Mexico
Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit (Spain sowal: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), o pangangan Mexico (Spain sowal: México), o ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a cecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit a cisakowanay kitakit, o ka’amis ato Amilika masasiingir, katimol ato kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, o kawali o Belize, Guatemala ato Caribbean riyar, kawali o Mexico sangoso’ [9]. O adahal no sera ira ko 180 ’ofad pinfang kongli[10], no Amilika safaniyot o saka lima dadahalay kitakit ato saka 14 ta’akay kitakit no hekal. O polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.28 walwalan, o saka mo^etep ’alomanay tamdaw no hekal, ono Spain a sowal saka cecay ta’akay tamdaw kitakit ato Latin Amilika safaniyot saka tosa ta’akay tamdaw kitakit. Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit, halo 32 ko kanatal; o tadamaci atota’akay maci o Mexico niyaro’ o cecay kanatal.
I ’ayaway ni Columbus a to’asan a Mexico adihay ko tala’ayway i tenokay ca Amilika safaniyot a palamitan no maro’ay a tamdaw, tinako Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya ato Aztec. I 1521 miheca, o Spain hongti kitakit i Mexico a Tenochtitlan ko kaitiraan milowid a micingcing to itiniay sa’etal, patireng to telek a New Spain songto a mikowan. I 1821 miheca, ikor a pisiiked a kalalood Mexico pisiikedan, onini a sa’etal mihapiw to pisiiked mihayda to Mexico.
Iko no Mexico a misiiked pakataneng to kararawan, caay katomenek ko kicay ato sici. Ikor no Amilika ato Mexico a kalalood (1846-48), o tangic malitosaay no ka’amisay a sera mapapecih to Amilika. I 19 sici, o Mexico mataneng ko pastry lalood, France Mexico lalood, laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood, tosaay hongti kitakit ato 30 mihecaan a nisateked a pikowan a to’asan no likisi. I 1910 miheca miteka ko Mexico to sapifelih to nisateked a pikowan, saikor i 1917 miheca mapasetek ko kimpo ato fa^elohay sapidemak tosici a telek ko patireng.
O ngangan no Mexico a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o saka 15 ta’akay i hekal, i kasakitakit misanga’an kinaira (o malalenay ko pi’acaay ) o saka 11 ta’akay i hekal. O Mexico a kicay ato ka’amisay Amilika pakoniraay kalali’aca katatelekan (NAFTA) kalali’aca lakapot makakedecay, mangalef to saki Amilika[11][12]. I 1994 miheca, o Mexico mala kakomodan no kicay ato kacomahadan a sakapot a sa’ayaway a Latin Amilika safaniyot sakapotan. No hekal a kingko pala tenokay takaraway cimicomoday a kitakit[13], misaheciay a tamdaw sacisowal sa o cecay fa’elohay katayalan a kitakit[14][15][16][17]. Mipasasa to romi’ad tangasa i 2050 miheca, o Mexico mala Osaka 5 ano eca saka 7 ta’akay sakino kicay i polong no cikiw[18][19].
Onini a kitakit o mala sa’etalay a ta’akay kitakit ato sasifo’an ci’icelay kitakit[20][21][22][23], mararid mala o fa’elohay ci’icelay kitakit[24]. O kadofahay ko ponka likisi nalacolan no Mexico, ira i Amilika safaniyot a sakacecay adihayay ato saka 7 adihayay no helal a nalacolan a kiwiko ponka sakapotan i Linhoko[25][26]. 2015 miheca, o nai hekalay a mihomongay tayni a tamdaw o saka 10 a kitakit, o mihomongay nai kasakitakit tamdaw tayni mirarakat ira ko 2910 ’ofad[27][28]. O nano Linhoko, Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, G20 a lomaoc ato malacecayay lekaop ko Mexico, 2014 miheca miteka mala o France a liyokan kasakitakit sakapot a mihiningay.
