Petard

For other uses, see Petard (disambiguation).

A petard is a small bomb used for blowing up gates and walls when breaching fortifications, originally invented in France in 1579. A typical petard was a conical or rectangular metal device containing 5–6 pounds (2–3 kg) of gunpowder, with a slow match for a fuse.

A petard, from a seventeenth-century manuscript of military designs

A 19th-century British army petard (in center, projecting from the copper circle), mounted on a madrier, with braces

Etymology

Pétard comes from the Middle French péter, to fart, from the root pet, expulsion of intestinal gas, derived from the Latin peditus, past participle of pedere, to break wind. In modern French, a pétard is a firecracker (and it is the basis for the word for firecracker in several other European languages).

Pétardiers were deployed during sieges of castles or fortified cities. The pétard, a rather primitive and exceedingly dangerous explosive device, comprised a brass or iron bell-shaped device filled with gunpowder and affixed to a wooden base called a madrier. This was attached to a wall or gate using hooks and rings, the fuse lit and, if successful, the resulting explosive force, concentrated at the target point, would blow a hole in the obstruction, allowing assault troops to enter.

Shakespeare's phrase "hoist with his own petard"—meaning that one could be lifted (blown) upward by one's own bomb, or in other words, be foiled by one's own plan—has become an idiom that means "to be harmed by one's own plan (to harm someone else)" or "to fall into one's own trap".

Overview

Petards were often placed either inside tunnels under walls or directly upon gates. The petard's shape allowed the concussive pressure of the blast to be applied entirely towards the destruction of the target structure. Depending on design, a petard could be secured by propping it against the wall or gate using beams, as illustrated, or nailing it in place on a madrier (a thick wooden board fixed in advance to the end of the petard).

Variants

Churchill AVRE with its 230/29 mm spigot mortar and its 228 mm petard bomb ammunition to the right.

In military use, a petard mortar was a spigot mortar (a weapon that fires explosive projectiles, known as [mortar] bombs, at low velocities, short ranges and parabolic ballistic trajectories) of a 230 mm (9.1 in) bore, known to its crews as the "flying dustbin" due to the characteristics of its projectile, an un-aerodynamic 20 kg (44 lb) charge that could be fired up to 100 m (110 yd). The weapon was carried by the Churchill AVRE tank and was sufficient to breach or demolish many bunkers and earthworks.

In Maltese English, home-made fireworks—a popular and widespread albeit highly dangerous hobby in Malta—are called petards (the word in Maltese, murtal, is related to "mortar"). These petards are detonated by the dozen during feasts dedicated to local patron saints. Maltese petards are made by common people without formal education in chemistry, as an exercise in traditional handiwork.

See also

• Fougasse (weapon)
• List of inventors killed by their own invention
• Shaped charge

Further reading

• "Petard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911.
• Appier-Hanzelet, Jean (1630). La pyrotechnie de Hanzelet lorrain ... (in French). A well illustrated 17th Century artillery book showing several examples of petards in use

External links

• Media related to Petard at Wikimedia Commons