R Washington 5 Chair: Energy and Commerce
61 Gwen Moore D Wisconsin 4  
62 Debbie Wasserman Schultz D Florida 25
63 Doris Matsui D California 7 March 8, 2005
64 Gus Bilirakis R Florida 12 January 3, 2007
65 Vern Buchanan R Florida 16
66 Kathy Castor D Florida 14
67 Yvette Clarke D New York 9
68 Steve Cohen D Tennessee 9
69 Joe Courtney D Connecticut 2
70 Hank Johnson D Georgia 4
71 Jim Jordan R Ohio 4 Chair: Judiciary
72 Doug Lamborn R Colorado 5  
73 John Sarbanes D Maryland 3
74 Adrian Smith R Nebraska 3
75 Bob Latta R Ohio 5 December 11, 2007
76 Rob Wittman R Virginia 1
77 André Carson D Indiana 7 March 11, 2008
78 Steve Scalise R Louisiana 1 May 3, 2008 Majority Leader
79 Gerry Connolly D Virginia 11 January 3, 2009  
80 Brett Guthrie R Kentucky 2
81 Jim Himes D Connecticut 4 Ranking Member: Intelligence
82 Blaine Luetkemeyer R Missouri 3  
83 Tom McClintock R California 5
84 Chellie Pingree D Maine 1
85 Bill Posey R Florida 8
86 Glenn Thompson R Pennsylvania 15 Chair: Agriculture
87 Paul Tonko D New York 20  
88 Mike Quigley D Illinois 5 April 7, 2009
89 Judy Chu D California 28 July 14, 2009
90 John Garamendi D California 8 November 3, 2009
91 Tim Walberg R Michigan 5 January 3, 2011 2007–2009
92 Bill Foster D Illinois 11 January 3, 2013 2008–2011
93 Kweisi Mfume D Maryland 7 April 28, 2020 1987–1996
94 Larry Bucshon R Indiana 8 January 3, 2011
95 Rick Crawford R Arkansas 1
96 Scott DesJarlais R Tennessee 4
97 Jeff Duncan R South Carolina 3
98 Chuck Fleischmann R Tennessee 3
99 Paul Gosar R Arizona 9
100 Morgan Griffith R Virginia 9
101 Andy Harris R Maryland 1
102 Bill Huizenga R Michigan 4
103 Bill Keating D Massachusetts 9
104 Mike Kelly R Pennsylvania 16
105 David Schweikert R Arizona 1
106 Austin Scott R Georgia 8
107 Terri Sewell D Alabama 7
108 Daniel Webster R Florida 11
109 Frederica Wilson D Florida 24
110 Steve Womack R Arkansas 3
111 Mark Amodei R Nevada 2 September 13, 2011
112 Suzanne Bonamici D Oregon 1 January 31, 2012
113 Suzan DelBene D Washington 1 November 6, 2012
114 Thomas Massie R Kentucky 4
115 Dina Titus D Nevada 1 January 3, 2013 2009–2011
116 Andy Barr R Kentucky 6
117 Joyce Beatty D Ohio 3
118 Ami Bera D California 6
119 Julia Brownley D California 26
120 Tony Cárdenas D California 29
121 Matt Cartwright D Pennsylvania 8
122 Joaquin Castro D Texas 20
123 Lois Frankel D Florida 22
124 Richard Hudson R North Carolina 9
125 Jared Huffman D California 2
126 Hakeem Jeffries D New York 8 Minority Leader
127 David Joyce R Ohio 14  
128 Dan Kildee D Michigan 8
129 Derek Kilmer D Washington 6
130 Annie Kuster D New Hampshire 2
131 Doug LaMalfa R California 1
132 Grace Meng D New York 6
133 Scott Perry R Pennsylvania 10
134 Scott Peters D California 50
135 Mark Pocan D Wisconsin 2
136 Raul Ruiz D California 25
137 Eric Swalwell D California 14
138 Mark Takano D California 39 Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs
139 Juan Vargas D California 52  
140 Marc Veasey D Texas 33
141 Ann Wagner R Missouri 2
142 Randy Weber R Texas 14
143 Brad Wenstrup R Ohio 2
144 Roger Williams R Texas 25 Chair: Small Business