Lakisi (歷史)
O Mexico o tatapangan no sakacomahad no adihayay Amilika safaniyot, nao palahaday to Maya, Toltec ato Aztec a sakacomahad, ikoray mangalef o kacowatan i Columbus a to’asan i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot ta’akay kitakit Aztec hongti kitakit. I 16 sici o Spain tamdaw ci Hernan Cortez micalap ko Mexico, i 1521 miheca loodan ko itiniay a Aztec tamdaw, nanoya o Mexico macingcing to no Spain, mala o fa’elohay to a Spain.
I 1810 miheca, o Mexico mihapiw to pisiiked, i 1821 miheca kalaloodan to sapisiiked no Mexico mapatireng ko saka cecay Mexico hongti kitakit. I 1823 miheca, oni hongti kitakit mafelih no hitay, itiya mapatireng ko nipatatekoan a kitakit i 1824 miheca.
Ikor no pisiikedan, o sera no Mexico kitakit nanoya sa a maromot, o pinapina a sera mapakelac tahada’oc ko Amilika. I 1836 miheca, kawali ka’amisay a Texas mihapiw miliyas to Mexico misiiked, patireng to Texas Nikapolongan Kitakit, I 1823 miheca ato 1841 miheca, Yucatan kinatosa mihapiw to sapisiiked, i 1853 miheca mida’oc miteko to Mexico a nipatatekoan a kitakit. I 1838 miheca, o kitakit macowat ko ^epang a lalood. Itiya i 1848 miheca o Amillika Mexico lalood a mapidah, Mexico mapatodong to ka’amisay a ta’akay sera mapa’aca ko Amilika (o dadahal matiya aniniay 7 katimolay a kanatal).
I 1853 miheca a Gadsden pi’aca malasawad ko 7 ’ofad pinfang kongki a sera. I 1860 mihecaan, Mexico macalap no hitay no France, mapatireng ko tawataw a mikowanay a sakatosa hongti kitakit. I pikerid ni Juarez congtong itiya, o malaplap ko micalapay a France. Ci Juarez nai 1858 miheca tangasa 1872 miheca ko pikowan, ikor no kapatay ningra, o ci Porfirio Dias Porter ko mikowanay.
Nano ni Porfirio Dias Porter 35 miheca ko halafin pitekedan mikowan, i 1910 miheca malenak ko pifelih lalood no Mexico. O mapidah no mifelihay ko nipatatekoan a kitakit a hitay, nika itiya marari’ang ko laloma’an, talahenot i 10 miheca ko lalod i lalomaan kitakit no Mexico. I 1929 miheca, paherek ko lalood no laloma’ no kitakit, o nifalicay a mirikecay a sician a kasarekad ko mikowanay, mala o mikowanay to no Mexico. I 2000 miheca, o miliyangay a Mexico kitakit dademakay sarekad ato kangdaway paratan a kasarekad malekapot to “mifalicay a nipatatekoan” a milifetay congtong ci Vicente Fox Quesada, itiya i 2000 miheca 7 folad a pisingkiwan a malacongtong, toya miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad mapatireng, 6 miheca ko lekad. Onini a pifelih to satelek nai 1929 miheca ko pikowan ikor no 71 mihecaan, o mifelihay a kasarekad sa’ayaway sakina cecay pakalowid, milaheci to nai 1929 mihecaan sa’ayaway rihadayay ko kafafalic no mikowanay, orasaka malo satadamaanay i likisi no Mexico ko nia singkiw.
I 2006 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o Mexico congtong ato kalomaocan a singkiw misitapang a mitopa[29]. I 9 folad 5 romi’ad, Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit pisingkiw a hoying mihapiw, o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad congtong ci Felipe Calderon Hinojosa i pisingkiwan to congtong pakalowiday to, malacongtong no Mexico sato[30], o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad padoedo sato ko sapikowan.
I 2012 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyangay mifalicay mitelekay a kasarekad misingkiway to congtong ci Enrique Pena Pinto. O todong no sapisingkiw a pafaloco’an i “o pifalic” saan ko laloma’an – mipalalan to roma kitakit a tayni i kitakit to pisasimalay kosi a mitekeday to misasimal a tayal, pacakat to kinaira a sata mafalic ko kadademakan no icifa, masakapahay ho ko tireng ningra, pasayra i cingraan ko picoker no finawlan maki’ayaw ko roma tatoloay a sakalalifet to congtong. Ikor 38.21% ko paya maala to congtong a singkiw, saka 2 lekad rihadayay ko kafafalic no nipikowan, Mifalicay pitelek a kasarekad 12 miheca ko ka eca pikowan miliyaw heca mikowan. O pipaini no misaheciay tamdaw sowal sa, o karari’ang no malali’acaay to cisawarakay a karari’ang ato caayay ka lalen no syakay o sasi’ayawen ni Pinto ko nian[31].
Sacian (政治)
I 1917 miheca a kimpo no Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit a salongoc sakowan malitoloay kasiikedan: midemakay, patirengay to rikec ato hoying. Pakaynien i likisi i, o midemakay citodongay o sata’akay solongoc sakowan, o salongoc sakowan no congtong sata’akay. O congtong citodong midemak to no kalomaocan no kitakit (Congreso de la Unión) mihapiwan a sarikec.
Nai 1997 miheca misatapang, mido’edo to miliyangay a kasarekad itiya pakalowid to singkiw, kalomaocan mangilay ko ’icel mangalef a mangalef. Ira i sakikicay ato sakipayso a sofal, mihayda ko congtong mihapiw to sapidemak a mipatireng to rikec, nika kantoken no kalomaocan. O congtong nai finawlan a nisingkiwan, 6 miheca ko lekad, caay kanga’ay pado’edo. Caay patireng to micokeray a congtong ko Mexico, tona mapaterep ko kalacongtong ano eca caay kanga’ay midemak to sakitayal i, o kalomaocan ko misingkiway to linsi a congtong.
O kalomaocan midemak to tosaay a lomaoc, halo Fafa'eday pikaykian (Cámara de Senadores) ato Kararemay pikaykian (Cámara de Diputados). O Fafa'eday pikaykian 6 miheca ko lekad, Kararemay pikaykian 3 miheca ko lekad. Fafa'eday pikaykian 128 ko lomaocay ira ko caayay kasa’etal ato sa’etalay a lomaocay sakapot. O Kararemay pikaykian ira ko 500 lomaocay, o 300 a lomaocay o nai kasa’etal nisingkiwan, roma a 200 lomaocay nai 5 ta’akay sa’etal patodongan ko taypiaw. O nia 200 lomaocay sapadang to mimingay a kasarekad micomod i kalomaocan.
O satadamaanay a kasarekad o kitakit malowaday onto, mifelihay rikec kasarekad ato kitakit dademakay kasarekad.
Safitay (軍事)
O sofitay no Mexico o caayay ko misarocoday ko sapisimaw to sakihitay, i 20 sician, o ka’amis a kitakit no Amilika a ’icel tata’ang ko sasiroma, orasaka caay ko sapilifet to Amilika ko pihirateng to sapipatireng to sofitay, o sapipatihi to pitena’ to cisawarakay ato mitakaway malali’aca ko kalalood.