145 Robin Kelly D Illinois 2 April 9, 2013  
146 Jason Smith R Missouri 8 June 4, 2013 Chair: Ways and Means
147 Katherine Clark D Massachusetts 5 December 10, 2013 Minority Whip
148 Alma Adams D North Carolina 12 November 4, 2014  
149 Donald Norcross D New Jersey 1
150 Ed Case D Hawaii 1 January 3, 2019 2002–2007
151 Pete Aguilar D California 33 January 3, 2015 Democratic Caucus Chair
152 Rick Allen R Georgia 12  
153 Brian Babin R Texas 36
154 Don Beyer D Virginia 8
155 Mike Bost R Illinois 12 Chair: Veterans' Affairs
156 Brendan Boyle D Pennsylvania 2 Ranking Member: Budget
157 Buddy Carter R Georgia 1  
158 Mark DeSaulnier D California 10
159 Debbie Dingell D Michigan 6
160 Tom Emmer R Minnesota 6 Majority Whip
161 Ruben Gallego D Arizona 3  
162 Garret Graves R Louisiana 6
163 Glenn Grothman R Wisconsin 6
164 French Hill R Arkansas 2
165 Ted Lieu D California 36
166 Barry Loudermilk R Georgia 11
167 John Moolenaar R Michigan 2
168 Alex Mooney R West Virginia 2
169 Seth Moulton D Massachusetts 6
170 Dan Newhouse R Washington 4
171 Gary Palmer R Alabama 6
172 David Rouzer R North Carolina 7
173 Elise Stefanik R New York 21 Republican Conference Chairwoman
174 Norma Torres D California 35  
175 Bonnie Watson Coleman D New Jersey 12
176 Bruce Westerman R Arkansas 4 Chair: Natural Resources
177 Trent Kelly R Mississippi 1 June 2, 2015  
178 Darin LaHood R Illinois 16 September 10, 2015
179 Warren Davidson R Ohio 8 June 7, 2016
180 James Comer R Kentucky 1 November 8, 2016 Chair: Oversight and Accountability
181 Dwight Evans D Pennsylvania 3  
182 Brad Schneider D Illinois 10 January 3, 2017 2013–2015
183 David Valadao R California 22 January 3, 2021 2013–2019
184 Jodey Arrington R Texas 19 January 3, 2017 Chair: Budget
185 Don Bacon R Nebraska 2  
186 Jim Banks R Indiana 3
187 Nanette Barragán D California 44
188 Jack Bergman R Michigan 1
189 Andy Biggs R Arizona 5
190 Lisa Blunt Rochester D Delaware at-large
191 Salud Carbajal D California 24
192 Lou Correa D California 46
193 Neal Dunn R Florida 2
194 Adriano Espaillat D New York 13
195 Drew Ferguson R Georgia 3
196 Brian Fitzpatrick R Pennsylvania 1
197 Vicente Gonzalez D Texas 34
198 Josh Gottheimer D New Jersey 5
199 Clay Higgins R Louisiana 3
200 Pramila Jayapal D Washington 7
201 Mike Johnson R Louisiana 4 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
202 Ro Khanna D California 17  
203 Raja Krishnamoorthi D Illinois 8
204 David Kustoff R Tennessee 8
205 Brian Mast R Florida 21
206 Jimmy Panetta D California 19
207 Jamie Raskin D Maryland 8 Ranking Member: Oversight and Accountability
208 John Rutherford R Florida 5  
209 Lloyd Smucker R Pennsylvania 11
210 Darren Soto D Florida 9
211 Ron Estes R Kansas 4 April 11, 2017
212 Jimmy Gomez D California 34 June 6, 2017
213 Ralph Norman R South Carolina 5 June 20, 2017
214 John Curtis R Utah 3 November 7, 2017
215 Debbie Lesko R Arizona 8 April 24, 2018
216 Michael Cloud R Texas 27 June 30, 2018
217 Troy Balderson R Ohio 12 August 7, 2018
218 Kevin Hern R Oklahoma 1 November 6, 2018
219 Joseph Morelle D New York 25 Ranking Member: House Administration
220 Mary Gay Scanlon D Pennsylvania 5  
221 Susan Wild D Pennsylvania 7 Ranking Member: Ethics
222 Steven Horsford D Nevada 4 January 3, 2019 2013–2015  
223 Tom Suozzi D New York 3 February 13, 2024 2017–2023
224 Colin Allred D Texas 32 January 3, 2019
225 Jim Baird R Indiana 4
226 Tim Burchett R Tennessee 2
227 Sean Casten D Illinois 6
228 Ben Cline R Virginia 6
229 Angie Craig D Minnesota 2
230 Dan Crenshaw R Texas 2
231 Jason Crow D Colorado 6
232 Sharice Davids D Kansas 3
233 Madeleine Dean D Pennsylvania 4
234 Veronica Escobar D Texas 16
235 Lizzie Fletcher D Texas 7
236 Russ Fulcher R Idaho 1
237 Chuy García D Illinois 4
238 Sylvia Garcia D Texas 29
239 Jared Golden D Maine 2
240 Lance Gooden R Texas 5
241 Mark Green R Tennessee 7 Chair: Homeland Security
242 Michael Guest R Mississippi 3 Chair: Ethics
243 Josh Harder D California 9  
244 Jahana Hayes D Connecticut 5
245 Chrissy Houlahan D Pennsylvania 6
246 Dusty Johnson R South Dakota at-large
247 John Joyce R Pennsylvania 13
248 Susie Lee D Nevada 3
249 Mike Levin D California 49
250 Lucy McBath D Georgia 7
251 Dan Meuser R Pennsylvania 9
252 Carol Miller R West Virginia 1
253 Joe Neguse D Colorado 2 Assistant Democratic Leader
254 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez D New York 14  
255 Ilhan Omar D Minnesota 5
256 Chris Pappas D New Hampshire 1
257 Greg Pence R Indiana 6
258 Dean Phillips D Minnesota 3
259 Katie Porter D California 47
260 Ayanna Pressley D Massachusetts 7
261 Guy Reschenthaler R Pennsylvania 14
262 John Rose R Tennessee 6
263 Chip Roy R Texas 21
264 Kim Schrier D Washington 8
265 Mikie Sherrill D New Jersey 11
266 Elissa Slotkin D Michigan 7
267 Abigail Spanberger D Virginia 7
268 Greg Stanton D Arizona 4
269 Pete Stauber R Minnesota 8
270 Bryan Steil R Wisconsin 1 Chair: House Administration
271 Greg Steube R Florida 17  
272 Haley Stevens D Michigan 11
273 William Timmons R South Carolina 4
274 Rashida Tlaib D Michigan 12
275 Lori Trahan D Massachusetts 3
276 David Trone D Maryland 6
277 Lauren Underwood D Illinois 14
278 Jeff Van Drew R[b] New Jersey 2
279 Michael Waltz R Florida 6
280 Jennifer Wexton D Virginia 10
281 Dan Bishop R North Carolina 8 September 10, 2019
282 Greg Murphy R North Carolina 3
283 Mike Garcia R California 27 May 12, 2020
284 Tom Tiffany R Wisconsin 7
285 Claudia Tenney R New York 24 February 11, 2021 2017–2019
286 Ryan Zinke R Montana 1 January 3, 2023 2015–2017
287 Jake Auchincloss D Massachusetts 4 January 3, 2021
288 Cliff Bentz R Oregon 2
289 Stephanie Bice R Oklahoma 5
290 Lauren Boebert R Colorado 3
291 Jamaal Bowman D New York 16
292 Cori Bush D Missouri 1
293 Kat Cammack R Florida 3
294 Jerry Carl R Alabama 1
295 Andrew Clyde R Georgia 9
296 Byron Donalds R Florida 19
297 Pat Fallon R Texas 4
298 Randy Feenstra R Iowa 4
299 Michelle Fischbach R Minnesota 7
300 Scott Fitzgerald R Wisconsin 5
301 Scott Franklin R Florida 18
302 Andrew Garbarino R New York 2
303 Carlos A. Giménez R Florida 28
304 Tony Gonzales R Texas 23
305 Bob Good R Virginia 5
306 Marjorie Taylor Greene R Georgia 14
307 Diana Harshbarger R Tennessee 1
308 Ashley Hinson R Iowa 2
309 Ronny Jackson R Texas 13
310 Sara Jacobs D California 51
311 Young Kim R California 40
312 Jake LaTurner R Kansas 2
313 Teresa Leger Fernandez D New Mexico 3
314 Nancy Mace R South Carolina 1
315 Nicole Malliotakis R New York 11
316 Tracey Mann R Kansas 1
317 Kathy Manning D North Carolina 6
318 Lisa McClain R Michigan 9
319 Mary Miller R Illinois 15
320 Mariannette Miller-Meeks R Iowa 1
321 Barry Moore R Alabama 2
322 Blake Moore R Utah 1
323 Frank J. Mrvan D Indiana 1
324 Troy Nehls R Texas 22
325 Jay Obernolte R California 23
326 Burgess Owens R Utah 4
327 August Pfluger R Texas 11
328 Matt Rosendale R Montana 2
329 Deborah Ross D North Carolina 2
330 María Elvira Salazar R Florida 27
331 Victoria Spartz R Indiana 5
332 Michelle Steel R California 45
333 Marilyn Strickland D Washington 10
334 Ritchie Torres D New York 15
335 Beth Van Duyne R Texas 24
336 Nikema Williams D Georgia 5
337 Julia Letlow R Louisiana 5 March 20, 2021
338 Troy Carter D Louisiana 2 April 24, 2021
339 Melanie Stansbury D New Mexico 1 June 1, 2021
340 Jake Ellzey R Texas 6 July 27, 2021
341 Shontel Brown D Ohio 11 November 2, 2021
342 Mike Carey R Ohio 15
343 Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick D Florida 20 January 11, 2022
344 Mike Flood R Nebraska 1 June 28, 2022
345 Brad Finstad R Minnesota 1 August 9, 2022
346 Mary Peltola D Alaska at-large August 16, 2022
347 Pat Ryan D New York 18 August 23, 2022
348 Rudy Yakym R Indiana 2 November 8, 2022
349 Mark Alford R Missouri 4 January 3, 2023
350 Becca Balint D Vermont at-large
351 Aaron Bean R Florida 4
352 Josh Brecheen R Oklahoma 2
353 Nikki Budzinski D Illinois 13
354 Eric Burlison R Missouri 7
355 Yadira Caraveo D Colorado 8
356 Greg Casar D Texas 35
357 Lori Chavez-DeRemer R Oregon 5
358 Juan Ciscomani R Arizona 6
359 Mike Collins R Georgia 10
360 Eli Crane R Arizona 2
361 Jasmine Crockett D Texas 30
362 Anthony D'Esposito R New York 4
363 Don Davis D North Carolina 1
364 Monica De La Cruz R Texas 15
365 Chris Deluzio D Pennsylvania 17
366 John Duarte R California 13
367 Chuck Edwards R North Carolina 11
368 Mike Ezell R Mississippi 4
369 Valerie Foushee D North Carolina 4
370 Maxwell Frost D Florida 10
371 Russell Fry R South Carolina 7
372 Robert Garcia D California 42
373 Marie Gluesenkamp Perez D Washington 3
374 Dan Goldman D New York 10
375 Harriet Hageman R Wyoming at-large
376 Erin Houchin R Indiana 9
377 Val Hoyle D Oregon 4
378 Wesley Hunt R Texas 38
379 Glenn Ivey D Maryland 4
380 Jeff Jackson D North Carolina 14
381 Jonathan Jackson D Illinois 1
382 John James R Michigan 10
383 Sydney Kamlager D California 37
384 Thomas Kean Jr. R New Jersey 7
385 Jen Kiggans R Virginia 2
386 Kevin Kiley R California 3
387 Nick LaLota R New York 1
388 Greg Landsman D Ohio 1
389 Nick Langworthy R New York 23
390 Mike Lawler R New York 17
391 Laurel Lee R Florida 15
392 Summer Lee D Pennsylvania 12
393 Anna Paulina Luna R Florida 13
394 Morgan Luttrell R Texas 8
395 Seth Magaziner D Rhode Island 2
396 Rich McCormick R Georgia 6
397 Morgan McGarvey D Kentucky 3
398 Rob Menendez D New Jersey 8
399 Max Miller R Ohio 7
400 Cory Mills R Florida 7
401 Marc Molinaro R New York 19
402 Nathaniel Moran R Texas 1
403 Jared Moskowitz D Florida 23
404 Kevin Mullin D California 15
405 Wiley Nickel D North Carolina 13
406 Zach Nunn R Iowa 3
407 Andy Ogles R Tennessee 5
408 Brittany Pettersen D Colorado 7
409 Delia Ramirez D Illinois 3
410 Andrea Salinas D Oregon 6
411 Hillary Scholten D Michigan 3
412 Keith Self R Texas 3
413 Eric Sorensen D Illinois 17
414 Dale Strong R Alabama 5
415 Emilia Sykes D Ohio 13
416 Shri Thanedar D Michigan 13
417 Jill Tokuda D Hawaii 2
418 Derrick Van Orden R Wisconsin 3
419 Gabe Vasquez D New Mexico 2
420 Brandon Williams R New York 22
421 Jennifer McClellan D Virginia 4 February 21, 2023
422 Gabe Amo D Rhode Island 1 November 7, 2023
423 Celeste Maloy R Utah 2 November 21, 2023
424 Tim Kennedy D New York 26 April 30, 2024
425 Vince Fong R California 20 May 21, 2024
426 Michael Rulli R Ohio 6 June 11, 2024
427 Greg Lopez R Colorado 4 June 25, 2024
428 LaMonica McIver D New Jersey 10 September 18, 2024
429 Erica Lee Carter D Texas 18 November 5, 2024
430 Tony Wied R Wisconsin 8
Rank Member Party District Seniority date Previous service[a]
Committee and leadership positions

Delegates

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Delegates are non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives.

Rank Delegate Party District Seniority date
(previous service, if any)
1 Eleanor Holmes Norton D District of Columbia at-large January 3, 1991
2 Gregorio Sablan D Northern Mariana Islands at-large January 3, 2009
3 Stacey Plaskett D United States Virgin Islands at-large January 3, 2015
4 Amata Coleman Radewagen R American Samoa at-large
5 Jenniffer González NPP/R Puerto Rico at-large January 3, 2017
6 James Moylan R Guam at-large January 3, 2023


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Members elected with substantial prior service receive credit for part of that service when calculating seniority.
  2. ^ A party change does not affect seniority.

References

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  1. ^ "Terms of Service for Members of the House of Representatives". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  2. ^ "House Seniority and Committee Leadership". U.S. News & World Report. December 8, 2006.
  3. ^ Goodwin, George (1959). "The Seniority System in Congress". The American Political Science Review. pp. 412–436. doi:10.2307/1952154. JSTOR 1952154. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  4. ^ Langhorne, Thomas B. (October 16, 2018). "Scramble for office space in Congress is about status". Evansville Courier & Press. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  5. ^ "New Jersey Democratic Rep. Bill Pascrell dead at 87". The Hill. 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  6. ^ Amiri, Farnoush; Mascaro, Lisa. "Rep. Matt Gaetz resigns from Congress". Associated Press. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
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