O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃)
Polong no kitakit malaliyad 32 ko kanatal.
| Kanatal | Tadamaci | Kanatal | Tadamaci |
| Aguascalientes | Aguascalientes | Morelos | Cuernavaca |
| Baja California | Mexicali | Nayarit | Monterrey |
| Baja california sur | La Paz | Nuevo León | Monterey |
| Campeche | Campeche | Oaxaca | Oaxaca |
| Chiapas | Campeche | Puebla | Puebla |
| Chihuahua | Tuxtla Gutiérrez | Querétaro | Santiago de Querétaro |
| Coahuila | Chihuahua City | Quintana Roo | Chactemàal |
| Colima | Saltillo | San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí |
| Durango | Colima | Sinaloa | Culiacán |
| Guanajuato | Durango | Sonora | Hermosillo |
| Guerrero | Guanajuato | Tabasco | Villahermosa |
| Hidalgo (HD) | Pachuca | Tamaulipas | Ciudad Victoria |
| Jalisco | Guadalajara | Tlaxcala (TL) | Tlaxcala (city) |
| Estado de México (EM) | Toluca de Lerdo | Veracruz | Jalapa |
| Ciudad de México | Ciudad de México | Yucatán | Mérida |
| Michoacán | Morelia | Zacatecas | Zacatecas |
Palapalaan (地理)
O Mexico kaetip misi’ayaw to Taypinyang, o kawali miingir to Mexico ’apocok ato Caribbean riyar, pasiTasiyang, itira i na’amisan a konis 14 - 33˚ ato kaetip sakonis 86 - 119˚. Mililisay ato lawac no riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o takaraway lotok a dafdafan, halo adihayay namal lotok. O kaetip kakaya’ay i Baja California a kanatal, pao Taypinyang ato California a sangoso’an malacidek, kawali katimolan o panahalay tangasa i Yucatán sangoso’an. O satakaraway no Mexico o Pico de Orizaba lotok, ira ko 5700m ko takaraw nai riyar, o Sierra Madre lotok o tadalotok no Mexico. O Mexico sahetoay o no Amilika safaniyot a ’apelad padeyac, o Baja California sangoso’ itiraay i Taypinyang ato Cocos a ’apelad padeyac, itini i palaan, ira ko nai palaan mikingkiway a sowal o Istmo de Tehuantepec satano’ kawalian (ira macalap ko 12% dadahal) o no sifo’an Amilika safaniyot[32]; dengan o sakisicianan, Mexico ato Amilika ato Canada o malecaday no ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot[33].
O masasiromaay ko romi’ad no Mexico, ka’amisay o fa’edetay tafotafokay a romi’ad, katimol o fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad. O tada ’alo no Mexico ira o Rio Grande ’alo, Balthus’alo, Río Yaqui’alo.
I Mexico adihay ko cactus (sasaycar), palafalo (hana) no fayfay no kitakit.
Kicay (經濟)
O Mexico ira ko aniniay mihecaan a misanga’ay to dafong ato maomahay, ono tekedan a kicay miraraay a matongal, I 90 a mihecaan no Mexico a mararan lalan pala o finawlan ko citodongay. O nano kitakit a tayal nai 1982 mihecaan o cecayay cicing a laloma’an tangasa 1999 miheca caay to pakatahira i tosa a so’ot laloma’an. Micokeroh ko sifo to paitekedan a kicay, mipatoror i minatoay, mararay lalan, tingwa calay, tingki, parapatan a lahod ato hikokiciw a padamaay o kalalifetan.
O ta’akay sacoker no kicay ko maomahay no Mexico a tamdaw. Lemon, kangdaway damdam, ’ariray, avocado, kidafes, naniwac, tefos ko ta’akay pinaloma. Mangalef o avocado mapa’aca tayra i Amilika.
I 1994 miheca ka’amisay Amilika a masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca a sa’etal i, o Mexico ato kalo hekal sata’akay kicay a kitakit Amilika kalali’aca ato mipacefongay ranikay ko kasacofel, tadamaan picekeroh to Mexico to kacowat no kicay ato kacakat no kinaira no finawlan. Nawhani mingataay to Amilika ko mili’acaay a icifa, o adihayay no papotalay a kalomaamaan, saikoray itini i Mexico mitafo, tinako o tosiya. Nikawrira o maamaan no tosiya, o nai Asiaay misanga’an ko pipacomod.
Sakalalifet ko pipasadak mapadang ko Mexico mita’elif to 1995 mihecaan katalawan a kicay, itiya i 1996 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan misitapang a macowat ko kicay. No tekedan a kali’aca mala’icel a sakacomahad ko kicay, matongal to ko kalingadan, macakat ko saka’orip. Nanoya o Mexico oya to ko pilifet ko kacango’otan no kicay, tinako caay kalalen ko kinaira no tamdaw, polong no kitakit o kadofahay cidafongay 20% ko tamdaw cikinaira to 55% no polong no kitakit a kinaira, ato pakinali ko cisawarakay ato 122 tamdawan a makoracay a sa’osian.
I 1986 miheca o Mexico mikapot to kacacofel mafafalic to lalosidan kapolongan katatelek, misitapang to nai laloma’an micowat pasayra papotal ko nikafali. Nanoya o Mexico a sifo misa’icel micokeroh miselic, mifalic, paitekedan, pasipapotal mifohat ko pidemak, saka i ’ayaw no 1995 mihecaan kicay no Mexico pado’edo to pinapina a mihecaan pakilaenoay macowat, kasakitakit misoped patada ato patalapotal matongal a matongal, o sakamoleto no dafong makeror tayra i cecayay ko sa’osi, o sakidafongan nao masiponay mala o matiwtiway to, nao citadahay mala o mo’ecelay to, micomoday masadakay matongalay to; oroma a demak, adihay ko micomoday, militado to pacena’ay a sihong no papotalay ko sapipalalen milecad to cango’ot no kicay.
I 1994 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Mexico masongila ko pikapot to ka’amisay Amilika masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca sa’etal, oya miheca 12 folad Mexico nai mikowanay a kasarekad laloma’an cikacalemceman, rarawraw to ko sici, nanoya mangiyangi ko faloco’ no papotalay malali’acaay, dado’edo sato miliyas ko pidefong, malasakaserer no payso, macelal ko katalawan no payso. I 1996 miheca Cedillo a sifo i Amilika ato kasakitakit no paysoan citodongay mala o palefoday a micoker, mi’imeray ko pidemak to dafongan, misongila’ to dademaken no payso, misarocod mipatodong to misolek to kicay ato misalalan to maraayay dademakaen no sakacowat no kicay a halaka, manga’ay aca ko palefoday misalof to kararimaan no kicay no Mexico. O paysoan a icifa pado’edo a manga’ay, o sakisarar a lisok masereray to, macekal ko kalali’aca no icifa, kapolongan a dafongan masapinang malalen ko pasadak to rafas, papotalay a pipacefong matongal to, kasakitakit a iraay masadakay masapinang ko kafalic, o tadah i papotalay makacalay ko patiko, papotalay a nisopedan masapingan ko katongal.
Tamdaw (人口)
Midotoc to fa’elohay nisa’osian no Mexico kitakit tamdawan wiyyinhuy, tangasa i 2013 mihecaan o Mexico polong no tamdaw tangasa i 118,395,054 ko tamdaw, tonian i o fafahiyan ira ko 51%, solongan 60,584,099 tamdaw, o fainayan salongan 57,810,955 tamdaw. Midotoc to polong no kitakit finawlan wiyyinhuy a fa’elohay pisa’osian, polong ira ko tamdaw 1 walwalan 1840 ’ofad tamdaw, o saka 11 polong no cikiw. O sa’alomanay tamdaw no Spain sowal a kitakit[34], o saka 2 ta’akay tamdaw no Latin Amilika safaniyotan kitakit, aikor no Brazil.
Mexico（墨西哥）
Itini i 23 00 N, 102 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko Mexico. Polong no sekalay i 1,964,375 sq km “saka 14 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,943,945 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,430 sq km ” Polong i 123,166,749 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 11.80%.
siyoto(首都) O [[[Mexico City]](墨西哥城) ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 16 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Enrique Peña Nieto(恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw